Some basic experiments were carried to investigate the factors to determine the seasonal forms of Precis almana LINNAEUS. Photoperiod and temperature have influence on determination of the seasonal forms in this species. Although either one of these two factors independently has an effect in certain cases, the photoperiod is considered to be the main cause. The shorter photoperiod and lower temperature are concerned for the determintation of the autumn form, and either one of them alone has a considerable effect on it. However, in case that both factors act additionally to each other, 100% of materials become the autumn form. On the other hand, the longer photoperiod and heigher temperature are concerned for the determination of the summer form, and either one of them alone has considerable effect on it. When both act additionally, 100% of material become the summer form.

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[in Japanese]

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In present paper, some noticeable aberrant forms of Papilio nepheles chaonulus, P. helenus fortunius, P. protenor amaurus, and a new important species of Neptis in Formosa are described. P. chaonulus includes the numerous forms, of which No.1, No.2, No.3, No.4, No.5 etc., are new to science. In ♀-f.No.1, underside on forewing, appears the white diagonal band from costa to outer margin. On hindwing, appears the obscure greyish yellow crescent markings in outer submarginal area and the same colour marking near anal angle. Underside of forewing bears the transverse white band as on upperside. Ab. No.1 is apparently very similar to ab. horina, in which the submarginal yellow crescent markings on underside of hindwing extend inwards to approach or fuse the white markings, but differs from it in having the white markings, which extend outwards to approach or fuse the submarginal yellow crescent markings. On upperside of hindwing also, ab. No.1 have much outwards extending large markings, on the contrary, the markings of hindwing on upperside in ab. horina are constantly normal. Tail of hindwing in ab. No.1 tends to become short. Ab. No.3 is a form in which all submarginal yellow crescent markings of hindwing on underside changed to darkish yellow. In ab. No.4, the same crescent markings as well as whitish yellow markings near anal angle changed to white. In ab. No.5. the same crescant markings extend to outend to outer margin, becoming the large patches, which bear the greyish yellow scales. We have two deformities of chaonulus. In only right hindwing on both sides of them, the white markings extend towards the discoidal cell. Papilio helenus fortunius have two aberrant forms. Ab. No.8, is a form extinguishing all submarginal red crescent markings on hindwing of underside. In contrast with it, ab. No.9, have the same red crescent markings extending inwards to become large patches. To Papilio protenor amaurus belong ab. No.10, and ab. kagaribi Nakahara. In the former, all markings of hindwing on underside disappeared, the latter have much enlarged red markings of the same. The race amaurus is usually tailless in hindwing, and have very rarely a tail, however this tail does not so perfectly produce as in the Japanese race demetrius. It is shorter and narrower than in demetrius. Normal form of demetrius has the tail, but rarely the tail degenerates to become short and narrow size (ab. tokionis), which is quite same as the tailed form of amaurus. Probably, ab, tokionis suggests the prototype of protenor before the two races demetrius and amaurus differentiate. Here I give the description of a new species, Neptis disparalis, from Poli, Central Formosa. The type-specimen was misidentified, by A. Shibatani (1943) as Neptis mahendra reducta, and by T. Shirozu (1960) as a spring form of Neptis soma lutatia. The new species is very allied to N. soma lutatia, but all white markings are more developed. On upperside of forewing, the white streak in discoidal cell is more distinct, becomes bold in tip. The white markings of interspaces 1b,3,5,6,7 are larger. The central white band of hindwing is much distinct, becomes bold from inner margin to outer one. All white markings of both wings on upperside look somewhat pale. Ground colour of underside is lighter. The central white band of hindwing on underside does not pass in the base of interspace 4 (passes in soma lutatia). The process in the tip of valve, of male genitalia, is wider, and the ventral process is sharper than the allied Neptis species such as aceris, soma lutatia, yerburyi, nandina formosana, etc.

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1. A copulating pair between Papilio machaon hippocrates ♀ and P. xuthus ♂ was captured on April 30, 1967, at Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture. Interspecific copulations between these two species seem very rare in nature. 2. This hippocrates female laid seven eggs. Five of these eggs started to develop and two of them hatched. One larva did not feed on Parsley, but Natsumikan (Citrus natsudaidai HAYATA), and another fed on Parsley. 3. Ground color of the 5th instar larva fed on Parsley was dark yellow, and one fed on Natsumikan was pale green. These larvae grew faster than P. xuthus larvae which were reared at the same time, but were smaller. 4. Ground color of the hybrid pupae were both yellowish light brown and the shapes resemble pupae of hippocrates. 5. These two pupae emerged as males. These hybrid adults more resemble hippocrates adults than xuthus adults in general.

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According to our observations at Ishigaki-island, Loochoo, in August 1965, this lycaenid usualy lays eggs on the flower bud or bud stalk of host plant, Derris uliginosa BENTHAM (Leguminosae). Strange to say, the eggs are always enveloped in the secretion of frothy material which, just after secretion, resembles that of spitlle bugs, but coagulates after about twenty-five minutes. The number of laid egg is counted through frothy covering. Among 33 eggs counted in total, 2 are laid singly and the rest in 13 groups, 1, 3 and 9 groups containing 4, 3 and 2 eggs, respectively. The newly hatched larva eats its way out of egg-shell and dried frothy covering and burrows into a bud as do the caterpillar of Lampides boeticus.

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Generally, under the field conditions, the pine moth, Dendrolimus spectabilis BUTLER, passes one generation in a year. In the vicinity of Shimizu, adults emerge in July-August and deposit their eggs on pine leaves. Newly hatched larvae grow untill the 4th or 5th instar within the year, then enter into diapause for overwintering in early November. In April of the next year, they begin their feeding again and grow untill the 8th instar, then pupate. Under the conditions of long photoperiod, however, they do not enter into diapause and they repeat generations. Moreover, the number of larval moults decreases 1 or 2 times. The result shown in Table 1 is the number of moults of the larvae reared on pine leaves under a laboratory condition of 25℃ and 60% R. H. with the daylength maintained at 24 hrs by artificial illumination. The total developmental durations of these broods were remarkably decreased compared with the brood passed one generation in a year. As shown in Table 2, the duration of the second brood was ranged from 48 to 111 days. The growth of width of head capsule in successive instars varied with sex and the number of moultings. The relations between log width of head capsule and larval instars were represented by the linear, quadratic or cubic regression equations. Big variations between individuals were recognized in adult size, colour, width of head capsules of larvae, and development period, etc.

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1. The process of embryonic development of Pieris rapae crucivora BOISDUVAL is divided into 22 stages and the morphogenesis of the embryo at each stage is described. 2. The relationship between embryonic development and temperature is explained. At 9〜35℃ the embryo develops normally and the term of the embryonic development is the shortest at 30〜31℃. At 16〜31℃ the following phenomena are recognized, that is, the relation between time and temperature is D=aT^2+bT+c, and between the verocity of growth of embryo and temperature is V=aT+b. 3. The zero point of embryonic development based on the hatching of larvae is 9℃, but the embryos still continue to develop at lower temperature than 9℃, the true zeropoint of embryonic development may be lower.

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