On the basis of physiological facts, a mathematical neuron model was constructed for the computer simulation of synaptic integration. The simulation model had multiple excitatory and inhibitory synaptic input channels and a single output channel (an axon). Random spike trains were fed to each of the input channels of the simulated neuron, and interspike interval histograms of its output spike trains were calculated, varying the number of input channels, the size of PSP, and the recovery process from refractory. Increasing the number of excitatory input spikes, output spikes increased and the distribution of their intervals was shifted to the Poisson type. Inhibitory inputs diminished the output spikes and their intervals distributed more widely. Powerful inhibitory inputs made the output interspike interval histogram become bimodal. The size of PSP and the recovery process also influenced the output patterns. The interspike interval histograms of the output trains of the model with various parameters were compared with those of the giant neurons in the nervous system of the marine mollusc, Onchidium verruculatum, observing the intracellular records of their activity.

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To know the effect of sitting posture on human body, various postures and blood flow changes in right big toe were examined. The subjects were 10 healthy adult males and 8 females. The sitting postures were classified by seat height as (1) the lower legs were vertical and the foot sole touched fiat on the floor (2) 10 cm lower than the height of (1), (3) 10 cm higher than that of (1). In each of three sitting postures, there were differences in sitting pressure distribution in some degree between males and females, and it was observed that the third sitting posture showed the most marked effect on the contact area of the thigh with seat and on blood flow of the toes. This result was also examined by plethysmography and its waves showed the disturbing effect on the blood flow. Namely, the plethysmograph taken in the third sitting posture showed the lowest relative crest time, and highest dicrotic index, with a stochastically significant difference (P=0.05). These experiments showed that plethysmography is useful to determine the degree of pressure on thigh in various sitting postures.

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Inasmuch as brain abscess is virtually a suppurative lesion, it would be considered as a curable but potentially lethal disease. The protean clinical manifestations and lack of clear cut sources of infection not infrequently make its diagnosis extremely difficult, and consequently the inadequate treatment or delayed operation would result in relatively high mortalities. From the analysis of 26 cases of brain abscess treated in the Neurosurgical Service of the National Taiwan University Hospital, it is concluded that the possibility of brain abscess should be always kept in mind in dealing with the patient having a congenital heart disease, a previous or present ear infection or infection elsewhere, accompanied by headaches. The history of past infection rather than the present infection is particularly important in differential diagnosis of brain abscess. As regards the early diagnosis, the importance of electroencephalography and isotope-scanning cannot be over-emphasized. Although the manifestations of infection are not so infrequently present during the course of formation of a brain abscess, they are, however, often masked by antibiotic treatment and easily over looked. Therefore brain abscess cannot be ruled out even if one canont prove the presence of infection. Indiscriminate use of corticosteroids with an attempt to alleviate the high intracranial pressure of brain abscess is very risky and sometimes disastrous, since it will cause rapid deterioration or even rupture of an abscess and subsequently sudden death of the patient. Furthermore, the combination of steroids with antibiotics can often lead one to a sense of false healing and discontinue the chemotherapy inappropriately. For this reason, it may at times cause further needless morbidity and mortality. Prompt surgical intervention primed with adequate chemotherapy forms the basis of proper treatment when the abscess has been confirmed by laboratory tests. Primary excision of abscess may be the ideal method because it shortens the time of hospitalization and may minimize the incidence of epilepsy. The level of consciousness is particularly important to the prognosis and surgical treatment should be done as soon as possible, on the emergency basis, if necessary, once the consciousness is compromised.

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We presented a case with multiple mycotic aneurysms of the internal carotid arteries, which were located in the carotid canals and on the base of the skull and considered to be caused by osteomyelitis of the skull, namely extravascular in origin. Carotid angiography showed seven saccular aneurysms with an irregular contour, which were stalked or sessile, one in the right and two in the left at the cavernous portion and two at the canal portion on both sides. No literature was found on the study on the multiple mycotic aneurysms of extravascular origin, located at these portions. Based on the clinical course, the location and multiplicity of the aneurysms, we concluded that thrombophlebitis of the diploic veins and cavernous sinuses occurred secondary to the osteomyelitis of the skull and the microorganisms were transferred into the venous plexuses of the carotid canals by way of the venous system bilaterally, developing the aneurysms of extravascular origin.

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By using the previously reported various kinds of measured values on human bodies from the view points of human engineering, which values had been obtained by measuring 41 items representing various parts of a body of Japanese young and middle aged men, the correlation coefficients between each of five basic measured values, i.e., those of body height, body weight, chest girth, sitting height, and buttock leg length, and each of measured values of other 40 items were determined, and were viewed from various different angles. The main results are summarized as follows. 1) The correlation between each of measured values of body height, body weight, chest girth, sitting height, and buttock-leg length, and each of other measures were calculated and the significance of the correlation coefficients was studied. 2) The difference between these correlation coefficients was tested and these correlation coefficients were classified into those having higher correlation and lower correlation. 3) The results showed high correlation between measures in lengths and between measures in widths. 4) Head length, interpupil distance, first finger length, medical malleolus height, etc., did not show any significant correlation with each of body height, body weight, chest girth, sitting height, and buttock-leg height. 5) High correlation coefficients between body height and measures in length was observed, especially in the age group of thirties, but lower in forties. 6) A linear regression equation by which other measured values might be inferred from the values of body height, body weight, chest girth, sitting height, and buttock-leg length was determined and shown.

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Alterations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) were examined in 19 patients. Sources of hemorrhage were aneurysm in 17 cases, arteriovenous aneurysm in one and unknown in one. Cistenography was performed using 1 mCi of 169Yb diethyltriaminepentaacetic acid which was given intrathecally by lumbar injection. Persistent ventricular filling was seen in 48% of the cases and transient ventricular filling in 33%. The radioactivity in serial blood samples was measured by a well-type scintillation counter. The relationship of cisternogram to classification of patient s condition by Hunt was found to be closely related to the degree of abnormality of CSF circulation. The patient s history of rebleeding was also found to influence the degree of abnormality in CSF circulation. In regard to the site of aneurysms, those in the circle of Willis appeared to cause norm al pressure hydrocephalus more frequently. Shunt operation was performed on 6 cases, 4 of whom showed improvement. Indications for shun t were determined according to clinical syndrome and diagnostic tests such as angiography, pneumoencephalography and cisternography. In addition to these, test for radioactivity in the peripheral blood was found useful for evaluation of the condition in CSF circulation.

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Epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) has been used clinically on patients with ruptured aneurysm to prevent rebleeding before operation, but it is thought to increase the incidence of ischemic cerebral infarction as a side effect. In order to dissolve this dilemma, the authors undertook an experimental study showing how the combined administration of EACA and heparin modifies the experimentally induced arterial thrombus and the antifibrinolytic activity in the rat. Ninety-six rats were divided into three groups: EACA-heparin, EACA and control. EACA was administered orally 0.8 g/kg/day from one day before the ligation of the abdominal aorta, and heparin was injected subcutaneously 800 u/kg at first and then 400 u/kg every 12 hours. Autopsy was done on the 4th, 9th and 14th day after ligation. (Results) l. EACA plays a significant role in preserving the thrombus weight. 2. The side effect of heparin was not recognized in this study. 3. In the EACA-heparin group, the antifibrinolytic as well as the anticoagulant effect of the agents seemed to be well preserved. The combined administration of antifibrinolytic agent and heparin prevents possibly the rebleeding without ischemic cerebral infarction in the treatment of ruptured aneurysm.

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Recently, the problem of sequelae of traffic accident injuries, the so-called “dizziness caused by whiplash injuries ”, has come to the attention of the public, In order to diagnose that there is no abnormality of the bone, there is a limitation to the reading of radiographs because of the overlapping of images taken from only one direction. As a result, tomography and angiography are conduced on the cervical spine. We are rather dissatisfied with the present method of taking the left and right 45° anterior oblique view. Thus Orthopantomography was originally used to diagnose the neck and face. The author took a panoramic tomographic picture of the cervical vertebrae with an orthopantomography. Since this machine is not designed for taking X-ray pictures of the cervical vertebrae, only the upper cervical vertebrae was photographed for our observation. However, the author believes that panoramic tomography has a great diagnostic significance. It was tested to diagnose the panoramic image of the cervical spine. A discussion is made on the study regarding its advantages and limitation in use.

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Insoluble collagen from bovine bone was digested with pepsin at 25°C in 0.01 N HCI. About 97% of the material was solubilized by repeated digestion for 24 hr each. From this pepsin digested bone collagen, segment-long-spacing (SLS) aggregate as well as native types of reconstituted fiber was obtained. Both types of the aggregate were convertible into each other by solubilization and reconstitution. Characterization of the solubilized bone collagen by disc electrophoresis and observation of the aggregates with an electron microscope are reported. Significance of the findings was discussed from the point of the tissue specific property of bone collagen. This is the first demonstration of the solubilization of insoluble bone collagen with protease and its reconstitution as the SLS aggregate.

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The purpose of this experiment was to produce a progressive alveolar bone resorption due to calcium deficient diet and to investigate the subsequent morphological changes of the bone cells. One hundred and twenty-seven Wistar rats aged 35 clays were maintained for 8 weeks on a diet containing either 0.6106% calcium (control group) or 0.0098% calcium (experimental group), both diets being the same in phosphorus content (0.3867%) with adequate vitamin D. The animals of both groups were sacrificed at intervals of two weeks each. Ten animals of the experimental group were replaced with the control diet at the sixth week to see the curative effect on alveolar bone resorption. Serum calcium level in the experimental group was slightly but significantly lower than that of the control. Serum phosphorus level was not different from that of the control group. Severe alveolar bone resorption accompanied with both the indentation from endosteal surfaces and osteocytic osteolysis from the inner site of bone was ascertained by microradiographic examinations. Histological findings of decalcified sections suggested that a number of hypertrophied endosteal cells, not osteoclasts, were attaching to the indentations. These hypertrophied cells, however, were hardly found in the recovered animals. The relation between these phenomena and parathyroid function was discussed.

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