Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon

Measurement by Age Group of the Color and Gloss of the Skin of Healthy Japanese

OTTO MORI, MASASHI TOKUHASHI

1956 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 1-19
Published: August 30, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.65.1

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This paper is concerned with the results of measurements with the photoerectric color and gloss-meter, of the color and gloss of the skin of eight different parts of the body of 475 (234 male and 241 female) Japanese ranging over the whole life span.
The eight parts measured were the forehead, the cheek, the palmar surface, the back of the hand, the inner and outer surface of the upper arm, the breast and the dorsum.
Eight periods of age development were established in order to study. The chromatic characteristics belonging to any particular stage of life. There were: newly-born-baby stage, infancy, childhood, elementaly school period, middle-school-period, adolescence, adulthood, and old age.
1. These are incontestable differences between individuals in color and gloss, but a certain system is recognizable in the way in which individuals alter as they develop from one stage of life to another.
2. Concerning transition by age stages of skin color of Japanese, Fig. 11 and 12 may be consulted.
3. Of transition of skin color by age changes, the main points are:
a) The color of the inner part of the upper arm is affected least by age transition.
b) The inner part of the upper arm and the front of the body undergo less transition of color than the outer parts and the back.
4. Of age transition of gloss, the main points are:
a) Gloss shows the minimum value at the newly-born-baby stage and reaches maximum at adulthood.
b) The part which undergoes least transition of gloss is the inner part of the upper arm.
c) The inner part of the upper arm and the front of the body are affected less in transition of gloss than the outer parts and the back.
5. Of differences existing between the sexes, the main points are:
a) In hue, the male is generally redder that the female though a few parts shows a reverse trend.
b) In chromaticity, the male is generally higher than the female.
c) In lightness, the female is without exception higher than the male.
d) In gloss, the female is generally higher than the male.
e) Sex difference grows sharper from childhood on and reach maximum in adolescence.
f) Sex differences in gloss are not distinct.
6. Each part of the body has its own particular manner of color transition which clearly distinguishes one part from another as evident in Fig. 13.

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Variation of the Articular Facets on the Talus

KAZURO HANIHARA

1956 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 20-31
Published: August 30, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.65.20

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The morphology of the talus has been studied by many authors from many point of view, because this bone is very important in relation to the erect and sitting postures in man.

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On the Expectation of Life in the Late Tokugawa Period

KAZUMASA KOBAYASHI

1956 Volume 65 Issue 1 Pages 32-43
Published: August 30, 1956
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.65.32

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No life table for the Japanese people before the Meiji Period has been constructed. Professor Naotaro Sekiyama recorded some tables of deaths by sex and age for some rural villages of Japan in the Tokugawa Period, in his "KINSEI NIHONJINKO NO KENKYU" (Studies on the Japanese population in pre-modern times). I found one of them suitable for constructing a life table. The material used is from the death records of inhabitants of Toraiwa Mura, Nagano Prefecture (Central Japan). The period when the deaths were recorded is from 1812 to 1815.
The original data are shown in Table 1. Infant death records have usually many omissions in such old records, and Professor Sekiyama also pointed out serious omissions in infant death records of Toraiwa Mura. By complementing the deaths under 5 years as shown in Table 2, the total deaths may be given as 105 (males) and 95 (females). Using males for purposes of illustration, the life table for Toraiwa Mura was constructed as follows; starting with a population of 105, which I have called l″(0) (Table 3), 24 died before completing the first year, therefore 81, or l″(1), completed the first year; of the surviving 81, four died before completing the second year, therefore 77, or l″(2), completed the second year, and so on. Thus l″(x) was given as shown in Table 3. Then, I considered l″(0) as 1, 000, and computed the number surviving to the exact age x out of 1, 000 born alive, or l'(x) (Table 3). This l'(x) was graduated by two cubic curves and a Gompertz-Makeham's curve. The graduated number surviving l(x) is shown in Table 4. Based on this l(x) a life table was constructed as in Table 5. As to females the same methods were used.
The expectation of life at birth is 36.8 years (males) and 36.5 years (females). This is about 6 (males) or 8 (females) years smaller than that of the first Life Table of Japanese population (1891-98). But as to the age period. 15-70 years, there are only a few differences between these two tables. At 75 and over the expectation of life of Toraiwa Mura was somewhat less.

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