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Volume 42 (1993)
- Issue 6 Pages 531-
- Issue 5 Pages 429-
- Issue 4 Pages 339-
- Issue 3 Pages 257-
- Issue 2 Pages 101-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 42, Issue 2
Displaying 1-20 of 20 articles from this issue
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YUZO SATO1993 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 101-110
Published: April 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
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KEIJI YAMAJI1993 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 111-121
Published: April 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
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HIDEKI MORII, SAKIYA YAMASAKI, HIROSHI OKAMOTO, AKIHIKO ISHIHARA, SADA ...1993 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 122-129
Published: April 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThirty (n=30) seven week old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups of five rats (n=5) in each group. The groups were designated Sc=sea level controls; St=sea level trained; Fc=hypoxic exposed (16% O2) controls; Ft =hypoxic exposed (16% O2) trained; Pc=intermittent hypoxic exposed (18%, 16%, 14%, 16%, 18% O2 for two days each) controls; and Pt=intermittent hypoxic exercise trained. Exercise training consisted of 45min/day running on a rat treadwheel for 24 consecutive days. Fiber type distribution, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity and glycogen content of the soleus muscle and the oxidative enzyme activity of the motoneurons of the soleus were measured in each group after the 24 days of hypoxic exposure and exercise training. In comparison to each training group's control the glycogen concentration of the soleus muscle was increased (P<0.05) regardless of hypoxic exposure. Only the intermittently hypoxic exercise trained group (Pt) demonstrated a fiber type shift of slow-twitch oxidative to fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic fibers. Neither hypoxia or exercise training altered the oxidative enzyme capacity of the soleus motoneurons.View full abstractDownload PDF (2350K) -
SHUICHI UCHIYAMA, TETSURO TAMAKI, SHOICHI NAKANO1993 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 130-137
Published: April 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSChanges in the numbers of muscle fibers and proliferating cells detected by immunohistochemistry were studied in correlation with various growth parameters including changes in body weight, lower hindlimb length, muscle length, muscle weight and age in Wistar-strain rats at various developmental stages. The total fiber number in plantaris (PLA) muscles increased gradually between 2 weeks and 10 weeks of age (about 300g body weight), and then remained constant between 10, 000 and 11, 000 these after. In contrast, proliferating cells labeled by bromodeoxyuridine decreased gradually during the same period, and were hardly evident after 10 weeks. In the growth curves for the body weight, lower hindlimb length, muscle weight, and the length of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle, turning points were observed at 10 weeks (300 g body weight), respectively, suggesting that the turning point between growth in length and growth in width occurred at this point. Furthermore, the growth curves for the body weight and PLA muscle weight were correlated between 2 and 20 weeks, including the turning point. Therefore it is suggested that the development of muscle weight from 2 to 10 weeks depends mainly on the increment of fiber number (hyperplasia), whereas development after 10 weeks depends on the increment of individual fiber diameter (hypertrophy), in relation to the tendency for an increase in fiber number and a decrease in proliferating cells. These results indicate that maturation of skeletal muscle in male Wistar rats occurs at 10 weeks of age and a body weight of 300g. Accordingly, these facts should be considered when investigating muscle hypertrophy or hyperplasia.View full abstractDownload PDF (3022K) -
TAKUMITSU HIRO, TATSUKI INOUE, TORU TOMIOKA, KOICHI HIROTA, TSUYOKI KA ...1993 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 138-144
Published: April 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA study was conducted to investigate the changes in human urinary proteins caused by physical exercise. Nine subjects (male middle-distance runners, 19-21 years) were loaded physical exercise with a 10km-run, and quantitative and qualitative changes in urinary proteins were examined using various techniques including polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis and two-dimensional electrophoresis. Total protein concentrations in urine from all subjects before exercise were very low (0.68-2.56mg/dl), but those were increased remarkably after exercise. Few proteins except for albumin were detected in urine before run by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis, however, a few proteins were observed after exercise in addition to a marked increase of albumin. Several proteins which were not observed in serum could also be detected in urine after exercise by two-dimensional electrophoresis under non-denaturing condition. It is considered that two-dimensional electrophoresis is a very powerful technique for analyzing dilute and complicated protein mixture in biological fluids such as urine.View full abstractDownload PDF (4214K) -
KATSUHIKO SUZUKI, KAZUHIKO MACHIDA, MIEKO KARIYA, KEIKO ARIKURA, YASUH ...1993 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 145-154
Published: April 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: December 10, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA study was conducted to evaluate the chronic effects of regular physical activity on nonspecific and specific immune responses. Male Fischer rats (SPF) exercised voluntarily on running wheels for 4 months, and were then injected intraperitoneally with sheep red blood cells (SRBC), followed by measurement of the host defense functions at -2 d, 3h, 24h and 4 d of antigen stimulation. The following results were obtained:
1) The ability of circulating neutrophils to produce superoxide measured by the spontaneous NBT test showed an earlier and higher (p<0.05) rise after SRBC injection in the exercise group, suggesting that neutrophils were activated in vivo more promptly against foreign-body invasion. This might reflect a priming response of neutrophils at the early phase of SRBC-induced host defense reactions modulated by the previous regular exercise.
2) The ability of neutrophils to produce superoxide in response to in vitro stimulation with Staphylococcus aureus 209 P was markedly reduced during inflammatory response in the sedentary group, whereas that in the exercise group was maintained at a constant level. The value at 4 d after SRBC injection in the sedentary group was decreased to more than 20% below the baseline (p<0.02) . In addition, a significantly (p<0.02) lower value than that in the exercise group was shown, although phagocytic activity was similar in the two groups. This suggested that neutrophil bactericidal activity was decreased in the sedentary group.
3) Plasma IgG levels in the exercise group were consistently and significantly (p<0.0001) higher by about 30% than those in the sedentary group, regardless of SRBC injection. This suggested an enhanced host defense status by regular exercise.
4) The specific humoral immune response to SRBC injection was assessed in terms of hemagglutination and plasma IgM levels, but no significant differences were shown between the groups.View full abstractDownload PDF (1360K) -
KUNIHIRO SAKUMA, AKIHIKO YAMAGUCHI, SHIGERU KATSUTA1993 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 155-163
Published: April 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: December 10, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo investigate whether or not retardation of body weight increase by reduced food intake could change enzyme activities in the soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles during growth, rats were divided into three groups. Group 1 included rats aged 5, 7, 9, 11 weeks fed ad libitum. Group 2 included rats aged 5, 7, 9, 11 weeks fed a restricted diet. These animals weighed as much as the 5-week-old rats in group 1. Group 3 included four subgroups of 11-week-old rats. Their body weights were adjusted to the weights of rats 5, 7, 9 and 11 weeks old in group 1 by restriction of food intake. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in the soleus muscle increased significantly with growth. Though a similar change was not observed with age in group 2, SDH activity in the soleus muscle in group 3 was enhanced with increasing body weight. Phosphofructokinase (PFK) activity in the soleus muscle decreased with growth in groups 1 and 2, but this change was not statistically significant. In group 3, PFK activity in the soleus muscle did not fluctuate with increasing body weight. In groups 1 and 2 there was a significant correlation between PFK activity and percentage area of type I fibers in the soleus muscle (r=-0.63, p<0.01, r=-0.55, p<0.01, respectively), but no significant relationship between them was evident in group 3. PFK activity in the EDL muscle increased significantly with growth in groups 1 and 2, but did not change with increasing body weight in group 3. It is suggested that the increase of SDH activity in the soleus muscle between the ages of 5 and 11 weeks is influenced primarily by changes in body weight, but that the changes of PFK in the soleus and EDL muscles are not modified by this factor.View full abstractDownload PDF (1091K) -
ASSESSMENT OF BODY COMPOSITION BY THE SKINFOLD THICKNESS METHOD IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL BOYS AND GIRLSKANJI WATANABE, FUMIO NAKADOMO, KIYOJI TANAKA, MARI MIYAKE, KAZUYA MAE ...1993 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 164-172
Published: April 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA study was conducted to investigate the validity of skinfold-based prediction equations for body density (Db, g/ml) developed by Nagamine et al. (1974), and to formulate convenient, useful equations for predicting Db by the skinfold thickness (ST) method in junior high school boys and girls. The subjects of the study were 269 healthy boys and girls, aged 12-15 years. The dependent variable, Db, was determined by underwater weighing (UW) . Independent variables included single skinfold thickness at three sites (triceps, subscapular and abdomen) and the sum of two skinfolds. Db by the ST method was estimated from the equations developed by Nagamine et al. (1974) for boys and girls, using the sum of skinfold thickness at the triceps and subscapular area. Skinfold thickness was measured on the right side of the body with an Eiken-type skinfold caliper. Db estimated by the ST method was correlated significantly with Db determined by UW (r=0.873 for boys and r=0.723 for girls) . However, average Db values estimated by the ST method were significantly lower than those deter-mined by UW (differences in Db values when predicted by the Nagamine equations: 0.0099 for boys and 0, 0114 for girls) . Therefore, we developed linear regression equations for predicting Db. The best-fitting prediction equation for Db was Db=1.0881-0.0010·X for boys, and Db=1.0715-0.0007·X for girls, where X is the sum of the triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness (mm) for boys and girls. Db estimated from the respective equation was correlated significantly with hydrodensitometrically determined Db (r=0.872, SEE=0.0089 for boys; r=0.722, SEE=0.0104 for girls) .
Furthermore, in a cross-validation analysis of prediction equations for Db developed in the present study, Db estimated from the respective equation was correlated highly with hydrodensitometrically determined Db (r=0.887 for boys and r=0.740 for girls) . There were no significant differences between the Db values predicted by the ST method against hydrodensitometrically determined Db values (difference values: 0.0012 for boys and 0.0013 for girls) . The final phase of this study was to develop more stable equations, combining validation and cross-validation samples. On the basis of the final analyses, we recommend the equations Y=1.0875-0.0010X and Y=1.0716-0.0007X, with SEE of 0.0088g/ml for boys and 0.0105g/ml for girls, respectively. It is suggested that the prediction equations finally developed in the present study will be applicable to junior high school boys and girls.View full abstractDownload PDF (1171K) -
TATSUKI INOUE, MANABU TOTSUKA, TORU TOMIOKA, TETSUJI NIWA, KOICHI HIRO ...1993 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 173-182
Published: April 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA study was conducted to investigate the relationship between energy systems and running performance, especially during the last spurt in an 800-m race. The subjects were separated into good 800-m runners (group A n=5: best record, 1′54″3±1.4) and a second group of slower 800-m runners (group B n=4: best record, 2′02″1±1.3) . Each group executed two types of running test (600m test and 800m test) . To simulate an 800-m race, the running speed up to 600m was set by means of a lamp pace maker system. The last spurt was running 200m at maximal voluntary running speed. Plasma lactate, plasma ammonia, serum glucose and blood pH were assayed at rest, after warming up, and 6 and 10min after the running test.
The following results were obtained:
1) The last spurt time of group A was significantly faster than that of group B (p<0.01) . 2) In group A, plasma lactate and plasma ammonia concentrations increased significantly during the last spurt (p<0.05) . In group B, however, plasma lactate and plasma ammonia concentrations before the last spurt (600m test values) were very close to the values after the last spurt (800m test values), 3) Last spurt times were significantly related to changes in plasma lactate concentration (r=-0.870, p<0.01) and O2 debt (r=-0.799, p<0.01) during the last spurt.
These results suggest that running performance during the last spurt in an 800-m race depends on anaerobic energy ability, as reflected by plasma lactate, plasma ammonia and O2 debt before the last spurt.View full abstractDownload PDF (1266K) -
SUGURU TORII, KIYOSHI YOKOE, HIROYUKI NAKAJIMA1993 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 183-188
Published: April 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt seems likely to consider that the bone density (BD) of athletes is higher than that of control subjects. But recently, many authors reported lower BD of amenorrheic female athletes, and suggested that strenuous exercise could decrease BD through, probably, endocrinological disorder.
So, we compared BD of second metatarsal in female athletes with irregular menstrual cycle (IM group) or with stress fracture (SF group) to that of normal menstrual athletes (NM group) or those without bony injuries (NF group), by MD/MS method.
MD/MS method, which is the screening method of BD by scanning mid-diaphysis of second metacarpal (or metatarsal) for 3cm by 20times in X-ray films, was developped from microdensitometry whose scanning was only once at the same part of the bone.
BD of IM group was lower than that of NM group, but without significant difference. BD of SF group was significantly lower than that of NF group.
The index of mechanical strength of the bone, “I”, that is area moment of inertia, did not increase in accordance with decrease of BD. We supeculate this as one of the factor of stress fracture in a sense of decreased mechanical strength.View full abstractDownload PDF (465K) -
TOMOYOSHI KOMIYAMA, TATSUYA KASAI1993 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 189-200
Published: April 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSpecific facilitation of the agonist motoneuron pool (pretibial muscle; TA) was investigated under the two different reaction time conditions, i, e, simple (S) and choice (C) reaction time tasks. The motor task was bilateral ankle dorsiflexion, and two different strengths of voluntary ankle dorsiflexion (25%, (S) and 50% (L) of maximum contraction force) were controlled by visually guided tracking. The excitability of the agonist motoneuron pool was investigated by the H-reflex method.
As the differences between the EMG reaction times of TA on both sides were extremely small under both the S and C tasks, it might be reasonable to use the non-stimulated side as the onset of voluntary movement. Not only the onset of H-reflex facilitation with respect to EMG onset, but also the reaction times were significantly prolonged under the conditions of task C compared with those of task S. In addition, movement times were also prolonged and peak dF/dt values were significantly decreased under the conditions of task C. These results allow us to conclude that the modulation of pre-motor facilitation of the agonist H-reflex is controlled by descending command from the brain, and would be caused by slower EMG reaction times. In addition, we suggest that the prolonged motor times and decreased dF/dt values under the conditions of task C are attributable to slower recruitment and a lower firing rate of motor unit.View full abstractDownload PDF (1490K) -
TOMOHIKO MURASE, TAKAAKI ASAMI1993 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 201-208
Published: April 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA study was conducted to determine the characteristics of discrimination of force in grip for preschool children. Examination of the new method (NM) designed by Murase & Asami (1991) based on discrimination of force was also carried out by comparing observations obtained by two methods (i. e. modified constant method (CM) and NM) . A total of 12 healthy Japanese preschool children (mean age : 5.4±0, 4yr) volunteered to be subjects for the two methods. The subjects engaged in CM measurements for about 28 days and in NM measurements for 18 to 24 days, The standard stimuli were 3 forces of 1.0kgf (9.8N), 2.0kgf (19.6N) and 3.0kgf (29.4N), and the comparison stimulus was changed at intervals of 0.1kgf. Lower threshold (LT), upper threshold (UT), interval of uncertainty (IU) and percentage of response appearance were selected as variables to represent the characteristics of discrimination of force. The results were also analyzed from the viewpoint of measurement and assessment. The relationships between the percentage of response appearance and each comparison stimulus for 3 standard stimuli matched the cumulative normal distribution functions. It was suggested that a subjective scale of force in grip was established at the age of 5 to 6 years old. LT, UT and IU in the grip increased with a gain in the standard stimulus. The data for the NM were approximately 1.3 to 1.8times larger than those estimated by the CM, and the two observations roughly paired with each other. For the two methods, the tendency of changes in LT, UT and IU, and relative sizes between LT and UT showed similar patterns.View full abstractDownload PDF (1020K) -
KAORU KITAGAWA, KAYO SAKURAI, YASUAKI TAHARA, KOKI SATO1993 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 209-218
Published: April 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study was designed to find out about the body composition of ordinary Japanese adults, and to clarify how gender and age have effects on it. The subjects were volunteers living in the northern, central and western parts of Japan. They consisted of 154 males and 142 females aged 20 to 59 years. Their body height and weight did not differ by more than 1 S. D. from the mean of the given age category cited in the Japanese Ministry of Education Annual Report. Body composition was estimated from densitometry using an underwater weighing method and pulmonary residual volume measurement. Within each age group, there were significant differences in body height, weight, body density, percentage body fat, lean body weight, fat per 1 m of body height and lean body weight per 1 m of body height, but there was no significant difference in fat between males and females. Percentage body fat and fat increased significantly with age in both genders. The rate of increases of fat were calculated to be 14.2% for males and 10.7% for females per decade. Lean body weight decreased significantly with age in males, decreasing at a rate of 3.3%. However, the lean body weight of females stayed constant over the given ages of this study. These results show that the difference in body weight between males and females is caused by lean body mass, not by fat.View full abstractDownload PDF (1039K) -
[in Japanese], [in Japanese]1993 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 219-226
Published: April 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
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1993 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 227-235
Published: April 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
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1993 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 235-238
Published: April 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
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1993 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 239-241
Published: April 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
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1993 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 242-245
Published: April 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
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1993 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 245-249
Published: April 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
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1993 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 250-255
Published: April 01, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
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