Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon

Some Information on the Regression-Influence of Stature on Other Measurements

Sadao SHIMAGUCHI

1966 Volume 74 Issue 5 Pages 183-194
Published: December 30, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.74.183

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1. An attempt is made to give the fundamental data as well as the statistical procedures in analyzing the unusual or abnormal physique especially with smaller or larger height, based on the information obtained from the students of Juntendo University, totaled 119 among which 61 are from School of Physical Education (P-series) and 58 are from School of Medicine (M-series), Another object of the work is to throw some light upon the difference between M- and P-series from the correlational point of view.
2. Correlation coefficients with stature, linear regression coefficients on stature, variances from regression, and means of 24 measures are given for both series in table 1, 3 and 4 respectively.
3. The measures, for which the null hypotheses ρ=0 and β=0 are not rejected at 5% level of significance, are the depth of chest and the girth of upper arm for both series, and the girths of forearm and wrist for M-series. It is suggested that the most of the measures have close relationship with the height and that the effect of stature should be properly taken into consideration if an individual with smaller or larger height than norm is to be anthropometrically investigated.
4. The different trend of correlation with stature between girths of upper and lower extremities is discussed.
5. The higher correlation with stature and the smaller variance from regression in widths and girths of P-series might be construed as the result of the selection at the entrance examination and the change of the physique through physical training.
6. The relative influence of the stature on the other measures is evaluated in terms of the linear regression coefficient on stature divided by mean (table 3).
7. The means of measures based on the skeletal dimensions are not different between both series but as to those measures which represent, more or less, the muscular development P-series are remarkably greater than M-series.

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Muscle Fatigue in the Half Rising Posture

Masahiko SATO

1966 Volume 74 Issue 5 Pages 195-201
Published: December 30, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.74.195

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The half rising posture is very often seen among Japanese labourers and is well known to induce them to get tired if too prolonged. The electromyographic investigation of this posture were already reported by KAWAKAMI & TAKANO ('54) and KoNDO ('60). However, compared with recent works of the frequency analysis of the global EMG (SATO et al. '65), there are some difficulties in accepting their interpretation that a considerably strong contraction of the twojoint thigh muscle is responsible for hardness of keeping the half rising posture for a long time. The present study was designed to clearify this problem. The results are summarized as follows :
1) The erector trunci, the gluteal muscles, the quadriceps femoris, the hamstrings, and the ankle extensors are contracting intensely while keeping the half rising posture. The quadriceps femoris worked most intensely in the posture with flexed knee joints and their activities were more increased with increases in the flexion of the knee joints.
2) Throughout all the angles of the knee joints, the rectus femoris works more weakly than the synergistically operating one-joint muscles.
3) The increasing rate of the global EMG accompanied with fatigue in this posture is greater in the vastus lateralis than in the rectus femoris and the vastus medialis.
4) The degree of the lowering in the frequency spectra of the EMG was much smaller in the rectus femoris than in the synergistically operating onejoint muscles.
5) There was no indication to support the previous concept that the fatigability of the two-joint muscle was responsible for difficulty in keeping this posture.

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Morphological Analysis of the Shovel-shaped Teeth

Makoto SUZUKI, Takuro SAKAI

1966 Volume 74 Issue 5 Pages 202-218
Published: December 30, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.74.202

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The shovel-shaped teeth were analysed morphologically in 560 plaster casts of upper and lower jaws obtained from Japanese in Chubu District, and results summarized as follows :
(1) The incidence of shovel-shaped incisors and canines is shown in Table 1. It is somewhat lower among Japanese than among other Mongoloids, the Japanese forming a subdivision, different at least from that of Indians or Eskimos, within a division of Mongoloids.
(2) A close, parallel relationship exists between the degree of development of the shovel-shaped front teeth and that of the marginal ridge on the labial and lingual surface of upper and lower canines or that of the double-shoveled incisors.
(3) A close negative relationship is present between the degree of development of the shovel-shaped canines and that of their lingual central ridge. Similar relationship is also observed between the lingual central ridge of upper canines and shovel-shaped lower incisor.
(4) On the basis of the preceding evidences, it is concluded that the incidence of shovel-shape is generally high in teeth bearing remarkable developed marginal ridge and slightly developed central ridge, and vice versa.
(5) A parallel relationship exists between the degree of development of shovel-shaped incisors and that of lingual tubercle, but no significant relation is observed between the two in canines.
(6) Mesio-distal diameter of the crown of incisors is distinctly larger in more developed shovel-shaped incisors, both upper and lower. No significant difference is observed between the two in canines.
(7) Shovel-shape of front teeth is not an independent characteristics but final phenotype caused by the relative or absolute degree of development or the morphological variation of many characteristics present in the lingual surface of front teeth.

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An Experimental Study of the Form of the Human Tibia from the Biomechanical Point of View

Tasuku KIMURA

1966 Volume 74 Issue 5 Pages 219-227
Published: December 30, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.74.219

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The functional analysis of the form of human tibia was made by means of the method of mechanical experiments of intact bone with wire strain gages. Results are shown in Figs. 4, 5, 6 and 7.
Conclusions are summarized as follows:
1) The shaft of tibia does not seems to be profitable to support the body weight pointing axial direction only, but to be adapted to resist the forces which are produced when muscles of lower limbs are acting as seen in walking.
2) The shape of horizontal sections of the tibia is adapted to resist the bending force caused chiefly by muscle tention. The largest diameter points to the place where the largest strains appear.
I wish to express my gratitude to Prof. Hisashi SuzuKi of Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo for his continuous guidance. I also wish to express my thanks to Prof. Teruyoshi UTOGUCHI, Associate Prof. Hiroyuki OKAMURA and Mr. Shunsaku MITSUHASHI of Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokyo for their valuable advices. Thanks are also expressed to Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo for making facilities for my experimental materials.

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On the Movement Order of Four Limbs while walking and the Body Weight Distribution to Fore and Hind Limbs while Standing on all Fours in Monkeys

Mitsuo IWAMOTO, Mamoru TOMITA

1966 Volume 74 Issue 5 Pages 228-231
Published: December 30, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.74.228

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Movement sequence of four limbs of monkeys while walking on all fours, as shown in Fig. 2, is quite different from that of most other mammals shown in Fig.
1. These two different kinds of walking type were schematically illustrated and named by the authors in Figs 1 and 2 which show that each limb (LF-left fore limb, RF-right fore limb, LH-left hind limb. RH-right hind limb) moves one after another according to the arrows.
In connection with this, the authors thought that there might be also some difference as to the body weight distribution to fore and hind limbs between monkeys and other mammals. As to many of non-primate mammals, it has been known that the body weight falls more heavily on the fore limbs than on the hind limbs, Therefore, the authors expected that the body weight of monkeys would fall more heavily on the hind limbs than on the fore limbs.
Such an expectation was proved to be true by the following result which was gained by the authors on some of Japa nese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) standing still on all fours. The weight put on the floor by the fore limbs was about forty percent of the total body weight, while that by the hind limbs was about sixty percent. From the view point of the primate phylogeny, this result may suggest that the fore limbs of monkeys have a tendency to become free from body support or hind limbs have a tendency of stronger body supporting function.

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