巻号一覧
52 巻, 4 号
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Meigen Liu, Tetsuya Tsuji, Kimitaka Hase, Yukihiro Hara, Toshiyuki Fuj ...2003 年 52 巻 4 号 p. 211-219
発行日: 2003年
公開日: 2009/03/27
ジャーナル フリーIn persons with hemiparetic stroke, assessment and promotion of fitness have so far received limited attention, partly because of the lack of appropriate measures applicable to them. Because these mobility-impaired persons are prone to inactivity, disuse and insulin resistance are likely to occur, and can aggravate the already significant health and economic consequences that stroke entails. It is therefore important to assess objectively their fitness to devize effective and efficient fitness promotion programs. Because of physical limitations, however, many persons with stroke cannot perform traditional stress testing using a treadmill or a cycle ergometer, and maximal oxygen consumption, which is regarded as a gold standard, is not a practical measure. In this article, we reviewed the current status of research on fitness in persons with hemiparetic stroke from the perspectives of evaluation, structure analysis of fitness, and longitudinal changes during a rehabilitation program. As a measure of fitness, indices obtainable with a submaximal exercise are proposed, such as anaerobic threshold and heart rate oxygen coefficient. Protocols applicable to persons with hemiparetic stroke with a variety of functional limitations have been developed (basic bedside activities, bridging activity, or single arm ergometry). The structure of their fitness is demonstrated to be described by a fitness model of healthy persons (cardiopulmonary, muscular and metabolic dimensions) if the paresis/activities of daily living dimension is added. Several studies suggest that fitness improves during a conventional stroke rehabilitation program. Studying the changes of the above four dimensions can help develop more effective fitness training programs.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1675K) -
Chien-Chung Chang, Michael Campoli, Soldano Ferrone2003 年 52 巻 4 号 p. 220-229
発行日: 2003年
公開日: 2009/03/27
ジャーナル フリーDepending on the tumor types, HLA class I antigen downregulation or loss has been found in 16% to 50% of malignant lesions in many malignancies with a clinical association with histopathological markers of poor prognosis of the disease and with reduced free interval and survival. These findings may reflect the escape of tumor cells with HLA class I abnormalities from recognition and destruction by HLA class I-restricted, tumor-associated antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This possibility has stimulated investigations on the mechanisms underlying HLA class I antigen abnormalities in malignant cells. Distinct molecular defects underlying an abnormal HLA class I phenotype have been identified and characterized. These defects range from structural alterations of the genes which encode HLA class I antigen subunits to deregulation of antigen processing machinery components responsible for a functional HLA class I antigen expression. These findings, in conjunction with those of clinical recurrence of lesions with HLA class I antigen loss following T cell-based immunotherapy in patients, suggests that immunoselection may play a role in the generation of malignant lesions with HLA class I antigen abnormalities. This possibility has stressed the need to effectively monitor functional HLA class I antigen expression in malignant lesions in the application of T cell-based immunotherapy as well as to develop strategies to circumvent the negative impact of immunoselection.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (4902K) -
Jun Iwamoto, Tsuyoshi Takeda, Shoichi Ichimura, Mitsuyoshi Uzawa2003 年 52 巻 4 号 p. 230-235
発行日: 2003年
公開日: 2009/03/27
ジャーナル フリーThe purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of treatment with etidronate and alendronate on bone resorption, back pain, and activities of daily living (ADL) in elderly women with vertebral fractures. Fifty elderly women, 63-84 years of age, with back pain due to osteoporotic vertebral fractures were randomly divided into two groups with 25 patients in each group: the cyclical etidronate treatment group (200mg/day for 2 weeks per 3 months) and the alendronate treatment group (5mg/day). The level of urinary cross-linked N-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (NTx) measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, back pain evaluated with the face scale score, and the ADL score (disability) determined with a questionnaire were assessed before and 3 and 6 months after the start of treatment. No significant differences in these parameters were found between the two groups before the treatment. The urinary NTx level, the face scale score, and the ADL score decreased significantly in both groups. Although the reduction in the urinary NTx level was significantly greater in the alendronate group than in the etidronate group, the reduction in the face scale score was transiently significantly greater in the etidronate group than in the alendronate group. However, changes in the ADL score did not significantly differ between the two groups. The present study showed that although back pain was reduced and ADL was improved in both treatment groups of elderly women with vertebral fractures, the mechanism for the reduction in back pain differs to some extent between the two treatment groups. A double-blind placebo-controlled study is needed to confirm the therapeutic effects of these agents on back pain and deterioration of ADL.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (556K) -
Mary Gordon2003 年 52 巻 4 号 p. 236-243
発行日: 2003年
公開日: 2009/03/27
ジャーナル フリーWhat is common in aggression and in abusive/neglectful parenting is low levels of empathy. Fostering empathy the ability to identify with another person's feelings can serve as an antidote to aggression and is crucial to good parenting. Poor parenting and aggression cut across all socioeconomic levels of the community and, as such, empathy needs to be fostered in all children. During the period of rapid brain development, adversity has a devastating impact on the baby's developing brain. Repeated experiences of stress are hardwired into the brain, creating damaging pathways. Risk factors such as domestic violence, child abuse and neglect, maternal depression, maternal addictions, and poverty are not just additive to the vulnerable developing brain; they are multiplicative in their impact. The parent is the baby's lifeline, mitigating stress for them and helping them to learn to regulate their emotions. The impact of poor parenting on a child's life is profound, resulting in insecure attachments which lead to a spectrum of inadequate coping mechanisms, poor emotional regulation, diminished learning potential and low competence. Responsive and nurturing parenting is the key to optimal early childhood development; it allows the young brain to develop in a way that is less aggressive and more emotionally stable, social and empathic. Good early childhood development leads to good human development. We must match our investment where the opportunity is most ripe building parenting capacity. The `Roots of Empathy' program offers real hope in breaking the intergenerational transference of poor parenting and violence.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (3787K) -
Takafumi Inoue2003 年 52 巻 4 号 p. 244-249
発行日: 2003年
公開日: 2009/03/27
ジャーナル フリーThe calcium ion (Ca2+) serves as an important cellular messenger with spatio-temporally highly dynamic patterns. Not only Ca2+ entering from the plasma membrane but also Ca2+ released from intracellular store sites play crucial roles in neurons as well as in other cell types. The cerebellar Purkinje cell shows a variety of spatio-temporal Ca2+ dynamics in its rich arborization, and the Ca2+ release mechanism mediated by IP3 receptors and ryanodine receptors has been shown to be crucial for the induction of long-term depression, a form of synaptic plasticity, in this neuron. Purkinje cells in a model mouse line of human neurodegenerative disease, spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, showed abnormal Ca2+ release properties, which indicated tight regulation of Ca2+ dynamics in the wild type Purkinje cell. Quantitative analysis of the complex Ca2+ dynamics in the Purkinje cell dendrite is still in progress to elucidate the link between external stimuli and the resultant biochemical changes.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (560K)
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