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Volume 43, Issue 1
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1994 Volume 43 Issue 1 Pages 1-43
Published: February 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (6995K) -
—A COMPARISON BETWEEN SOCCER AND BASKETBALL PLAYERS—HIROSHI TOYAMA, KATSUO FUJIWARA1994 Volume 43 Issue 1 Pages 45-57
Published: February 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA study was conducted to investigate the influence of motor learning on functional specialization of the upper and lower limbs by comparing automatized levels in upper and lower limb movements between 17 soccer (S group) and 14 basketball (B group) players at a university. They carried out transitory palmar flexion of both hands while stepping and performing alternate flexion-extension movements of both ankle joints, and transitory plantar flexion of both feet while performing alternate flexion-extension movement of both shoulder joints and both wrist joints. The automatized levels of the upper and lower limb movements were evaluated by the degree of interference between the upper and lower limb movements.
It was shown that automatization of lower limb movements was more advanced than that of upper limb movements in both groups. The automatized levels of stepping in the S and B groups showed no significant difference, and were similar to those of university students in general obtained in our previous study. However, the automatized levels of ankle joint movements in both groups were higher than those for university students in general.
In both groups, the insertion of transitory palmar flexion was restricted to within the phase where the degree of interference was small during the stepping and ankle joint movement. However, this tendency was not clear in the trial where transitory plantar flexion was superimposed on shoulder joint and wrist joint movements.
As for the difference between the groups, the S group showed a higher automatized level of ankle joint movement than the B group. On the other hand, the B group showed higher automatized levels of both upper limb movements than the S group, and this tendency was especially evident for shoulder joint movement.
These results suggest that the change in the automatized level of upper and lower limb movements by specific motor learning is added to the functional specialization of the upper and lower limbs acquired by daily basic motor learning in an upright position.View full abstractDownload PDF (3121K) -
GUO-CHIANG SHOU, TOSHIHIRO ISHIKO1994 Volume 43 Issue 1 Pages 58-65
Published: February 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study was to compare blood lactate concentration, lactate threshold (LT) and onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) during an incremental bicycle exercise under a hot dry environment with those during the same workload under a thermoneutral environment. Eight unacclimated men performed an incremental test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer during which the work rate was increased by 30 W every three minutes under thermoneutral (25°C) and hot dry (40°C) environmental conditions. Oxygen consumption (VO2) -pulmonary ventilation (VE), gas exchange measures and earlobe blood samples for lactate analysis were obtained every minute during the test. LT (p<0.05) and OBLA (p<0.01) occurred at significantly lower VO2 under the hot environment than those under the thermoneutral environment. Additionally blood lactate concentration was significantly higher (p<0.05) at each measurement period under the hot environment compared with that under the ther-moneutral environment. The correlation between LT and ventilatory threshold (VT) was not statistically significant under the thermoneutral (r=0.20) and hot dry (r=0.60) environments, These findings demonstrate that the hot dry environment may increase blood lactate concentration more and causes a leftward shift of LT and OBLA. Since blood lactate accumulation during incremental exercise is not considered to be the only factor which mediates VE, VT does not always accurately predict LT.View full abstractDownload PDF (800K) -
MASATO TAKAHASHI1994 Volume 43 Issue 1 Pages 66-74
Published: February 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSI report a case of scalp hair loss and nail destruction as possible side effects of anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) doping in a Japanese athlete. The patiet, a 27-year-old man, was an amateur bodybuilder who won the championship in a bodybuilding contest. However, he tested positive in a doping test for drostanolone and stanozolol, and was deprived of his championship.
In Japan, positive results in doping tests are very rare. The patient suffered from loss of scalp hair and destruction of the nails before the contest. In addition, he presented with hoarseness and soft tumors of the lower extremities. Laboratory data showed hypotestos-onemia caused by AAS doping. However, a hCG test revealed that he still had positive of sex function capacity. Therefore the patients natural course was observed without medical treatment, and the symptoms were resolved within four months after the contest. This is considered to be the first case of nail destruction caused by AAS doping reported in the world.View full abstractDownload PDF (4055K) -
TAKASHI KUMAE, SHIGEYOSHI KURAKAKE, KAZUHIKO MACHIDA, KAZUO SUGAWARA1994 Volume 43 Issue 1 Pages 75-83
Published: February 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAlthough it is generally thought that habitual exercise protects an individual from infections, few careful scientific studies have been conducted. To clarify the influences of physical training on non-specific humoral immunity, both serum opsonic activity, which is a more direct indicator for the strength of non-specific humoral immunity to infections, and serum immunoglobulin and complement levels of 18 healthy male volunteers were assayed before and after a 10-week of training as indices of immuno defense.
The serum levels of three immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and 1gM) and one complement (C3) were compared prior to and immediately after exercise both before and after training. Paired t-test revealed that before training exercise-induced increases in IgG and C 3 were significant and after training increases in IgG, IgA, IgM and C 3 were significant. But baseline (prior to exercise) levels of these immunoglobulins and complement were significantly suppressed during the training period.
Serum opsonic activity was compared with each other in the same way as serum protein levels. The noutrophilic chemiluminescence Peak Height (PH), which is one of the indicators of serum opsonic activity, was significantly decreased immediately after exercise at the beginning stage of the training. After the training period, serum opsonic activity showed no noteworthy exercise-induced variations and baseline levels were slightly increased during the training period.
These findings suggest that resistance and reactivity to the physical stress are improved and the non-specific humoral immunity, self-defense ability against infections, is considered to be improved by the training.View full abstractDownload PDF (1019K) -
—UNDER THE CONDITION OF EXERCISE-ENTRAINED BREATHING IS MINIMIZED—TAKATSUGU SHIMANA, NARIHIKO KONDO, SHUNSAKU KOGA, ATSUSHI IWATA, TOMOY ...1994 Volume 43 Issue 1 Pages 84-91
Published: February 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUnder the condition that entrainment between breathing rate and exercise rhythm was minimized. The limitation for deciding anaerobic threshold (AT) by respiratory frequency (f) was studied. Ten healthy subjects (5 male and 5 female) have volunteered to take part in two incremental cycle exercises (male : 30 watt/2 min, 50 rpm ; female : 20 watt/2 min, 50 rpm) . The subjects were either sedentary or active and performed tests under two different condi-tions. The different conditions are explained below.
1) Condition M : Use a metronome to maintain pedalling frequency so entrainment would easily occur.
2) Condition S : Use a tachometer to maintain pedalling frequency so entrainment would not easily occur.
Oxygen uptake (VO2) at AT were determined by two different methods. The first method was to detect the point of non-linear increase in minute ventilation (VE) and carbon dioxide output (VCO2) and then to increase detection in the ventilatory equivalent for O2 (VE/VO2) without increasing the ventilatory equivalent for CO2 (VE/VCO2) (AT-V) . The second method was to detect inflection in f by multisegment linear regression (AT-CF) . There were no significant differences between AT-V (condition M : 26.0±6.2, condition S : 26.4±6.0 ml/kg/ min) and AT-CF (condition M : 31.6±10.2, condition S : 24.7±10.0 ml/kg/min) . A significant positive correlation between AT-V and AT-CF was observed in condition S (r=0.850, p< 0.05), but not in condition M (r=0.563, p>0.05) . The error between AT-V and AT-CF had individual variations. An error within±5% was observed in only 4 out of 10 subjects. These results suggested that even though the ability to detect AT using f is superior in condition S, f is an inadequate indicator for the AT, though the exercise entrained breathing is minimized.View full abstractDownload PDF (836K) -
RIE YAMANAKA, MAKIKO KATAYOSE, KOUICHI YUKAWA, YASUAKI TAHARA, NORIAKI ...1994 Volume 43 Issue 1 Pages 92-103
Published: February 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA study was conducted to evaluate dietary intake, food intake pattern and blood composition in athletes over a 4-year period from 1988 to 1991. We measured the mean daily intakes (energy and nutrient intakes, PFC rates, minerals and vitamins) from 3-day dietary records for 110 highly trained male athletes (swimming, track & field, canoeing, soccer, cycling and weight-lifting) and 87 female athletes (swimming, track & field, canoeing, basketball and volleyball) living in Nagasaki Prefecture. We compared these measurements with the recom-mended dietary allowances (RDA) for normal Japanese. Energy, fat, calcium and iron intakes were below the RDA, especially for most female athletes and male weight-lifters.
The following mean values were obtained
[MALE] SOCCER (Senior High School boys) : Energy intake 3241 kcal ; Protein 106.2 g ; Fat 88.6g ; PFC rates P (13.2%), F ( 25.0%), C (61.8%) . CANOEING (Senior High School boys) : Energy 2830 kcal ; Protein 99.2g ; Fat 83.9g ; PFC rates P (14.1%), F (26.3%), C (59.6%) . TRACK & FIELD (Adults) : Energy 2870 kcal ; Protein 105.4 g ; Fat 89.3 g ; PFC rates P (13.2%), F (25.0%), C (61.8%) .
[FEMALE] BASKETBALL (Adults) : Energy 1866 kcal ; Protein 70.0 g ; Fat 51.9 g ; PFC rates P (15.0%), F (25.1%), C (59.9%) . BASKETBALL (Senior High School girls) : Energy 2421 kcal ; Protein 88.9 g ; Fat 90.9 g ; PFC rates P (14.8%), F (34.0%), C (51.1%) . VOLLEYBALL (Senior High School girls) : Energy 2290 kcal ; Protein 71.6g ; Fat 72.1 g ; PFC rates P (12.6%), F (28.4%), C (59.0%) .View full abstractDownload PDF (1301K) -
TOMOHIKO MURASE, TAKAAKI ASAMI1994 Volume 43 Issue 1 Pages 104-112
Published: February 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA study was designed in order to determine the patterns and interdependence existing between characteristics of discrimination of force and exerted force in preschool childhood. A total of 28 to 30 preschool children aged approximately 5 to 6 years volunteered to be subjects for each motion, and they discriminated forces in grip, elbow flexion and extension motions. Lower threshold (LT), upper threshold (UT) and interval of uncertainty (IU) were selected as variables representing the characteristic of discrimination of force. Prior to the main examina-tion, unpaired t-test revealed no sex differences in LT, UT and IU for any motions. Therefore, the data derived from boys and girls was pooled for subsequent analysis. The patterns of relationships between variables and exerted force, which was expressed as the percentage of maximal voluntary contraction, generally indicated nonlinear rather than linear combinations, as a result of analysis by simple regression and 2 nd to 5 th degree polynomials. In addition, the interdependency of the relationships was estimated for grip (36.6-44.2%), elbow flexion (26.1-46.8%), and elbow extension (28.1-37.6%) using coefficients of determination in second degree polynomials. Individual differences in the subjects seemed to affect the interdepend-ency during preschool childhood.View full abstractDownload PDF (1058K) -
YUICHI HIRANO, TOKIMI NOGUCHI, MITSUMASA MIYASHITA1994 Volume 43 Issue 1 Pages 113-120
Published: February 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe explosive power output of both legs during extension movement was assessed in 271 male (aged 16-84 yr) and 248 female (aged 16-82 yr) subjects, and the table of evaluation for the value obtained was prepared with the function of sex and age. From a sitting position on a seat, leg extension movement was performed toward the foot plate in the forward, to which the body mass of each subject was applied as a resistance. The reliability of the power measurement was ascertained from the result that the coefficients of variation were under 5 x 10-2 when the power output of 6 subjects was measured once a day for 10 days. On both sexes, the power output per body mass declined linearly with age. The regression equations between age (x) and the power output per body mass (y) were as follows.
male: y=-0.22 x+28.38 (r=.659, n=271; p<0.001)
female: y=-0.13 x+18.36 (r=.583, n=248; p<0.001)
For all groups classified by 10 years, the male indicated greater value than the female in corresponding groups. The ratio of the value for the female relative to that for the male was between 64.8% and 72, 0%. These results suggested that the power output for the male decreased at a higher rate, and the sex difference of it decreased as the age increased.View full abstractDownload PDF (767K) -
MASAHIRO YAMASAKI, TAKASHI KOMURA, KAORU FUJIIE, HISATO SASAKI, KENJI ...1994 Volume 43 Issue 1 Pages 121-126
Published: February 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study was to investigate the benefits of sports participation in the prevention of pressure sores. A questionnaire was mailed to 668 men and woman with spinal cord injury. The questionnaire was designed to clarify the effects of physical activity and lifestyle on the development of pressure sores. Usable questionnaires were received from 466 persons, representing a response rate of 70%. Thirty-eight percent were quadriplegic and 62% paraplegic, with incomplete injuries accounting for 26% of the combined group. About half of the 466 subjects reported the development of pressure sores in their wheelchair life. Only 34% of the active subjects, participated in sports regularly, reported the development of pressure sores in their wheelchair life. On the other hand, 49% of the inactive subjects who did not participate in wheelchair sports reported the development of pressure sores. When the development of pressure sores before sports participation was compared with that after commencement of sports participation, there was no significant difference in the development of pressure sores between these periods. It was concluded that although quadriplegics and paraplegics without pressure sores had a greater tendency to participate in sports activity, there were no clear positive benefits of sports involvement on the prevention of pressure sores.View full abstractDownload PDF (774K) -
KIYOKAZU KITAMURA, TADAHIRO NUNOMURA, TOMOKI HORITA, HARUMI MOROOKA1994 Volume 43 Issue 1 Pages 127-129
Published: February 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (303K) -
[in Japanese]1994 Volume 43 Issue 1 Pages 130-135
Published: February 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (766K) -
1994 Volume 43 Issue 1 Pages 136-137
Published: February 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (252K) -
1994 Volume 43 Issue 1 Pages 137-143
Published: February 01, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (889K)
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