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Volume 58 (2009)
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Volume 58, Issue 2
Displaying 1-12 of 12 articles from this issue
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LING CAO, KAZUKI FUJITA, YASUAKI OHTAKI, MUHAMMAD ARIF, RYOICHI NAGATO ...2009 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 209-218
Published: April 01, 2009
Released on J-STAGE: June 16, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBecause falls occur not only in the forward direction, but also in the lateral direction, lateral postural instability may contribute to the risk of fall accidents of community-dwelling elderly adults. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between lateral reach (LR) and the lateral excursion of the center of pressure (COP), and their association with self-reported fall incidences.
The COP stability limits in LR were recorded using a force plate for 83 community-dwelling elderly people aged 70 years and over with reduced physical functions, who answered a questionnaire for fall incidences in the previous six months.
LR was significantly correlated with bi-directional COP stability limits (r=0.57～0.70, p<0.0001). The sum of bi-directional LR was significantly correlated with that of bi-directional COP stability limits (r=0.62, p<0.0001). In the full sample (n=83), people whose LR was equal to or less than 30.1 cm are about 4 times more likely to fall (odds ratio [OR] of fall incidence = 4.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.31～15.95) than people whose LR was more than 30.1 cm. After adjustments for age, sex, and height, the OR =4.08, 95 %CI =1.11～18.05,(p<0.05).
The LR test was found to be a simple and easy evaluation method for lateral balance. LR is associated with fall incidence. Thus, the LR test may be a useful clinical measure for detecting the fall risk of elderly adults.View full abstractDownload PDF (246K) -
EFFECT OF REGULAR AEROBIC EXERCISE AND MENSTRUAL CYCLE ON CAROTID ARTERIAL STIFFNESS IN YOUNG FEMALEMARIKO NAKAMURA, HIDEHIKO KOMINE, MUTSUKO YOSHIZAWA, TAKASHI YOKOI, NO ...2009 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 219-228
Published: April 01, 2009
Released on J-STAGE: June 16, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIncreased carotid arterial stiffness is associated with a risk factor of congestive heart failure. Thus factors that affect carotid arterial stiffness are of both physiological and clinical interest. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of regular aerobic exercise and menstrual cycle on carotid arterial stiffness in young female. The carotid β-stiffness index, an index of carotid arterial stiffness, was assessed in eight young female athletes (20.5 ± 0.4 years) and ten young female control subjects (21.3 ± 0.7 years). The carotid β-stiffness index was determined using ultrasound images of the common carotid artery with simultaneous recording of carotid arterial blood pressure by applanation tonometry. There was no difference in carotid β-stiffness index between the control and the athlete group both at the early follicular and the pre-ovulation phase of the menstrual cycle. On the other hand, the carotid β-stiffness index decreased from the early follicular phase to the pre-ovulation phase both in the control and the athlete group. These results suggest that carotid arterial stiffness in young females is not affected by regular aerobic exercise, but changes with the menstrual cycle, irrespective of exercise status.View full abstractDownload PDF (248K) -
EIJI FUJITA, YOSHINORI KAGAYA, HIDETSUGU NISHIZONO2009 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 229-238
Published: April 01, 2009
Released on J-STAGE: June 16, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study was performed to establish a simple method to evaluate knee joint proprioception by examining knee-bending angle, in which Lombard's Paradox phenomenon could be confirmed, in 8 extremities of 7 patients with ACL injured who were diagnosed with ACL rupture at a medical facility (ACL injured group) and 10 extremities of 10 healthy adults (control group). As a result, knee joint proprioception in the ACL injured group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). Significantly more incidence of Lombard's Paradox phenomenon was confirmed at the knee-extension position in the ACL injured group (P<0.01), compared with the control group. Significant negative correlation was confirmed between the reproductive angle inaccuracy of joint position sensation, a marker of knee joint proprioception, and Lombard's Paradox phenomenon under the conditions of r=-0.58 and the risk rate of 5%. Based on the results of this study, it was suggested that the knee-bending angle, in which Lombard's Paradox phenomenon was confirmed, would be affected by knee joint proprioception through feedback from the ACL mechanoreceptors, and the angle might be used as a simple evaluation method for knee joint proprioception.View full abstractDownload PDF (246K) -
TOMOKO IMAI, KATSUJI AIZAWA, MI HYUN JOO, KAORUKO IIDA, FUMIE MURAI, I ...2009 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 239-246
Published: April 01, 2009
Released on J-STAGE: June 16, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS【Objective】The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute responses of adiponectin and leptin to resistance exercise in healthy elderly men. 【Methods】Eight healthy men (age, 25.5±3.3 yrs) participated in this study. They performed two trials. Trial 1 was an exercise session consisting of 5 resistance exercises at high-intensity (75% one-repetition maximum : 1 RM) with three sets of 10 repetitions. Trial 2 was a control trial at rest for the same time as trial 1. Blood samples were taken to assess adiponectin, leptin, and metabolism related substances (glucose and lipids).【Results】Leptin significantly decreased 24 h after the resistance exercise but did not change in trial 2. Blood insulin and lactate concentrations significantly increased immediately (0 min) and 30 min after the exercise. However, adiponectin, glucose and lipids were not affected.
【Conclusion】Adiponectin was not affected by resistance exercise, whereas leptin decreased 24 h after the exercise. This suggests that leptin may have quite a delayed response to high-intensity resistance exercise.View full abstractDownload PDF (254K) -
SAIMI YAMAMOTO, KAORU KITAGAWA2009 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 247-254
Published: April 01, 2009
Released on J-STAGE: June 16, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of wind and rain on exercising humans have not been fully investigated in the field of sports science. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of thermoregulation and cardiovascular-respiratory responses during exercise in a climate chamber that allowed control of wind and rain. Seven healthy males performed treadmill running at 70%VO2max for 30 min under three conditions (CON, control ; WIND, wind only; WIND&RAIN, both wind and rain). The temperature was 27.0℃ under the three conditions. Relative humidity was 60%RH except under the WIND&RAIN condition (100%RH under WIND&RAIN condition). The wind velocity corresponded to running velocity in the open air and the precipitation was 90 L/h. Under the WIND&RAIN condition, both body trunk and extremities skin temperature (Tsk) showed a clear decrease for the first 5 minutes after the start of running, and was significantly lower during the running period than under the other two conditions (p<0.05). Rectal temperature (Tre) did not differ significantly among the three conditions. An interaction was observed between conditions and time in terms of minute ventilation (VE) (p<0.05). Under WIND and WIND&RAIN conditions, VE was higher than under CON condition while running. Oxygen consumption, heart rate and respiratory exchange ratio did not differ significantly among the three conditions. These results indicate that wind and rain in a natural environmental condition with neutral temperature (27.0℃), cause a decline in Tsk, and may become factors that influence performance, similarly to temperature and humidity.View full abstractDownload PDF (259K) -
ISAO KAMBAYASHI, EIJI UCHIDA, MIKU KUSAKABE, HIDEKATSU TAKEDA2009 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 255-264
Published: April 01, 2009
Released on J-STAGE: June 16, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study was to examine reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity, - a generated superoxide - of neutrophils in human peripheral blood after maximal exercise. Ten healthy male college students (20.2 ± 0.4 yr, 170.5 ± 1.3 cm, 62.8 ± 1.9 kg) participated after giving written informed consent. They performed an incremental exercise to volitional exhaustion using a bicycle ergometer. Peripheral blood was collected before exercise (Pre), just after exercise (Post) and 1-hour after exercise (Post-1h). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated and opsonaized zymosan (OZ)-stimulated superoxide-generating activity of neutrophils was measured by the cytochrome c reduction assay. NADPH oxidase activity was measured by a cell-free system. NADPH oxidase activity significantly decreased in Post-1h compared with Pre and Post. A similar tendency was seen in PMA-stimulated activity, but not in OZ-stimulated activity. A strong positive relationship between NADPH oxidase activity and PMA-stimulated activity was found in Pre and this relationship attenuated after exercise. NADPH oxidase activity was not related to OZ-stimulated activity at any time points. We concluded that NADPH oxidase activity decreased after exhaustive maximal exercise in human peripheral neutrophils, and suggest that PMA-stimulated activity, relatively - speaking, reflects NADPH oxidase activity; but OZ-stimulated activity is independent of NADPH oxidase activity.View full abstractDownload PDF (265K) -
TOSHITSUGU YOSHIOKA, KOHEI NAKAGAKI, YOSHIHARU NABEKURA2009 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 265-274
Published: April 01, 2009
Released on J-STAGE: June 16, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study was to determine the difference in the attainment rate of maximal oxygen uptake in cycling and running (%cycVO2max). Seven healthy male subjects (22.9±1.3 yrs, 171.9±4.7 cm, 61.0±5.2 kg) participated in a maximal incremental exercise test for running and cycling. During the exercise testing, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide output, respiratory exchange rate, minute ventilation, tidal volume, respiratory rate, and heart rate were measured. Attainment rates of each physiological measurement for cycling and running were shown as %cycVO2max, %cycVCO2max, %cycRERmax, %cycVEmax, %cycVt, %cycRR and %cycHRmax. Transverse relaxation time (T2)-weighted spin echo images were acquired before and after the exercise periods. Exercise-induced T2 values of each muscle and muscle-group are indices of muscular activity level, so the difference between the T2 value of cycling and running in each muscle or muscle group was shown as ΔT2%. VO2max in cycling was 92.2% of VO2max in running. Significant correlations were observed between %cycVO2max and %cycVCO2max, %cycVO2max and %cycRR. Furthermore, significant correlations were recognized between %cycVO2max and ΔT2% of the m. quadriceps femoris, %cycVCO2max and ΔT2% of the m. quadriceps femoris, %cycVCO2max and the m. triceps surae, as well. These results show that the higher muscular activity level of the thigh in cycling increases the uptake of oxygen in the muscle. The T2 value shows that the uptake or redistribution of fluid within muscle is driven by the accumulation of lactate and inorganic phosphate. Therefore, the T2 value of maximal incremental exercise would reflect the anaerobic capacity of the muscle. Judging from the significant correlations between %cycVO2max and %cycVCO2max or %cycRR, the anaerobic capacity of each subject would also affect the difference between the maximal oxygen uptake of cycling and running.View full abstractDownload PDF (289K) -
MINORU ADACHI, KENSAKU SASAYAMA, KYOTA OKISHIMA, YOSHIYUKI SUNAMI, MAS ...2009 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 275-284
Published: April 01, 2009
Released on J-STAGE: June 16, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of present study was to examine validity of pedometer with accelerometer (Lifecorder-EX ; LC) and to assess the daily physical activity (PA) of Japanese junior high school students by LC method. Firstly, to examine validity of LC, ten students (13.6±0.5 years old) wearing LC on their waists performed the walking and running tests. Energy expenditure was measured by the expired gas analysis method during the tests. The results showed that the activity level of LC had a high correlation with the exercise intensity (VO2 : r=0.948, METs : r=0.931), and it was from 7 to 9 (LC7－9) in the more intense activity than running. Secondly, PA of 206 boys and 220 girls aged 12－15 years were measured using LC. Step counts and activity time of LC7－9 each were 9500－15000 counts and 10－19 minutes on weekdays, and 6500－10000 counts and 5－12 minutes on weekends. PA analyzed by MANOVA were lower on weekends than on weekdays, and decreased in proportion as grade, and that of boys were significantly higher than that of girls. Present study suggests that LC method is a good way of measuring PA for junior high school students in free-living condition.View full abstractDownload PDF (246K) -
TOMOYA KASHIWAGI, TOMONOBU SAKURAI, KAZUHIRO MINAMI, KENTA SUZUKI, OSA ...2009 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 285-294
Published: April 01, 2009
Released on J-STAGE: June 16, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study was to evaluate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein expression and hemodynamics of pulmonary circulation in rats of "Living high and Training low" (LH+TL). The Sprague Dawley strain of male rats were used at the age of 9 weeks. They were divided according to four conditions of a living low (LL) group, living low and training low (LL+TL) group, living high (LH) group and LH+TL group, for 10 days. We assessed the effects of LH+TL on exercise-induced pulmonary arterial pressure and blood lactic acids under sea-level altitude in catheter-implanted conscious rats. Also, we measured the pulmonary artery under anesthesia and analyzed eNOS protein expression by western blot analysis. The blood lactate levels in the LH+TL rats decreased after maximal treadmill running compared to LL, LL+TL and LH rats (p<0.05). The increase in pulmonary arterial blood pressure with exercise was significantly lower in the LH+TL group than in the LL group (p<0.05). The eNOS protein expressions of pulmonary artery were higher in the LH+TL group than in the LL group (p<0.05). This study indicates that LH+TL reduced the increase of pulmonary arterial blood pressure with exercise at below sea-level altitude. In addition, eNOS protein expressions were enhanced in the pulmonary arteries of LH+TL rats. Thus, we conclude that the high altitude training of LH+TL was a useful method for improvement of endurance exercise ability and this improvement may be associated with pulmonary arterial response.View full abstractDownload PDF (246K) -
KENSAKU SASAYAMA, KYOTA OKISHIMA, HIDETUGU MIZUUCHI, MINORU ADACHI2009 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 295-304
Published: April 01, 2009
Released on J-STAGE: June 16, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study was to assess daily physical activity and time spent on activities of various intensities, and to examine the relationship between daily physical activity and physical fitness in elementary school children. Subjects were 288 elementary school children (140 boys, 148 girls, 9.6±0.5 years). Daily physical activity was evaluated by accelerometers, worn around the waist for 10 days. Accelerometers calculated steps and vigorous intensity time (LC7-9: higher intensity than brisk walking). A physical fitness test (8 items) was applied to evaluate fitness in pupils. Total accelerometer steps (counts/day) were 18333±3869 for boys and 13957±2970 for girls on weekdays, and 11932±4827 for boys and 9767±4542 for girls on weekends, respectively. Time spent in LC7-9 (minutes/day) was 31±12 for boys and 20±7 for girls on weekdays. Positive associations were found between physical fitness and daily physical activities for many items. Above all, there was a relatively strong correlation between aerobic capacity and LC7-9 time. On the other hand, the correlations were low among girls. For fourth graders, in order to reach a B rank score in the physical fitness test, it was suggested that the total steps and LC7-9 time required at least 17000 steps, 30 minutes in boys, and 13000 steps, 20 minutes in girls, respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (297K) -
TOSHIKAZU KAWAKAMI, SADAFUMI TAKISE, DAISUKE GIMA2009 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 305-316
Published: April 01, 2009
Released on J-STAGE: June 16, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPurpose: Decreased mechanical stress causes disuse bone atrophy characterized by reduced bone mass and weakened bone. However, few studies have measured the mechanism behind such changes in different areas of bone. The present morphological study investigated the effects of decreased mechanical stress on bone mineral density in different areas of the femur by measuring bone mineral density and assessing the microstructure of osteoblasts.
Methods: Twenty-one 9-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were acclimatized for one week, and then were divided into control, exercise, and cast immobilization groups. The study was conducted over an 8-week period, from age 10 weeks to 17 weeks in the rats. Bone mineral density was measured by dual energy X-ray absorption (QDR-2000) in the proximal epiphysis/metaphysis, diaphysis, and distal epiphysis/metaphysis of the femur. The microstructure of osseous cells was examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
Results: Bone mineral density of the distal epiphysis/metaphysis was significantly lower in the cast immobilization group than in the exercise or control groups (p<0.001). In the cast immobilization group, scanning electron microscopy of the distal epiphysis/metaphysis revealed no boundary between small osteoblast and smooth neighboring cells; however, in the exercise group, actively osteoblastic osteoblasts covered the bone surface, resembling a stone wall.
Conclusion: Decreased mechanical stress caused a decrease in bone mineral density that varied in different areas of the femur. The largest decrease in density occurred in the distal epiphysis/
metaphysis. Osteoblast microstructure played an important role.View full abstractDownload PDF (499K)
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2009 Volume 58 Issue 2 Pages 317-329
Published: February 01, 2009
Released on J-STAGE: June 16, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (279K)
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