It was known that physical training caused temporary changes in property of erythrocytes in a trainee.
The purpose of this study is to determine how physical training bring about changes in blood corpuscle on long-distance runners under training for a month. In addition, a comparative study of distribution curves of red blood cell and changes of blood corpuscle was investigated.
The number of long-distance runner was twelve, throughout a regularly training program for a month.
Blood corpuscle (RBC, WBC, Ht, MCV) were count by Coulter Counter, and the hemoglobin content was measured by the Hemoglobinometer. The red cell distribution curves were analyzed, using Coulter Channelyzer.
The results obtained are as follow:
1) After the physical training, the macrocytes were decreased and microcytes were increased. Therefore red cell distribution curves shift to the left.
2) Red blood cell count was not influenced by regular training over a month.
3) MCV became markdly smaller between before and after the training, indicating a significance of p<0.01.
4) The hemoglobin content increased between before and after the training, indicating a significance of p<0.05.
5) It has been confirmed that hemoglobin content and density of a red blood cell was increased by the effect of physical training.

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In this study, it has been investigated whether chronic isoproterenol treatments can reproduce the effect of exercise-training on rat epididymal adipose tissue (WAT) .
1. Exercise-training (treadmill running 5 days/week for 8 weeks) reduced the weight-gain, the amount of WAT and the mean daily food intake compared with control. Exercise-training caused hypertrophy of heart and submandibular glands.
2. Chronic isoproterenol-treatments (2.5 mg/100 g body weight/day sc for 6 days) reduced the body weight and the amount of WAT and caused hypertrophy of heart and submandibular glands compared with saline (0.9%) treated rats.
3. Exercise-training markedly increased lipolysis induced by adrenaline (5.5 μM) in WAT segments, and slightly increased lipolysis induced by noradrenaline (5.5 μM) and caffeine (3 mM) . However, lipolysis induced by ACTH (0.5 μM) was markedly decreased.
4. Chronic isoproterenol-treatments markedly increased lipolysis induced by each lipolytic agent.
5. Chronic isoproterenol-treatments mimicked the effect of exercise-training on the weight of various organs, but not on lipolysis induced by ACTH.
6. Chronic isoproterenol-treatments could not reproduce all effects of exercisetraining on rat WAT. Therefore, these results suggest that the response of rat WAT to exercise-training is mediated not only by the beta effect of catacholamine but also by various hormonal factors, and further suggest that it is difficult to reproduce the effect of physiological nerve stimulation only by chronic injections of a neurotransmitter.

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Shooting an arrow is a typical example of the physiological neck reflex. To get a good record in the archery competition, highly reproducible release is required during the drawing of a bow.
In this study, first, the mechanics of shooting were analysed by means of EMG, progressive photographing and bow strain signals, employing two groups of college student archers (semi-skilled and unskilled) . These results were compared with those of the world top-class archers. And second, the rate of muscle silent period appearance, its latent time and release reaction time were measured from the three groups of college student archers (skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled) . The following results were obtained:
1. Some distinct differences were recognized in muscle activities during shooting, such as “set up”, “draw”, “full draw”, “release” and “follow through” between the top-class archers and college archers (semi-skilled and unskilled) .
2. In the case of two top-class archers, muscle silent period prior to release was observed in m. deltoideus (pars acrominalis) of both arms and m. trapezius (pars transversa) of the pushing arm.
3. In the skilled college student archers, high rate of silent period appearance (70-100%) were observed and the values of its latent time and release reaction time falled in a very narrow range of 110-120 msec and 170-180 msec, respectively.
4. Before the release, when m. deltoideus of the pulling arm was silent, ipsilateral m. trapezius began action. This muscle activity was cleary observed almost only in the case of skilled archers. Hence, this pattern of muscle activity may be accomplished by long time training.

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Extremely few studies have been published on the site of belly of thigh muscles. In our studies, 41 specimens (from 27 male and 14 female subjects) for anatomical investigation were used to examine the site of belly, which had often been employed for surface electromyogram. Not to say, “the belly of muscle” means the site showing the maximal value of circumference of each muscle.
The results were as follows.
1) Using nine thigh muscles, the full length of each muscle and the distance from the origin to the belly were directly measured at the first steps in the present study. Ratio of the distance from the origin to the full length was calculated. The ratio, as the average of all subjects, was 24.4% for M. sartorius, 30.8% for M. rectus femoris, 59.2% for M, vastus medialis, and 32.8% for M. vastus lateralis in the frontal aspect of thigh; 15.2% for M. gracilis, 67.9% for M. adductor longus in the inner aspect of thigh; and 44.1% for M. biceps femoris (caput longum), 29.3% for M. semitendinosus, and 65.5% for M, semimembranosus in the posterior aspect of thigh. However, no significant difference was found between the sex as well as age in the value of ratio.
2) Secondarily, “the cross section method” in this paper was used to evaluate the site of belly and measure the size of cross sections of M. sartorius and M, rectus femoris. The values were obtained from 3 specimens. The belly of M. sartorius was found at the site of 29% from the origin and that of M. rectus femoris was at 33%. The size of each cross sections was 1.3cm² and 3.5cm² respectively.
3) In addition, computed tomography was employed for 5 male adults to find the site of belly of M, sartorius and M. rectus femoris. The results were compared with those of specimens mentioned in 2) . The findings from the computed tomography showed the belly at the site of 25-29% from the origin for M, sartorius and 29-33% for M. rectus femoris. The size of cross sections of each muscle measured 2.9cm² and 11.4cm² respectively. These sites were confirmed to be coincided with those of anatomical specimens.
4) It can be, therefore, concluded that the values obtained from the direct method are applicable to those of living persons.

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Seven wrestlers, whose body weights should be reduced about ten per cent in relatively short period of time to be acknowledged for intercollegeate competition, were selected, and their daily food intakes in reduction through recovery period of body weight were estimated. Simultaneously, some blood and urine components were analysed, performance capacities (grip and back strength power) were measured, and gross balances of nitrogen and potassium were calculated as the difference between their intakes and urinary outputs, to discuss the influence of rapid weight reduction.
For several days of the last stage of reduction period, the average intakes per kg body weight per day were about 20 kcal for energy, about 1.7 g for protein, about 20 g for food moisture and drinking water, total intakes per day were about 2 g for sodium and about 1 g for potassium respectively.
During about seven days of recovery period, these intakes were increased to higher level, which were as average about 60 kcal for energy, about 2 g for protein, 46-73 g for food moisture and drinking water per kg body weight, about 5 g for sodium and about 3 g for potassium per day, respectively.
During reduction period, the negative balances of nitrogen and potassium, slight reduction of performance capacities and dehydration symptoms in blood components (Ht value, and contents of Hb, plasma protein plasma urea nitrogen) were observed.
During recovery period, the body weights were recovered rapidly to normal level, nitrogen and potassium were turned to positive balance, but some components (Ht value, plasma protein) were not completely recovered to their normal level.
As far as the average food composition in recovery period was concerned, not so remarkable deficiency was observed, but the personal deviations in their intakes were distinct. From these results, it is suggested that by better balanced combination of food intake, personal body conditions of these young sportsmen with high physical strength would recover to their normal level more quickly and more completely.

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