The purpose of this study was to clarify compensating element of motor control system on the leg, and to analyze the effect of the variation in various loads on pursuit movement in the exercise of flexion and extension of the leg. The subjects for this study were sixteen healthy males, from 22 years of to 64.
As the means of the experiment, the pursuit movement of the leg was used and the sitting position was applied.
The experiment conditions were dicided to sinu waves of 0.4 Hz of exercise rhythm and 1, 2, 4, and 8kg loads attached on the leg.
The following results were obtaind.
1. About amplitude ratio of pursuit movement, the optimal control was young ages (22-29 years) of extension, but middle and high ages were shown lower than command amplitude. When leg is flexed, the pursuit amplitude of all subjects were larger than command amplitude.
2. About exercise rhythm, both flexion and extension, young ages were shown about 5-10 degree slower than that of command wave, but middle and high ages were shown both slow and quick on -15-20 degree.
3. About error of between command and response waves, both young and middle ages were shown about 5-15cm². The high ages were shown a value two times as much young and middle ages.

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Blood flow of the thigh and calf in both of the right and left legs were measured simultaneously before and immediately after rhythmic exercise of dorsi-flection of the ankle joint with mercury-in-rubber strain gauge venous occlusion plethysmography. The rhythmic exercise of dorsi-flection on the ankle joint of the right leg was performed by the electrical stimulator for 5 min.
The mean values (standard deviation) of resting blood flow of the thigh and calf were 4.2 (1.3) and 3.8 (2.4) ml/100ml·min for the right leg, and 4.2 (1.2) and 3.8 (1.6) ml/100ml·min for the left leg, respectively. The difference in resting values for the two legs was not significant.
The calf blood flow of right leg (active part) immediately after exercise was increased for about 3 times compared with resting value (P<0.01) . On the other hand, no significant change in blood flow immediately after rhythmic exercise was observed in the non-active parts (right thigh, left thigh and calf) .

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Measurement of fatty mass (%Fat) by the method of Nagamine, maximal aerobic power (MAP) according to the method of Margaria et al., blood pressure and serum lipids were carried out on 104 males and 169 females aged 20-49 years to provide a basis for the evaluation of obesity by %Fat. Obesrvation of food intake was also done by a routine questioning and parsonal interview to clarify the characteristics of subjects. The energy from fats were about 25% of caloric intake and the animal fat were about 49% of total fats intake in both sexes. In the case of males, significant correlations were found between %Fat and HDL-choresterol (HDL), triglycerids (TG) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) . Values of %Fat calculated from each regression equation when HDL=35mg/dl, TG=150mg/dl and DBP=89mmHg were about 21%, 20% and 33%, respectively. The highest value of %Fat was 27.4% in males. About 86.7, % of subjects whose %Fat above 20% showed one or more abnormal values (HDL below 34mg/dl, TG above 15lmg/dl or DBP above 90mmHg) . The appearance rate was about 61.3% in the case of subjects whose %Fat within the range of 15-19.9%. However, significantly lower rate of about 31.0% was found in the case of subjecte whose %Fat under 15%. From these results, it is considered that man whose %Fat above 20% is called obesity and man whose %Fat within the range of 15-19.9% is called mild obesity. The appearance rates of abnormal HDL, TG or DBP were about 15.4% in the case of Fit Non-obese group (MAP above 40ml/ kg/min & %Fat under 15%), about 42.9% in the case of Unfit Non-obese group (MAP under 40ml/kg/min & %Fat under 15%) and about 66.7% in the case of Unfit Obese group (MAP under 40ml/kg/min & %Fat above 15%) . Differences of the appearance rates between Fit Non-obese group and other two groups were significant but not significant between Unfit Non-obese group and Unfit Obese group. Though 11 subjects who were prohibited the exercise test by medical check and 9 Fit Obese subjects were not involved in this calculation of the appearance rate, it is said that combined method of %Fat and other functional measure such as MAP etc, is also necessary to evaluate the obesity. In the case of females, significant correlations were found between %Fat and HDL, total choresterol (TC) and DBP. However, values of %Fat calculated from each regression equation when HDL=40mg/dl, TC= 243mg/dl and DBP=89mmHg were about 72%, 208% and 57%, respectively. However, the highest value of %Fat was only 47.1% in females. Difference of the appearance rates of subjects who showed one or more abnormal values (HDL below 39mg/dl, TC above 244mg/dl or DBP above 90mmHg) were not found significantly even between the highest %Fat group (38.6±4.1%) and the lowest %Fat group (17.0± 2.1%) . Therefore, in the case of females, a cutoff point of obesity and non-obesity was not found. These results indicate that effects of the increase of body fat or physical inactivity on serum lipids and blood pressure are considerably moderate in females.

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Measurement of maximal aerobic power (MAP), food intake and fatty mass (%Fat) were carried out on 104 males aged 20-49 years living in suburban, rural and moun-tainous districts as a basic research for determing successful living conditions in modern society or in future ages. Measurement of MAP was made indirectly follow-ing the method of Margaria et al. Each subject screened medically was given two different intensities of step up and down exercises, and MAP was calculated from heart rates immediately after exercises and the individual's estimated maximal heart rate. Observation of food intake was conducted by a routine qusetioning, however, checks and counterchecks were made by personal interview until reliable figures had satisfactrily been obtained. %Fat was estimated from skinfold thickness according to the method of Nagamine.
No age differences were found in MAP and 2oFat. Significant negative correlations were found between %Fat and caloric intake per kilogram of body weight per day (P<0.01) and between %Fat and MAP per kilogram of body weight per minute (P< 0.01) . A weak negative correlation was found between %Fat and caloric intake per kilogram of lean body mass per day. A significant positive correlation was found between MAP per kilogram of body weight per minute and caloric intake per kilogram of body weight per day (P<0.05) . Therefore, it is said clearly that physical inactivity rather than excessive caloric intake is associated with the development and mainte-nance of obesity.
Caloric intake and each nutrient intake of UO (Unfit Obese, MAP below 40m1/kg/ min & %Fat above 15%) group and UN (Unfit Non-obese, MAP below 40 ml/kg/min & %Fat below 15%) group were less than those of FN (Fit Non-obese, MAP above 40 ml/kg/min & %Fat below 150) group, respectively, and differences of those intakes between UO group and UN group were not significant. Mean calcium intake of UO group and UN group were less than the recommended allowance value of 10 mg/kg/ day. Both of MAP per kilogram of body weight per minute and per kilogram of lean body mass per minute of FN group were higher than those of UO group and UN group (P<0.01, respectively) . However, differences of mean MAP were not found significantly between UO group and UN group. It is considered that physical inac-tivity is not always associated with obesity, however, it is said from the health scien-tific point of view that fit non-obese man is more desirable than unfit non-obese one.

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Exercise has been well known to a fundamental treatment of diabetes mellitus, as well as diet therapy. Nevertheless, its therapeutic use and clinical effects are still unknown in details. The aim of this study is the establishment of practical exercise therapy for the patients with diabetes mellitus. The present study shows the acute exercise effects on blood metabolites and the effects of long term physical training in diabetics.
The following results were obtained.
1) Although no significant change of blood glucose level was observed in normals, the decrease of blood glucose and triglyceride levels were observed in diabetics in acute exercise. Moreover marked elevation of FFA level was also observed after acute exercise in diabetics.
2) Significant decrease of blood glucose and increase of HDL-cholesterol levels were found in diabetics by long term regular physical training.
3) Body weight reduction without loss of lean body mass and the improvement of physiological response to exercise test were achieved after long term physical training.
These results suggest that the regular physical training leads to the better control of diabetes mellitus and keeps good condition in patients with diabetes mellitus, and that it may have a important role of the prevention for the diabetic vascular complication.

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