This study deals with comparative physiological changes such as basal metabolism (BM) between two inhabitants of Hirosaki, a cold district in Japan. One of the matched male subjects was a permanent inhabitant while the other had immigrated from Tokushima, a warm district in Japan, half a month before.
From May 1969 to September 1970, body weight and physiological functions such as BM and others were measured every morning. Subjective estimations of their amount of work, dietary intake, the way they felt about the temperature on the previous day (temperature feeling), how fatigued they had felt when they got up (fatigue feeling), and how well they had slept (sleeping condition) were recorded by means of a five-grade scaling method. It was supposed that these factors would affect BM. The results were as follows:
1. Differences in the values of the above influencing factors on BM between the immigrant and the permanent inhabitant were large during the early period of experiment, but they diminished and almost the same values were obtained from October 1969, except in November. Differences in decending order between the subjects were found in temperature feeling, fatigue feeling and sleeping condition, while amount of work and dietary intake were not so different.
2. The changes of BM showed a pattern that had a peak during the hottest period in summer for both the immigrant and the permanent inhabitant from May to October 1969. It was possible that the difference in climate and geografical features affected the immigrant like a stress, and the high temperature and sports in summer affected the permanent inhabitant. However, after October 1969 there were differences in BM between the two subjects. The immigrant had a high BM during the warm period of spring, but the value was sharply lowered during the hottest period of summer. This change was quite different from that of the permanent inhabitant which followed the normal pattern.
3. R.Q. of the two subjects peaked highly in winter and lowly in summer. The values were a little higher for the permanent inhabitant than for the immigrant. Although the body weight of the immigrant increased a little in winter and decreased a little in summer, such a seasonal change was not observed for the permanent inhabitant.
4. The significant relationship between the average monthly atmospheric temperature and the monthly variation of BM from October 1969 to September 1970 was obtained for the permanent inhabitant. The critical atmospheric temperature, that raised and lowered his BM, was 9.8°C. The immigrant was found to have such a relationship only during the limited period between April and July.
5. The representative mean values of monthly BM, which were measured on one day in the middle of month, on three days during the same period, on sixdays, i.e. two days of each of the three ten-day periods, and on every day, were compared with one another. The values of the one- and three-day measurements were considerably different from those of the every day measurements in the months during which there were large climatic changes, such as April, June or September. These monthly changes were shown to be markedly different.
However, the values of the six-day measurements were similar to those of the every day measurements. It is supposed that at least six days are necessary for the measure-ment of BM during sudden changes of climate. But, it would be more desirable to increase the number of measurements to obtain more accurate data.

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The purpose of this report is to measure physical load of students on practice of sports in a senior high school.
Donaggio's reaction on urines before and after practice of base-ball and kendo by students demonstrates the following results.
1) A coefficient of correlation between the titer of Donaggio's reaction of deprote-inization treatment by heating urines and that of omitting the treatment by heating urines before practice of base-ball shows 0.84 and that after practice of base-ball shows 0.83, which are very correlative.
2) The titer of Donaggio's reaction corrected with specific gravity of 1.024 is better than actual titer of Donaggio's reaction.
3) The results on the high titer of Donaggio's reaction corrected with specific gravity of the urines of students before practice of sports indicate accumlation of fatigue, which needs to be taken steps for them to encounter more exhaustion and to get over tiredness.
4) Counterimmunoelectrophoresis shows the presence of HH, Znα₂ and myoglobin in the urines before practice of sports and the increase of Znα₂ and myoglobin after practice of sports. The presence of myoglobin in the urines before practice of fatigue of foregoing day.
5) There is little correlation between titer of Donaggio's reaction and complaints of fatigue caused by physical load on practice of sports.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of the short-term motor-memory and to analyze various loads effect of motor-retention in the exercise of flexion and extension of the fore-arm. As the means of analysis, correlation function between command and response waves was used efficiently and furthermore the electric computer system helped to investigate motor-retention. Many experimental conditions were decided to 0.1-0.8 Hz of one's exercise rhythm, 0-0.5 kg of loads attached to the fore-arm, and 3-6 cm of exercise displacement. Three healthy persons were employed as subjects.
As the results of this study, following points were shown clearly.
(1) After the fore-arm was exercised to the flexuous and extensional directions for 25 sec., response waves of motor-retention were recorded to Data-recorders for 60 sec.. Quantitative analysis of this motor-retention became effective by using the method of correlation function.
(2) About exercise rhythm (frequency), the rapidity of fore-arm exercises in the retentive learning was 0.05 Hz slower than that of these exercises in the begining learning.
(3) About the transfer gain of these exercises between command and response waves, two motor-gains of the retentive and begining learning were shown the same values only when these exercises were practised at experimental conditions of 0.8 Hz frequency and 0.5 kg load.
(4) Motor-retention rate, that was calculated from error values of performance, was dropped down such as about 0.3 rate in proportion to the time elapsed of recollection and also to rhythm-slownes of the command frequency.
(5) Optimal exercise displacement of the fore-arm was proved to the median of 6 and 3 cm in order to reappear the length memorized by the begining learning.
(6) Discharged voltages of the integrated EMG in Flexor and Extensor C arpi Radialis were recorded lower at the time, when motor-retention was displayed rightly and exactly.
(7) Sychological reminiscence and this motor-retention were shown quite opposite results in the learning points of reaction time, rhythm, strength and displacement, because the former was dependent upon the memory in the central nervous system (brain cortex), while the latter relied upon the memory in the peripheral-nervous system (receptor) .

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The purpose of the present study was to elucidate whether oxygen consumption of the respiratory muscles might influence the oxygen supply to the working muscles.
Oxygen consumption of the respiratory muscles and pulmonary resistance were measured in 10 male long distance runners (trained) and 10 sedentary male students (untrained) during bicycle exercise at three submaximal work loads. Oxygen con-sumption of the respiratory muscles was measured by increasing pulmonary ventilation with inhalation of 2% CO₂ in air. Pulmonary resistance was measured with the airway interruption method.
Pulmonary resistance was similar for the trained and untrained subjects. While, oxygen consumption of the respiratory muscles of trained subjects during exercise was, when compared at equal pulmonary ventilation of equal work load (kgm/min or %Vo₂ max), smaller than untrained (p<0.05) .
From the present study it was concluded that the respiratory movements of trained subjects were more efficient than untrained, and that oxygen consumption of the re-spiratory muscles affected the aerobic work capacity more in untrained subjects than in trained.

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The form and electromyographic pattern of archery shooting were compared between experts and amatures. Using methods are electromyography, photography and X-ray photography.
In the expert group, the shoulder joint of the pushing arm is in neutral position of rotation and the forearm is in supinated position. In the amature group the shoulder joint is in externally rotated and forearm is pronated. The delta muscle provides more powerful abduction of the shoulder in neutral position of rotation.
The different discharge pattern of shoulder girdle muscles between two groups suggests that fixation of the bow is essentially important from release to follow-through.

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It is studied in this paper whether the current physical growth rate over four seasons parallels the physical growth rate over four seasons as observed in previous studies. For these purposes, some physical growth traits influenced by urbanization among rural school children were investigated in comparison with urban school children using the longitudinal method.
The results obtained were as follows:
1) Fathers whose only job was farming in the rural sample, were decreasing; conversely farmers having other jobs were increasing. Number of siblings were two in average and families with both parents working increased in rural sample, thus the rural school children were observed being influenced by urbanization remarkably.
2) As for the physical growth rate, the tendency to show remarkable growth in spring was observed to be decreasing, because the season of maximum growth was dispersed among the four seasons, the season depending on age. This is, significantly different physical growth rates were observed in all seasons in addition to spring; therefore growth rate seems to be averaging over seasons as a whole.
3) The change of periodicity in one year was observed in both samples in the process of physical growth on height.
4) But on the other hand, study of the percentage of school children showing maximum growth by seasons revealed that the percentage of those with maximum growth in summer and spring was highest, and those with maximum growth in autumn and winter was lowest. This same seasonal growth was observed in both samples.
5) The two results mentioned at 2) and 4) obtained between the physical growth rate and the percentages of school children showed a possible point of disagreement regarding the maximum growth rate. It should be understood that most of the school children showed maximum growth rate in summer and spring, but the difference of growth rate between these two seasons and the other ones was decreasing.

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From the viewpoint that the statistically obtained standard body weight should not be identical to the ideal body weight for the individual, an experiment was undertaken, using the present investigator himself as an experimental subject. The results may be summarized as follows.
The weight of the 160cm-tall subject was decreased from 83 to 56kg and it was kept unchanged for a year. Then a weight increase was attempted. From the lowest to the 63kg point, more increase in non-fat tissues than fat tissues was observed. On the other hand, from 63kg point, such tendency was reversed, i. e., little increase in non-fat tissues was found when more weight was added beyond 66kg.
When a training in a form of endurance running was in process, the weight started to be lost. During this process to the point of 61.3kg of weight, the weight loss was found to be mainly by reduction in fat tissues and not in non-fat tissues. Then, beyond the 61.3kg point, the reduction in non-fat tissues seemed to be the major cause of weight loss, as little reduction in fat tissues was observed.
When the recovery rate of blood sugar level upon intaking glucose after fast was examined, the greatest efficiency was obtained at the point of 62.3kg body weight. The farther the deviation of body weight was attained from this point, the worse the efficiency became to be.
When long distance running training was nundertaken with less than 62kg of weight, irregular ventricular contractions and ischemic symptoms in the frontal wall of the left ventricle was recorded under certain nutritional and exercise conditions.
No evidences to draw definite conclusions were obtained from the results in respiration quotient at the time of measurement of basal metabolism, changes in urinary excretions of nitrogen and creatinin, and muscular strength.
From the results obtained above, the ideal body weight of the current investigator was assumed to be in between 62 and 63kg.

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