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Volume 40, Issue 1
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1991 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages 1-29
Published: February 01, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (3509K) -
—THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WALKING SPEED AND OXYGEN REQUIREMENT—MINAKO SAITOH, HIROHIKO KAGAYA, HIDEKI MORII, YOSHINAO NAKAGAWA, NAOTO ...1991 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages 31-40
Published: February 01, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study was to clarify some of the characteristics of race-walking, especially the relationship between walking speed and oxygen requirement, and stride in race-walking and normal walking, and to examine whether race-walking is effective for the maintenance and promotion of health.
The subjects were five male race-walkers (race-walker group) and five male college students (control group) .
The results obtained were as follows:
1. Under race-walk conditions, the highest speeds attained in the race-walker and control groups were 200-220 m/min and 160 m/min, respectively. Under normal walking conditions, however, the values were 140 m/min in both groups.
2. A lower oxygen requirement was observed at slower speed during normal walking and at a higher speed (over 130 m/min) during race-walking.
3. Oxygen requirement (ml/kg/100 m) in the race-walker group was minimal at 60-80 m/min during race-walking and at 60 m/min during normal walking. Values in the control group were minimal at 60 m/min under both walking conditions.
4. The oxygen requirement in the race-walker group was less than that of the control group under both walking conditions.
5. Under normal walking conditions, as the speed increased, both step-length and step frequency gradually increased, until step-length reached a limit of 80 cm. Thereafter, walking was maintained only by an increase in step frequency. However, in the race-walkes group, the subjects were capable of increasing their step-length further, and maintaining a higher speed (up to 220 m/min) .
6. It was suggested that race-walking is one of the most efficient exercises for maintaining and improving health.View full abstractDownload PDF (1092K) -
HIROAKI TAKEKURA, NORIKATSU KASUGA, TOSHITADA YOSHIOKA1991 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages 41-47
Published: February 01, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of testosterone on the structural and contractile properties of the denervated rat skeletal muscles that were not influenced by neurotrophic-effects were investigated. Male Wistar strain rats (3-week-old, n=28) were used in the present study. All rats were divided into four (n=7, for each) groups; control (C), testosterone control (TC), denervated (DN), and denervated with testosterone (DNT) groups. Sciatic nerves of DN and DNT groups' rats were resected at the 4-week-old after birth. Testosterone that was melted in corn-oil was administered (40 mg/kg body weight/week) for the TC and DNT groups. At the end of breeding period (15-week-old), soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were dissected from both hindlimbs and contractile profiles were analyzed in vitro. Relative weight (muscle weight/body weight) of SOL muscle in the DNT group was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that of the DN group. There is no significant difference in EDL muscle between the DN and DNT groups. Time to peak tension and half relaxation time in EDL muscle of the DNT group was significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of the DN group. Maximum twitch tension was prone to decrease following denervation, and significantly (p<0.01) difference between the DN and DNT groups in both muscles regarding the maximum twitch tension was observed. There is no significant difference of myosin and actomyosin ATPase activities comparison of each group in SOL muscle, however, the TC group were significantly higher than those of the C group in EDL muscle. These results suggested that the effects of testosterone for the hypertrophy in skeletal muscles were not synergistic effects with the neurotrophiceffects, however, for the ATPase in fast muscle act synergistically with the neurotrophic effect to change of myosin ATPase. Moreover, it was also suggested that the sensitivity to the testosterone was different in each type of fiber.View full abstractDownload PDF (954K) -
ISHIMATSU HAYASHI, SATOSHI ORIGASA, AKIRA ITO1991 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages 48-59
Published: February 01, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA study was conducted to determine the effect of water running exercise (WRE) on renal function. The study involved 5 healthy males who performed maximal work by both WRE and bicycle ergometer exercise (BEE), and 6 males who performed head-out water immersion.
The results obtained were as follows;
1) The values of VO2max and maximum heart rate (HRmax) during WRE and BEE were approximately similar, and blood lactate concentration after exercise was significantly higher then the basal value in both types of exercise, although the value was significantly higher after WRE than after BEE.
2) Compared with the resting values on land, significant decreases in HR and plasma aldosterone (Ald) concentration were noted in head-out water immersion, but plasma antidiuretic hormone (ADH) concentration and urinary volume were not changed significantly from the resting values.
3) The secretion of both plasma ADH and Ald was significantly increased at the end of both types of exercise. However, a larger increase in Ald and ADH was observed after BEE than after WRE.
4) The rate of urine flow was obviously decreased soon after both types of exercise; this was positively correlated with changes in creatinine clearance and negatively correlated with changes in Ald concentration.
The results of the present study suggest that a better venous return is induced by the water pressure and cardiac output during WRE, possibly inducing the release of atrial natriuretic fsctor (ANF) . ANF may inpair the release of ADH and Ald to a greater extent in WRE than in BEE.View full abstractDownload PDF (1383K) -
—RELATIONSHIPS AMONG AMPLITUDE RESPONSE, PHASE RESPONSE AND AEROBIC CAPACITY—YOSHIYUKI FUKUOKA, NARIHIKO KONDO, SHINJI GOTO, HARUO IKEGAMI1991 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages 60-73
Published: February 01, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAmplitude and phase response of ventilation (VE), carbon dioxide output (VCO2) and oxygen uptake (VO2) during sinusoidally varying work load for periods (T) of 1-16 min were studied in six healthy men. The relationships between these parameters and aerobic capacity (VO2max, ATVO2) were also examined. The results and conclusions obtained were as follows:
(1) The relationship between the period (T) of exercise and amplitude response of VO2, VCO2 and VE was well described by first-order exponential models. However, the relationship between the period of exercise and the phase shift (phase responses of VO2, VCO2, and VE) was better described by complex models comprising a first-order exponential function and a linear equation. This can be explained by Karpman's threshold theory.
(2) High negative correlations were observed between the steady-state amplitude (A) of phase response or the time constants (r) of amplitude response and VO2max, and ATVO2. Significantly high negative correlations for all gas exchange parameters may be more rapid in individuals with greater aerobic capacity.
(3) A close relationship between the response of VCO2 and VE was demonstrated by a higher correlation coefficient than that between VO2 and VCO2 or between VO2 and VE. This can be partly, but not completely, explained by the cardiodynamic theory.View full abstractDownload PDF (1425K) -
HIRAKU KITAMOTO1991 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages 74-82
Published: February 01, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this study was to investigate the controllability of several pursuit movements of the arm muscles. Three subjects in a sitting position were studied for elbow flextion and extension. Three wave forms (sinusoidal, sawtooth and rectangular) on VDT were followed by the subjects, and 5 work loads were given at 0.3 Hz frequency.
The following results were obtained.
1. There was phasic delay in the order: sinusoidal (-10°), sawtooth (-15°), rectangular (-20°) .
2. An overshoot phenomenon was observed for each wave form during the flexion phase at a work load under 10% of the maximum strength. At a work load of over 10% of the maximum strength, an undeshoot phenomenon was observed.
3. With regrd to controllability, the error area increased in the order: sinusoidal (4-7%), sawtooth (6-12%), rectangular (15-25%) .
4. There was a significantly smaller EMG output from antagonists during both the flexion and extension phases at workloads of 4 and 8 kg.View full abstractDownload PDF (811K) -
TAKASHI SATAKE, TADASHI OZAKI1991 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages 83-92
Published: February 01, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSixty-two embalmed cadavers of elderly Japanese individuals, ranged in age from 44-98 years (48 males, 14 females), were completely dissected, and the weights of skin plus subcutaneous adipose tissue (SSATW) and Triceps Surae Muscle (TSMW) determined. Then subcutaneous adipose tissue free weight (SSATFW) was determined by subtracting SSATW from body weight (BW) .
SSATW and percentage of SSATW relative to BW in females (8.9 kg, 19.8%) were larger than those in males (6.1 kg, 12.7%) . On the other hand, TSMW and percentage of TSMW relative to BW in males (313.6 g, 0.65%) were larger than those in females (210.6g, 0.49%) . BW, SSATFW, TSMW were highly correlated (p<0.01) with each other in males. However, in females, TSMW was not significantly correlated (p>0.05) with those variables. The slopes of regression lines for SSATW against BW and SSATFW for females were about twice as steep as those for males.
From these results, it was suggested that females carried a higher proportion of their adipose tissue externally than males and relationship between muscle weight and inner adipose tissue weight in females was more variable than in males.View full abstractDownload PDF (1066K) -
—INFLUENCE OF ELECTRODE PLACEMENT—FUMIO NAKADOMO, KIYOJI TANAKA, HITOSHI WATANABE, KANJI WATANABE, KAZUY ...1991 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages 93-101
Published: February 01, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn previous assessments of body composition by whole body bioelectrical impedance (BI) analysis, electrodes have almost always been placed on the right side of the body. In fact, the most commonly used equations of Lukaski et al, were developed using BI measurements obtained on the right side of the body. However, in some individuals with traumatic injury or orthopedic problems, it would sometimes be necessary to measure BI on the right left side of the body. In the present study, we investigated the effects of electrode placement on BI and the derived percentage body fat. Subjects were 72 nontrained, healthy adult women : age ; 28.1±12.6 yr (1866), height ; 156.3±6.0cm, weight ; 50.5±7.7 kg, percentage body fat ; 24.4±5.2%. BI was measured for each subject in a supine position by use of a Selco SIF-881 plethysmograph (800 μA, 50 kHz) and ECG electrodes (Nikon Kohden) . The tetrapolar configuration was adopted in order to minimize contact impedance or skin-electrode interation. Eating and exercise were prohibited for at least 3 h prior to assessment. The effects of electrode placement were determined under four conditions: 1) the right arm and right leg (R side), 2) the right arm and left leg (R side-L side), 3) the left arm and right leg (L side-R side), 4) the left arm and left leg (L side) . Body density was predicted from the equation developed by Nagamine et al., and percentage body fat was derived from the body density according to Brozek et al. There were significant differences in BI values among the four conditions. Dominant side BI values were significantly lower than those on the non-dominant side. Percentage body fat values estimated under four different BI test conditions (i, e., R, R-L, L-R, and L) in terms of electrode placement were found to be highly correlated (r= 0.9420-0.956) with hydrodensitometrically determined percentage body fat. However, the mean percentage body fat on the dominant side of the body were significantly lower than that on the non-dominant side. We suggest that electrodes can be placed either on the dominant side or on the non-dominant side of the body for normal individuals, assuming that the lowest value from the four combinations of measurements can be used as the criterion value of BI. When the subjects are athletes, BI values obtained on the dominant side or a mean of the values measured on both sides should be adopted.View full abstractDownload PDF (1160K) -
SHINGO TANABE, EIZO BANDO, HISAO YAMAGUCHI, HIROSHI MIYAMOTO, NORIO AK ...1991 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages 102-110
Published: February 01, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA procedure was introduced for determining the thickness of the articular cartilage of the patella. The results revealed that the cratilage was thicker at the site of contact between the patella and the femur than in other parts. CT and X-ray images were used to investigate movement of the patella from full extension to full flexion of the knee joint. As the flexion increased, the patella prorated, i, e., the site of contact with the epicondyle and condyle of the femur shifted from the lateral to the medial facet of the articular face, as deduced from the decrease in the bicondylo-patellar angle. Vertically, the patella moved from the epicondyle to the condyle level, but the distance between the apex of the patella and the tuberosity of the tibia remained almost unchanged. Serial slices (5 mm thick) of a plaster replica of the patella cut at right angles to the central ridge showed a change in the angle between the two facets of the articular face from the proximal to the distal side. The same results were obtained with CT slices. These findings suggest that adequate pressure stimulates development of the cartilage and that CT is a good method for studying movement of the patella.View full abstractDownload PDF (6044K) -
AKIHIKO YAMAGUCHI, HAJIME OHMORI, MITSUHARU INAKI, KENTARO KAWANAKA, S ...1991 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages 111-120
Published: February 01, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study was undertaken to determine the effect of neurotrophic substance on atrophy of denervated rat skeletal muscle. Hind-limb muscles of 14-21-week-old rats were denervated and/or artery-ligated for 1 week. Some muscles were also injected with saline buffer or a saline extract of porcine spinal cord (10 mg protein/ml) daily via the femoral artery. Atrophy was assessed by measurement of muscle wet weight and cross-sectional area of type I, type II A and type II B muscle fibers. The results obtained were as follows
1. Denervation produced a significant decrease in the weights of the gastrocnemius, soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. It also significantly decreased the area of each fiber type in the lateral head of the gastrocnemius (deep portion) and soleus muscles.
2. Artery ligation produced a significant decrease in the weights of the gastrocnemius and EDL muscles, but did not significantly change the area of each fiber type in the lateral head of the gastrocnemius (deep portion) and soleus muscles.
3. Buffer injection did not change the weight or fiber areas of hind-limb muscles to a significant extent.
4. Injection of spinal cord extract significantly ameliorated the atrophy of denervated EDL muscle.
In conclusion, it is suggested that a substance present in the spinal cord may ameliorate the atrophy of denervated muscle in vivo.View full abstractDownload PDF (1139K) -
TSUNEHISA SATOH, IZO SAKURAI, KENICHI MIYAGI, YOSHIHIKO HOHSHAKU, YASU ...1991 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages 121-126
Published: February 01, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSenile patients with heart disease were evaluated in order to study the correlation between their mental and physical activities in daily life. Mental activity was classified using Hasegawa's dementia scale, and physical activity was measured by the number of steps per day recorded with a passimeter. It was found that;
1) Hasegawa's dementia score was positively related to the number of steps.
2) Hasegawa's dementia score was significantly increased after walking training for 1 year.
Thus it is suggested that appropriate physical exercise is necessary for maintaining or increasing mental activity in aged patients with circulatory disease.View full abstractDownload PDF (610K) -
[in Japanese]1991 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages 127-131
Published: February 01, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (781K) -
1991 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages 132-142
Published: February 01, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: September 30, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (1463K)
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