This special issue is published as a preparatory issue for the new category of Journal of JSCE (Japanese Society of Civil Engineering), Infrastructure Planning and Management, i.e. IPM, (Policy and Practice), that will be produced in 2023 at the same time that the journal is reorganized. This issue’s objective, target papers and review criteria are same as those of the new category. The papers called for includes those presented in the conference of IPM. In the new Journal of JSCE includes 4 categories related to IPM, i.e, Landscape & Design, History of Civil Engineering, and IPM(Methodology and Technique) and IPM(Policy and Practice). The editorial also includes the purpose of publication for each papers.

 In Oyama City, Tochigi Prefecture, a low-cost mobility management using branding to promote the use of community buses was implemented for all 167,000 citizens.

 In this research, we describe the branding process and cost reduction process of the developed MM tools, which have not been shared as tacit knowledge. This will help to clarify the practical points to keep in mind and the points to devise when implementing MM.

 In addition, the impact of MM on citizens' awareness and behavior through questionnaire surveys and the impact of MM on bus management through the compilation of data on commuter pass sales will be clarified.

 Passenger Transport service by volunteers is attracting attention as a means of securing passenger transport for daily lives in traffic blank areas. This is the service that does not require a license or registration under the Road Transport Vehicle Act. In this study, we collected information and conducted interviews on the service in 10 locations in Japan that are currently operating or used to operate the service, and compared the study process, introduction process, and practical problems to clarify the various realities according to regional characteristics. As a result, it was found that 12 factors are important for the introduction, including the existence of key persons, volunteer drivers, and a reasonable operation plan. In addition, five practical problems were identified, such as the increased burden on drivers and the lack of successors. The study process was classified into three categories: transportation perspective, community development perspective, and welfare perspective. Thus, we provided basic data for organizations that are considering the introduction of the service.

 In other countries, the concept of "15-minute city" is attracting attention: a new living area where daily life can be completed within a neighborhood. in japan as well, the concept of "living area" is expected to become more important because of population aging and changes in work styles. thus, it is necessary to clarify the actual residential behavior in the neighborhood, which is the most fundamental factor for examining the living area and urban function induction area. for this study, we used the sixth tokyo person trip survey, which includes latitude and longitude information, to elucidate the range of daily activities for various private activities and to examine the correspondence between daily activities in neighborhoods and urban function induction areas. results show that the travel distance from the residential area varied even if the concentration of arrival trips to the urban functional induction area was the same.

 In recent years, the wider popularity of the internet and other factors are thought to have changed shopping behaviors and attitudes. Nevertheless, these changes might differ depending on individual values. To obtain basic information for measures necessary to enhance the shopping environment, we analyzed the emphasis assigned to the shopping environment, particularly addressing age, generation, and individual characteristics. Results clarify that, 1) despite the spread of EC, convenience of real stores is more important today than ever, 2) the older generation does not emphasize the convenience of the internet, and 3) young people emphasize low-priced products. The analysis particularly addressing individual characteristics demonstrated that residents of regional metropolitan areas emphasize access to real stores, whereas residents of the three major metropolitan areas emphasize the quality and preference of products.

 The capacity building of dialectic risk communication and ethical action has been required in the society for imminent implementation of self-driving technology. This study aims at developing a curriculum of technological citizenship education and examining its effectiveness. It is characterized by competency-based curriculum, fostering technological ethics and practice of dialectic risk communication based on the Utilitarianism and Maximin principle. We implement the curriculum for university students as both future users and developers of self-driving technology in four different cases at Japanese and Indonesian universities. Then we improve the curriculum through examining the effectiveness by quantitative and qualitative analyses. It is found that the competency indicators of ‘responsibility in technology’, ‘public sphere behavior’ and ‘skill’ could be grown in significant power, and consequently the students could gain the dialectic risk communication ability in the final curriculumn.

 In this study, the followings are organized. Idea of right of innocent passage in international transportation, discussions on the right to move to the Basic Act on Transportation Policy in Japan, concept and concrete method of land expropriation, and the scheme and solution of right-of-way in private land. As a result of the coordination, it was found that the common concept is to emphasize the interests of the passing side, and that the passing is innocent passage in principle, and that the passing side is basically responsible for any costs incurred.

 Those were considered that Shinkansen project has a public interest and that from the perspective of local service levels between conflicting areas, there is no rational reason that at least the area with the Shinkansen can thwart the future projects in unfinished areas. Based on these analysis, the direction of a certain solution was shown in conclusion.

 In this study, we focuce on improving the corporate resilience, and implement measures to promote disaster preparedness for members of companies and organizations using the "App Disaster Reduction School" and consider effective promotion measures.

 As a result, even if the "App Disaster Reduction School" was left to the individual, the promotion was limited because the users were only aware of the disaster preparedness. We found that two measures are effective: one is to set a deadline for running the app twice in a short period of time, and the other is to use the question items in the "App Disaster Reduction School" to indicate specific goals. We showed that the measure of sending individual messages to members may be effective, and clarified that the use of leaflets promoted the identified items.

 The first state of emergency in Japan was declared in April 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic. During that period, behavioral changes occurred in various activities. The mode of return to the pre-pandemic state after the declaration was lifted was regarded as different for each activity and attribute. In this paper, we proposed a behavior elasticity chart, which enables quantitative comparison of the patterns of changes among activities and attributes to capture the pure response, including the return to the pre-pandemic state, when people first undertook voluntary restraint. The charts were created based on diary data for three cross-sections: before the pandemic, during, and after the declaration. Then we ascertained differences in the patterns of changes by city type and occupation. Results show that 1) telecommuting rates of residents of the three major metropolitan areas and office workers remained higher than before the pandemic, and 2) the rate of automobile travel was higher after the declaration was lifted than it was before the pandemic. This trend was more prominent among residents of the three major metropolitan areas and unemployed people.

 In recent years, the concept of "regional experience seekers" has been introduced as a measure to revitalize local communities in Japan. The focus of discussion has been on the visiting type of regional experience seekers. However, because of the COVID-19 epidemic, it has become difficult for people to visit local communities. More attention is being devoted to non-visiting regional experience seekers. This study quantified the actual situation of non-visiting regional experience seekers by activity, and analyzed factors that contribute to the step-up to the visiting regional experience seekers after COVID-19 convergence. Results demonstrate that 1) the attributes of the people involved and the frequency of the activities differed greatly depending on the activities, 2) the possibility of stepping up to the visiting-type regional experience seekers was low for hometown tax payment, and 3) the possibility of stepping up to the visiting-type regional experience seekers was higher for those with a higher annual household income and those who live closer to the area of involvement.

 Effects of COVID-19 have accelerated online shifts to activities such as remote work. Basic information related to which individuals have shifted is necessary for urban planning based on this shift. Furthermore, capturing the whole image of the change in the daily activity locations of individuals is important because the locations of activities are interrelated. For this study, we conducted an original questionnaire survey to calculate the real space and online activity time and to perform cluster analysis. Results clarify patterns of online shifts such as shifts in both work and personal activities and shifts in only certain activities.

 Mobility Management（MM）could be applied to elementary school education to nourish the civic virtue of future generations. To prevail and promote MM, strategic measures would be necessary. The best way to realize it is supposed to be conducting MM following the official curriculum standards (Courses of Study) regulated by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports and Technology. This study introduces the actual cases of MM at elementary schools in Sapporo City that follows Courses of Study revised in March 2017 and summarizes the important points in the prevalence and development of MM education. The MM in Sapporo has been named as Environment Friendly Transport Education.

 With the rapid construction of skyscrapers in megacities, the number of railway passengers is increasing. Differences in the development times between skyscraper construction and railway facilities improvements around stations lead to excessive congestion in stations and impair comfort as well as safety. This study focuses on skyscrapers constructed after 2000 in Tokyo. Based on recent trends in floor space ratio deregulation applied to skyscrapers, the study illustrates that deregulations tend to be applied to large-scale skyscraper developments with a high floor area ratio and a large total floor area. The study performs regression analysis on the relationship between the floor area of skyscrapers by intended use and the number of passengers on the railway and finds that the impact on the number of railway passengers differs by intended use. As a result, the study proposes that the deregulation conditions for floor area ratio should be based on the degree of impact by intended use, in addition the study suggests further deregulation of the floor area ratio in the future.

 In recent years, many discussions have addressed purchasing environments, such as difficulties of disadvantaged shoppers. The purchasing environment is often evaluated from accessibility, but how to perceive it is based on individual subjectivity. Therefore, improvement of subjective evaluation is required. However, basic information such as what kind of region / item has low subjective evaluation has not been clarified. To elucidate the regions and items for which improvement of subjective evaluation is required, this study analyzed the relation and changes between regional characteristics and subjective evaluation by connecting our own questionnaire and existing surveys. Results clarify that 1) foodstuffs have a high satisfaction rate and clothing is rated lower, and 2) the satisfaction rate by prefecture is roughly proportional to the habitable population density and population increase rate.

 This study estimated the effect of abolishing local railways on social population change by age group in station catchment areas using propensity score matching for stations abolished between 1981 and 1990. Results indicate that abolishing local railways had a statistically negative impact on social change for 10-14 years old at the beginning of the study period, including those who will graduate from high school within five years. Negative impacts were also observed for 30-34 and 35-39 years old, including those who will have life events such as child rearing and marriage; and 60-64 and 65-69 years old. In addition, we revealed that abolishing local railways had a negative impact on long-term social change on those in their 20s and 50s at the beginning of the study period.

 The maintenance and management of the local landscape is in danger due to the weakening of local communities and the lack of local leaders. The purpose of this study is to clarify the local rules of road landscape conservation system and operation in Nishihara Village, Kumamoto Prefecture, together with the actual situation of conservation activities by local communities. Specifically, we interviewed each village about the "Road Competition", a community activity to mutually evaluate the local road landscape, and extracted and analyzed the local rules for road cleaning and community management. As a result of the study, it was found that in Nishihara Village, road cleaning for the road competition has become the basis of village management, and also contributed to the development of local residents' civic pride by functioning as the basis of two types of social capital, leading to the formation of a sense of cooperation and the strengthening of the village community.

 With the promotion of Work Style Reforms and spread of COVID-19 in Tokyo, telework has progressed rapidly and commuting behavior has changed significantly. These changes in urban railway demand and commuting behavior are important for future railway services and development along railway lines, however the phenomenon is not well understood because there has been very little quantitative analysis. This study quantitatively illustrates the current situation of teleworking by focusing on changes in not only total number of commuting trips, but also number and frequency of passengers using electric toll gate and commuter pass data. In addition, this study focuses on changes in the behavior of individual commuting passengers and illustrates the differences between the periods during and before COVID-19, according to each origin and destination. Furthermore, in addition to changes in the number and frequency of commuting passengers, it was also shown that there was almost no change in the departure times of commuting passengers.

 In this study, we focus on the perspective of the sense of organic solidarity, and conducted a randomized controlled experiment to empirically clarify how the presence or absence of high speed transportation networks affect the sense of organic solidarity in the region. A web-based survey was conducted on 1,500 people in the Tokyo metropolitan area. The subjects were divided into three groups, and each group was presented with a white map, a map of the highway network, and a map of the high-speed rail network. The results showed that, compared with the network of highways that stretches across the country, the unbalanced high speed rail network has a significant difference in the sense of organic solidarity between the areas with the high-speed rail and the areas without it.

 In recent years, Japan has seen a series of new business hotel chains opening in various parts of the country due to the expansion of accommodation demand, including inbound tourism. This trend is expected to increase employment opportunities, tax revenue, and the number of guests in the region, but it also deprives local hotels of demand. The impact is not limited to a change in the supplier, but may also be detrimental to the local economy due to a change in the destination. Therefore, in this study, we conducted an economic ripple effect analysis of four hotels in Kumamoto City in order to clarify the differences in the impact of different types of management on the local economy. The results showed that the direct economic effect on the city was 22.2 to28.3 million yen smaller and the economic ripple effect on the city was 6.6 to 9.4 million yen smaller for the nationwide chain hotels than for the local hotels, assuming sales of 100 million yen.

 There are many sharp curves in subway tunnels which often result in trains generating noise when passing through. However, the effects of noise in subways receive less attention than on railways that run aboveground. On the other hand, various inspections are conducted to ensure train safety, but sound data is not collected by regular noise measurement. This study identified that generation of noise such as “squeak noise” or “rail corrugation-related noise” is not caused only by curves and train speed, but is a phenomenon caused by multiple factors. It was also shown that the combination of influencing factors was different for each sound. Furthermore, it was found that improving the accuracy of accumulated sound data is important for future applications.

 As people refrain from going out of their homes due to the spread of COVID-19, the demand for transportation has declined sharply. The public transportation industry in Japan is facing a significant drop in revenue, making it difficult to continue providing public transportation services. In order to indentify the impact that public transportation has suffered by COVID-19, it is necessary to analyze the impact on business conditions from multiple perspectives. In this study, this paper compiled the financial statements disclosed by listed transportation companies in Japan and analyzed the trends in operating revenue and operating profit, as well as the receipt of subsidies such as employment adjustment subsidy. The results indicates that the crisis situation of transportation firms is accelerating and that support for deficits and declining revenues is insufficient.

 In Japan, serious accidents caused by older drivers have become a social problem due to the declining birthrate and aging population. In order to establish a society in which the elderly can live with peace of mind, it is necessary to understand the types of older drivers who experience accidents and near-accidents, and to consider and implement countermeasures. The purpose of this study is to clarify the factors that influence the near-miss experiences of elderly drivers, focusing on cognitive function, confidence in driving, driving attitude, and driving frequency. Specifically, we analyzed the driving frequency questionnaires of those who took a training course for the elderly in Chiba Prefecture between September 2018 and September 2019. The results showed that the cognitive function of older drivers affected their confidence in driving (confident), that their confidence in driving and driving attitude (liking) increased their driving frequency, and that their driving frequency affected their near-miss experience.

 With the increase in the number of elderly people who gives up driving with private auto, it is expected that the use of passenger transport with private auto, which supplements conventional public transportation, and support for outings such as shopping and outings through the cooperation of volunteer organizations and local communities will become increasingly important in further situation. passenger transport with private auto have the role of mobility for such persons, though having challenges on the aspect of sustainability on operation on the aspect of human resource and operational cost. The purpose of this study, the authors examine relationship between business scale, income and expenditure, sustainability of NPO providing passenger transport with private auto.

 Although masonry is an important element of traditional and cultural landscapes, each municipality has its policies and methods for the restoration of damaged masonry and must be dealt with on a site-by-site basis. This study examines the restoration of masonry in municipalities with rural areas affected by the 2012 torrential drops of rain in northern Kyushu (Ukiha City, Kurume City, Yame City, Imari City, Takeo City, Isahaya City, and Omura City), and the restoration of masonry in municipalities with important cultural landscapes (Buzen City, Karatsu City, Nagasaki City, Hirado City, and Ojika Town). The purpose of this study is to clarify the actual state of restoration of masonry in the municipalities with important cultural landscapes through interviews with staff and field surveys. As a result, the following points were pointed out: 1) the review of the standards to promote the restoration of masonry, 2) the effectiveness of the system for the restoration of masonry and the issues to be solved, 3) the actual situation of the restoration of empty masonry in important cultural landscapes, and 4) the measures to deal with the issues surrounding important cultural landscapes.

 In civil engineering planning and public policy, dialectical discussions need to be repeated under the condition that freedom of speech is guaranteed. However, "political correctness (PC)", the concept of social psychological phenomena, may hinder them. In this research, we define a PC as “a criterion of value that is socially recognized as not necessarily justified in principle, but as correct in the age, which is used to impose on others”. In order to understand the basic characteristics of PC, we conducted a questionnaire survey. As a result of the analysis, the result suggests that having an attitude of humidity and one's own value criteria without sticking to abstract logic or reasoning may reduce the degree of PC, and to do so, it is expected that psychological strategies such as providing facts and the communication method will be effective.

 The purpose of this paper is to outline the achievements and the new scope of social infrastructure research (accessibility planning) that takes into consideration the elderly and the disabled.

 This research presents issues from four sides: a review of previous studies, the movement of people with disabilities, the framework of the accessibility improvement law, the attitude towards diversity and inclusion supported by disability research. Accessibility planning has now shifted to a new approach towards infrastructure planning instead of a method of total optimization.

 The new scope of accessibility planning needs active participation and a process of co-creation to emphasize the diversity of people, space, and time. This restructured accessibility planning needs to be mainstreamed within the social systems.

 In Japan, the exploitation problem in intercompany subcontract structures has been discussed for many years as a source of exhaustion of SMEs. In recent years, the exploitation problem has been intensifying and the solution has been sought. In this study, to obtain knowledge that contributes to the measures to secure proper business-to-business transactions in Japan, we summarized the postwar history of theories of exploitation and the governmental regulations that have progressed based on them. As a result, it was suggested that there have been two major streams that can be called "the SMEs theory approach" and "the antitrust law approach" in academic research, and that there have been laws and regulations derived from each. In addition, the regulations and the definitions of exploitation derived from both theoretical approaches have their own advantages and disadvantages, and it was shown that it is necessary to generalize the definitions for a comprehensive discussion. Furthermore, the historical review of governmental regulations suggested that “Keiretsu” system, a traditional form of intercompany relations in Japan, deserves revaluation even though it has been criticized as an anti-competitive business practice.

 A large amount of money and consensus building with many parties are required to realize a retarding basin in an urban area. The Neyagawa Multipurpose Recreational Area is one of the few cases in which the flood control effect was realized as early as 19 years after the adoption of the flood control project, while realizing a vast area (50.3 ha) as an urban recreational area. In this study, we clarified the details of the realization process of the Neyagawa multipurpose-retarding basin and the actual state of consensus building among the related parties based on the analysis of administrative documents at the time of plan formulation and project implementation and interviews with the related parties. As a result, it was clarified that the key points of the realization of the playground were the study system of the playground plan in the Neyagawa basin, the cooperation system in the project implementation, the negotiation with the Ministry of Finance to secure funds, the negotiation with landowners for the acquisition of land, and the consensus building with local residents for the playground development.

 Cadastre is the fundamental component of land management, however, the progress of the Cadastral Survey as a part of the National Land Survey in Japan is only at 52% for the area of interest, despite of the overdue duration of almost 70 years since its commencement. There has been only a few research done for the cadastral system of Japan, especially lacking considerations such as the progress rate over the 70 years and land type ratios. This paper overviews the history of cadastre in Japan as well as present situation. Furthermore, a hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted to identify and examine the characteristics of the 47 prefectures, and the situations which the prefectures have been placed regarding the operation of the Cadastral Survey. The results suggest that the national government’s policies in accord with the land types influenced on the current progress of prefectures.

 In Hanoi, the combined factors, including excessive use of motorcycles, lack of public transportation, and the massive increase in cars, cause serious problems such as traffic accidents, traffic congestions, and air pollution. The measures to promote bus usage, such as the reorganization and extension of the bus route networks, are being implemented to shift the use of motorcycles into public transportation. However, there is no change in the bus use situation. This result is thought because the residents' perspective has not been sufficiently analyzed upon formulating the measures. Therefore, the objective of this study is to clarify the bus service evaluation structure that expresses the formed factors of bus evaluation and those influence of bus users and non-users. We conducted a questionnaire survey focusing on both bus-users and non-users, then constructed the bus service evaluation structure using Structural Equation Modeling. As a result, "comfort of the on-board environment" has a more significant impact on the overall bus evaluation than services such as fare or travel time. In addition, "evaluation of advantages" and "tolerance for disadvantages" in bus usage also influence the evaluation of buses.

 Public transportations contributes to regional economy more than private cars. The purpose of this study is to clarify it quantitatively. The subjects are Kumamoto-Shiden(tram in Kumamoto city) as a public transportation, and private cars in Kumamoto city. This study analyzes “return rate” what means returned percentage of paid for transportation. The results showed that 59.91% of the expenditure on mobility was returned to Kumamoto City by the public transportation system, Kumamoto City Tram, and 39.98% by private cars, indicating the superiority of public transportation in contributing to the local economy. Therefore, this study suggested it quantitatively that public transportations are 1.5 times more contributoly to regional economy than private cars.

 This paper aimed to show the effect of adopting cyclic timetables on transfer convenience between railway stations and bus routes in local cities in Japan. To quantify this relationship, we analyzed levels of cyclic schedule integration and transfer convenience for 2,240 bus routes serving 191 stations. Our results indicate that when the level of cyclic schedule integration is more than 50% and bus frequency is more than railway frequency, transfer convenience is significantly higher than that when the level of cyclic schedule integration is less than 50%.

 In recent years, the number of occurrences of abnormal weather and disasters in Japan is increasing. The traffic network became paralyzed because "July 2018 heavy rain" hit west Japan. As a result, the movement of corporate activities such as commuting and logistics, and considerable economic damage occurred.

 In this research, the authors clarify the economic effects of the traffic management measures implemented in "July 2018 Heavy Rain" and we analyze how various measures in the traffic plan at the time of disaster affected traffic by using a cost benefit analysis.

 As a result, these measures can suppress the economic damage of about 5.0 billion yen and it was found that conducting traffic management measures in the traffic plan at the time of a disaster quickly and boldly will bring economic effects.

 Although the number of traffic accident fatalities in Japan is decreasing, the rate of decrease in fatal accidents such as "walking" is low. In Toyota City, we are working on traffic safety awareness for the purpose of reducing human-to-vehicle accidents called "pedestrian protection model car activity".

 In this study, based on the results of the attitude survey for drivers, we examined effective street enlightenment methods by local residents. The pedestrian priority rate was improved as a result of the demonstration experiment of "active enlightenment activity" which making eye contact with the driver and posted the message "Thank you for stopping!”.

 In Japan, bus fares are basically set based on the general cost system. However, there are some cases of policy-based discounts that are based on the financial burden of local governments, such as measures to lower fares using the negotiated fare system and a bus pass system to reduce the financial burden on the elderly. In this study, the rationality and issues of policy-based discounts for bus fares are presented using two examples in the Hachinohe area of Aomori Prefecture. As a result, the rationality of the policy discount was confirmed, because the elasticity of the demand to the fare is limited to the case where the bus operates more than one round trip per hour. However, even if the financial burden is invested, there are cases where both the local government and the bus operator can benefit from the policy discount. On the other hand, with regard to the bus pass for the elderly, the ratio of the use of the pass is high in the section where the frequency of service is infrequent, indicating that the amount of the contribution to the policy discount is likely to affect the maintenance of service.

 This study, focusing on the role of "harmony" in developing collaboration, examines the effects and conditions under which the joint act of harmony, in which different subjects sing their own parts while listening to the parts of the other, promotes collaboration. Based on the findings of the workshop using harmony, the study took up two singing methods, i.e. mixed singing and part-based singing, and hypothesized that the former would have a higher tendency to foster collaboration based on autonomy and cooperation than the latter, and conducted an experiment to test this hypothesis. The results support the hypothesis by showing that members of mixed-singing group tended to report a higher number of group work failures and to have a higher tendency toward altruism than members of part-based-singing group. Finally, the implications of the results of this study for developing collaboration are discussed.

 Due to the surrendering driving licenses of private of the elderly and the decline in walking ability on slopes, they decrease the opportunities for daily travel, which tends to lead to a decrease in QOL. In this study, we worked on the creation of an "personal mobility plan" for New Town residents, whose elderly population is increasing. The "personal mobility plan" is intended to be linked with an com-prehensive community care plan, and carefully grasps various characteristics of users such as home loca-tion, fami-ly structure, physical condition, and mobility demand, as well as individuality. In this paper, we report on the social demonstration experiment conducted in Kozoji New Town, and summarize the issues of the " personal mobility plan " from the results of user monitor creation and the results of the question-naire.

 Depopulating and aging issue have especially faceted in rural areas, in particular ensuring of mobility in daily life have grown into a serious problem. Therefore, it is required to implement support measures for mobility in these areas, but there is difficulty in continue to provide sufficient services under a current severe fiscal situation in depopulating and aging society in Japan. Based on these backgrounds, this study assessed an effect of "Fixed-rate Taxi Service" - as a new support measure for mobility - implemented in TOBETSU-town in Hokkaido prefecture from multiple perspectives, convenience, sustainability, installabity, life satisfaction, and social effect. From these analysis results, it is suggested that this new type service is effective measure to mitigate a mobility problem in rural area.

 Some cities and regions are known as environmentally or developmentally advanced cities. Some of these cities have overcome regional issues and created value through a co-creative process involving multiple actors. However, no framework has been developed to comprehensively organize and share information about these processes, and the obtained knowledge is often only shared within each city or project. We extracted elements that characteristically appear in the process of community development based on a literature survey and interviews with policymakers in three advanced cities in Japan: Shiwa Town, Iwate Prefecture; Onagawa Town, Miyagi Prefecture; and Nichinan City, Miyazaki Prefecture. We then extracted patterns based on a pattern language framework. From the extracted patterns, we examined common process structures as well as specific regional characteristics. We then proposed a framework for spreading the technology, knowledge, and experience for sustainable community development gained in developed regions to other regions.

 Concerned about the frequent occurrence of flood damage in recent years, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) is shifting from the traditional flood control plan that focuses only on river channel improvement to the basin-scale flood control plan including the systematic response of many sectors to flood damage mitigation in the basin society. However, there are still many uncertainties in the specific content. In the Edo Period (the 17th to the mid-19th century), on the other hand, areabased flood control management was widely practiced, in which the flood flows in river channels and on floodplains were designed in closely related. Their ideas and works may serve as a reference for developing the basin-scale flood control plan that MLIT is considering. However, since most of the flood control projects at that time were only described in documents and simple drawings, the hydraulic effects of their practices were not very clear. Therefore, in this study, based on the results of numerical flow simulations with the topographic and hydrological conditions at that time, the “vivid hydraulic scenery”, which civil engineers at that time looked at on their working site, was reproduced, and the effects of their flood control planning and practices were discussed and assessed. Based on the above discussion results, the points to improve the current basin-scale flood control project were summarized; flood control facility design connecting the flows in river channels and on the floodplains; and respecting the nature of rivers which becomes wider with the increase of flood discharge.

 In recent years, with the depopulation of local areas, local stores have been declining in various places. As a solution to this problem, individual communication measures for changing the con-sciousness and behavior of shopping at local stores are attracting attention. In this study, we conducted questionnaire surveys and interviews with store owners and residents of Toyokoro Town, Hokkaido, in order to quantitatively understand the degree of change in attitude and behavior of residents and store owners as a result of implementing communication measures to promote the use of local stores, and to qualitatively understand the current situation and challenges for the efforts of store owners of local stores.

 The results show that 1) store owners make various efforts and have various opinions about the administration, and 2) communication tools promote changes in attitudes toward local stores and place attachment, which positively affect the number of visits to local stores.

 This paper aims to reveal recent changes in using metropolitan expressway by freight vehicles and to consider the influence of developments and structural changes in the logistic industry. Using electronic toll collection (ETC) data, freight vehicle traffic trends on the Tokyo Metropolitan Expressway were analyzed for 2014 to 2019. Changes in these trends were also considered in relation to those in logistics system, based on interviews with logistics company representatives. While large truck traffic continued increasing, there are regional differences due to the change of logistics facility location strategy. The tendency of some ordinary trucks to shift the usage time from after 18:00 to before 18:00 was verified with the data. The number of times a truck uses the expressway per day is also increasing. These changes indicate that the work style reform policy and improvement of transportation efficiency affect freight vehicle’s use of expressway. As the management of working hours and the improvement of efficiency will be more critical in logistics facility location strategy, it is expected that the facility demand in areas closer to the metropolitan center will increase.

 The combined solution of the problems in both river and city planning fields by promoting cooperation between river management and local revitalization is an international important issue in practice. In this paper, through a literature review, we organized a framework for analysis of hardware development-related measures by connecting the cross-scale planning concept called ‘the "River Culture” approach’ (Wantzen et al., 2016) and practical issues of each specific measure. We also discussed the possibility and current issues of developing existing river-related measures in Japan for promoting cooperation between river management and regional revitalization.

 As a result, we illustrated the structure of problem recognition behind the “River Culture” approach and the correspondence with the five tenets and pointed out their main points. We also summarized the results of previous studies which cited Wantzen et al., 2016, and identified three categories of measures that are closely related to the “River Culture” approach: participatory process, river restoration, and Nature-based Solutions (NBS). In addition, we presented the practical issues and expected roles of each category of related measures and organized them as a framework for analysis. Finally, we pointed out the importance of integrated promotion of the measures in Japan: “River Basin Disaster Resilience and Sustainability by All (Ryuiki-Chisui)”, “River-Town Development (Kawa-Machizukuri)”, and “Nature-Oriented River Work (Tashizen-Kawazukuri)”, and the role of each measure.

 In recent years, it has been said that there is a sense of avoidance among Japanese people of active political participation in forms other than voting, but so far there has been insufficient academic clarification of the factors behind Japanese people's aversion to political activities. In this study, we conducted a questionnaire survey and analysis to explore the psychological structure behind the aversion to "active political participation, " which includes political activities other than voting, such as demonstrations and signatures, and political conversations with family and friends. The results suggest that people with higher levels of "political fear and contempt", "conflict avoidance tendency", and "self-enclosedness (one of the factors of vulgarity of mass)" are more likely to avoid active political participation. It was also suggested that people with higher levels of "non-nihilistness" and "arrogance (one of the factors of vulgarity of mass)" tended to be more active in active political participation.

 The number of elderly drivers is increasing in Japan, which is facing an aging society, and it becomes social problems which elderly people causes traffic accidents. Their surrendering driving licenses remains difficult because there is no one solution for both urban and non-urban areas. This study is a challenge for the regional practice to make the daily travel of the elderly people keeping by using of Micro Electric Vehicle in the Mountainous Area, Toyota City, Aichi Prefecture. In this paper, after explaining the regional practice, the covariance structure analysis was carried out based on the questionnaire data in order to become widely use of the Micro Electric Vehicle in the mountainous area. The result of the analysis was clarified that the use intention influences the subjective value perception and the individual driving characteristics in addition to the evaluation of the mobility itself. Through this study, we proposed some utilization promotions measures according to the characteristics of the consciousness of the elderly and discussed the further work.

 In this study, we analyzed the impacts of traffic movements and shared bicycles usage before and after the COVID-19 infection. As a result, we found that: 1) the number of shared bicycle usage per day increased consistently, and the increase of the members contributed to the increase of shared bicycle usage; 2) shared bicycles were used as daily transportation, not for specific transportation purposes, both on weekdays and weekends; 3) newly installed ports gained a certain number of shared bicycle usage, and 4) the significant increase in shared bicycle usage is largely due to the increase in the number of members not only by new members but also by existing members. Based on these results, we proposed roles and promotion policies of shared bicycles.

 In Japan, there has been an increase in the introduction of community buses and Demand Responsive Transport(DRT) led mainly by local governments coping with mobility issue such as difficulty of private companies to operate bus routes due to a declining population and small-scale demand. In this study, the authors reviewed the existing manuals and guides on local public transportation and the unique cases, and extracted the issues that local governments are facing in their field. Based on reviews, the authors conducted a questionnaire survey of municipalities that have introduced DRT and community buses, and analyzed the differences in the areas and costs between DRT and community buses, as well as the differences in the items to be considered for introduction planning. As results, it was observed that the characteristics of each transportation system, such as the area of introduction, cost, target users, and mode of operation, were taken into consideration.

 The spread of new coronaviruses has caused economic and health problems and social division in many countries around the world. In Japan as well, economic losses due to self-restraint following the declaration of a state of emergency by the government and social conflicts caused by the "coronavirus vigilantes" have experienced. However, there are few studies on the attitudes and behaviors of the Japanese people toward these issues, and especially few analyses take into account changes over time. In this study, based on the "Behavioral and Attitudinal Survey on COVID-19" conducted in May and October 2020, we found that health fears, fear of the eyes of others (a form of peer pressure), the degree of agreeing with self-restraint, and the degree of coronavirus vigilantes significantly decreased in October compared to May 2020. The results showed that those who usually referred to TV anchors and hosts had stronger healthy fears, feared the eyes of others, and were more likely to be coronavirus vigilantes.

 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) and Eco-Mo Foundation certifies the business sites encouraging employees to commute to work by environmentally-friendly travel modes such as public transport, bicycle and walk (eco-commuting) as . Number of business sites applying the “Excellent Eco-Commuting Business Sites Certification System” was declining in recent years. Therefore, the secretariat tried to "re-branding" the certification using knowledge of "design" and marketing theory.

 In this study, we describe PR activities of the certification designed based on customer journey theory. And we verify the effect of these PR activities by using practical data such as the number of Web page views and the distributed numbers of communication tool. Result of analyses quantitively shows the effect of communication tools on promoting to apply the certification. This result indicates the importance of the mind of "design" and "branding".

 COVID-19 didn't caused only health hazards but also significant economic losses through restrictions on social activities for the disease control. In this study, we examined the impact of the restrictions on the GDP of 44 countries in the second and third quarters of 2020, and confirmed that the restrictions significantly reduced GDP. In addition, focusing on the impact of government compensation for wages on the decrease and the recovery of activities in the G7 countries where data can be compared, we found that government compensation has increased the capacity for restrictions for the disease control and has accelerated enocomic recovery after the restrictions are lifted.