The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors influencing students' views on welfare and the elderly. The survey was conducted in some elementary, junior high and senior high schools in Niigata, Toyama and Fukui Prefectures, and 1, 546 questionnaires collected were examined.
The results were as follows :
1) Srudents of the elementary schools showed more concerns and positive views on welfare and the elderly than those of the junior high and senior high schools.
2) Students, whose parents or grandparents maintained active and close communications in respective communities, had deeper comprehensions for the elderly and stronger concerns for assisting other people as well as learning about the issues of welfare and the elderly.
3) The views of junior high school students were influenced most remarkably by the living activity of their parents or grandparents.
4) The experience of living with grandparents seemed to have no particular effects on students' positive views and concerns on the issues of welfare and the elderly.

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The purpose of our study is to compare attitudes toward gender roles of university students in Japan and Taiwan, and to explore the related factors about such attitudes. Attitudes toward gender roles are measured by three variables : sex role orientation, attitudes toward male's leadership in dating, and double norms of sexual behaviors. The survey was conducted in January 1990 (Japan) and March 1991 (Taiwan). The sample consists of 735 Japanese students (354 males and 381 females) and 520 Taiwanese students (188 males, 331 females, and 1 unknown).
The major findings are as follows :
1) Toward sex role orientation, the Japanese females were most innovative while the Taiwanese males were most traditional.
2) Regarding the expectation of males playing leadership roles in dating, the Japanese males showed the least expectation while the Taiwanese females the highest expectation.
3) In both countries, the females accepted double norms of sexual behaviors much less than the males. The percentage of Taiwanese males who accepted double norms of sexual behaviors was higher than that of the Japanese males.
4) Which academical year the Japanese female students belong to was correlated to their attitudes toward three gender roles, while there were few related factors about above attitudes seen as far as the Taiwanese males were concerned.

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The effects of various amino acids on the growth of Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus 510 were examined.
The rate of growth of this strain in skim milk was evaluated from the acid production determined by titrating with 0.1 N NaOH, and from the turbidity measured by the absorbance at 660 nm when grown in a peptone-yeast extract-glucose medium.
The addition to 100 ml of skim milk of 50 mg of L-aspartic acid, L-isoleucine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, L-serine, L-threonine, L-cysteine, and L-cystine each inhibited the growth of this strain. Only L-aspartic acid among these amino acids inhibited the growth to a large degree, and even the addition of 10 mg to 100 ml of skim milk inhibited growth to some extent.
The addition of 50 mg of each of these amino acid to 100 ml of skim milk to which 25 mg of L-aspartic acid had been added resulted in only L-glutamic acid removing this inhibiting effect of L-aspartic acid after 24 h of incubation. After 48 h, L-hydroxyproline, L-lysine, L-proline, and L-tryptophan partially eliminated this inhibiting effect of L-aspartic acid, but conversely, L-cysteine and L-cystine enhanced the inhibiting effect of L-aspartic acid.
The addition of more than 25 mg of L-aspartic acid to 100 ml of the peptone-yeast extract-glucose medium inhibited considerably the growth of this strain.
The inhibiting effect of L-aspartic acid on the growth of this strain in both skim milk and in the peptone-yeast extract-glucose medium could be removed by adding the same amount of L-glutamic acid.

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Chingentuai was stored in a refrigerator under controlled temperature (2, 5 or 8t) and humidity (40, 60, 80 or 95%RH) for 4 and 10 days. The external appearance, loss in total weight, and chlorophyll, vitamin C and vitamin B₂ contents of the leaves were determined after storage. The quality of the stored chingentuai samples after cooking was also evaluated by a sensory test.
Wilting and etiolation of the leaves was evident, and the contents of chlorophyll, vitamin C and vitamin B₂ were each decreased. The lower the temperature and the higher the humidity, the more the total guality of the stored chingentuai was retained. The rate of decrease in vitanic C was affected more by temperature than by humidity. However, chlorophyll was affected more by humidity than by temperature. Neither temperature nor humidity had a significant effect on the rate of decrease in vitamin B₂. The results of the sensory evaluation show that the stored and cooked chingentuai was not as tasty and was harder than the fresh sample, even if, by appearance, it was judged to be good enough to eat.

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The change in physical properties of nylon 6 fiber dyed with a disperse dye was investigated using stress-strain curves, dynamic viscoelastic measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, and densiy measurements.
The initial rise and stress of the yield point, which follows the slope of initial rise of the stress-strain curve, were greater for the dyed fiber than they were for the control. At the same time, it was observed that in the case of dyed fiber, the shrinkage in fiber length which occurred during processing was suppressed more and the crystallinity increased more, compared to the control. The phenomena might be closely related to each other.
The tendency mentioned above was much clearer in the case of fiber treated with a higher drawing ratio. Although the amount of dye molecules absorbed into the fiber was almost the same for all dyed specimens, the induced changes in properties varied with the drawing ratio. Therefore, it could be assumed that induced changes in properties were not only due to the existence of the dye molecules in the fiber, but also to the structural change produced during the dyeing process.
When the dyed fiber was compared with the control, it was found that the temperature at which the storage modulus E' begins to drop shifted to the lower side, and a higher storage modulus existed in the rubbery elastic state. These results suggest that the dyeing treatment gives rise to a kind of structual separation in the amorphous region, that is, some amorphous regions consisting of loose packing molecules relax to a much looser packing state and some amorphous regions of close packing molecules result in a much closer, higher enthalpic packing state or crystallization. In other words, the dye molecule during the dyeing process, in cooperation with the thermal activation in the wet state, might play an important role in accelerating the moleculer movement of the polymer chain in the amorphous state and lead to structual separation as described above.

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The effect of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) on detergency and soil redeposition behaviors of DBS toward carbon black and α-iron (III) oxide particulate soils with acetate, nylon, and polyester fabrics was studied in aqueous DBS/HPC mixed solutions with 0.05 (mol/l) of Na₂SO₄ at 40°C. The weight-average molecular weight (M_w) of HPC used was 60, 000 to 1, 000, 000. The degrees of detergency (D) and soil redeposition (S) were measured by the optical reflectance method.
HPC showed remarkable washing and anti-redeposition effects toward carbon black particulate soil, but no effect toward α-iron (III) oxide particulate soil. D increased with increasing the concentration of HPC, but S showed a reverse tendency from D toward carbon black particulate soil. A minimum in the D-HPC concentration curve was recognized toward α-iron (III) oxide particulate soil. Regardless of the kind of particulate soil, an optimum molecular weight of HPC was observed for D and S.D decreased with an increase in repeated washing cycles, but S showed an opposite tendency.

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The purposes of this study are to investigate how the opening positions of skirts affect body movements of healthy persons when putting on and taking off skirts, and how they are related to wearing comfortability.
In the experiment, four semi-flared skirts with different opening positions, namely, left-side, back-center and two kinds of front-center positions, were used. Subjects were thirty-three healthy female university students, each of whom wore all four types of skirts. After videotaping the subjects putting on and taking off each type of skirt, the movements were separated into main movements and supplementary movements. Each subject was then required to answer a sensory evaluation sheet consisting of twenty items using the SD method.
The results were as follows :
1) With regard to required time for each movement, a significant difference was found among the four opening positions for supplementary movements. 2) Concerning the opening and closing of zippers, two characteristics were found. One was characterized by use of the dominant arm. Another was characterized by the direction of the fasteners. 3) Regarding which leg is used to step into and out of skirts, no difference was found among skirt types. Rather, it was speculated that this is related to individual preference. 4) Different opening positions significantly affected the sense of comfort.

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This study has been carried out to help design garments that encourage children to develop self-dressing skills. Buttons need to be easily manageable for pre-school children. In order to understand the learning process of buttoning and unbuttoning, a boy was longitudinally observed, once every 3 days, from the age of 9 months to the age of 3 years and 4 months. The learning processes of another thirty-eight pre-school children were recorded cross-sectionally on video-tape. The buttoning and unbuttoning time data for pre-school children were also gathered. It was found that easily grasped, flat buttons with a 2 cm diameter were most suitable. Further, to accommodate this button size, it is recommended that the buttonhole size be 4 mm larger than normal. Pre-school children can button and unbutton fastest when the color of the buttons is easily distinguishable from the color of their clothing. All the buttons should be placed in visible positions, with the top button being about 7.5 cm below the fossa jugularis. Children with developed dressing skills are able to button and unbutton without looking at the buttons. Children who have reached the age of 5 are normally able to complete the buttoning and unbuttoning process by themselves.

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[in Japanese]

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