A distinctive new species belonging to the genus Deudorix was described from Morotai Island, the Moluccas.

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A new subspecies, Dysphania discalis aureolina, is discribed from the Lingga Islands, east of Sumatra

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The Korean species of the genus Endotricha Zeller belonging to tribe Endotrichini, sub-family Pyralinae, are reviewed. A total of seven species are recognized, including one new species, Endotricha parki Lee and Bae, sp. nov. Photographs of adults, illustrations of genitalia of both sexes, and flight period are provided.

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As adults of the Fujigawa and Niigata populations of the endangered papilionid, Luehdorfia japonica, were suspected to have been introduced to a habitat of the Tanzawa population on Mt Ishizare-yama in Kanagawa Prefecture, central Japan, larvae of the two exotic populations were reared on Asarum nipponicum (Aristolochiaceae), the food plant of the Tanzawa population, and A. blumei and A. megacalyx, the food plants of the two exotic populations, respectively, under a photoperiod of 16L-8D at 20℃. Female adults of the two exotic populations laid eggs on A. nipponicum, and most of the larvae developed into normal sized pupae on A. nipponicum. The results suggest that both exotic populations can establish new populations and compete for the larval food plant with the native population on Mt Ishizare-yama.

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Arctiidae from Japan consist of four subfamilies, Syntominae, Nyctemerinae, Lithosiinae and Arctiinae. In this part, the pupae of 18 genera of the first three subfamilies are described.

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We report an outbreak of Ivela auripes (Butler) (Lepidoptera, Lymantridae) in early May 2004 in a secondary forest of Hiraoka Park, Higashiosaka City, Osaka Prefecture, central Japan. The larvae consumed almost all of the leaves of their host tree Cornus macrophylla (Cornaceae) in the forest. We also found an adult of an arboreal predator, Dendroxena sexcarinata (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera, Silphidae), preying on an 7. auripes larva. We describe the life history of D. sexcarinata, which overwinters in the adult stage, and its adult feeding activity in early summer when lepidopteran larvae are abundant.

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An unusual threat-action in a Japanese moth Smerinthus planus belonging to the family Sphingidae is reported. This species has an eyespot pattern on the hindwing. When the moth was surprised, it opened its four wings to show its eyespot pattern, and displayed a "shrink and stretch" threat-action. The action apparently increased the effect of the threat against an enemy. Another Japanese species of the same genus, Smerinthus tokyonis, also with an eyespot pattern on its hindwing, when stimulated opened its four wings to threaten the enemy. However, in this species the "shrink and stretch" motion was not observed. As far as I know, no one has reported this curious threat-action in S. planus, although this is a very common species in Japan.

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21 species belonging to 14 genera of the tribe Pyralini, subfamily Pyralinae are recognized from Korea. Among them, three species, Hypsopygia iwamotoi Kirp. & Yamanaka, H. kawabei Yamanaka, and Bostra nanalis (Wileman), are reported for the first time form Korea. Photographs of adults, illustrations of genitalia of both sexes, host plants, and flight period are provided.

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Assemblage structures of butterflies were studied by the transect count method in Farm and Coppice landscapes in a Satoyama, the traditional rural landscape of Japan, around Mt Mikusa in northern Osaka, central Japan from April to October, 2004. Transects in Farm and Coppice landscapes were classified into three and six landscape components, respectively, according to vegetation and landscape. To analyze characteristics of butterfly assemblage structures in the Satoyama, the serai rank of each butterfly was determined based on serai stages in which the main larval food plants occur, and compositions of each serai rank species were compared among landscapes and landscape components. A total of 1322 individuals belonging to 56 species from seven families were recorded throughout the whole study area. Both species richness and density of butterflies were higher in Coppice landscape (46 and 20.4 respectively) than in Farm landscape (39 and 13.1 respectively), while species diversity (1-λ) and evenness (J') were higher in Farm landscape (0.91 and 0.75 respectively) than in Coppice landscape (0.85 and 0.66 respectively). Coppice landscape and the whole study area were characterized by the dominance of three dwarf bamboo feeders, Lethe diana, L. sicelis and Neope goschkevitschii. In addition, both species richness and densities of univoltine butterflies including grass, violet and deciduous oak tree feeders were abundant in Coppice landscape. Analysis based on the SR index revealed that species richness and densities of butterflies dependent on plants occuring in young forests and deciduous broad-leaved forests as larval foods were high in Coppice landscape, whereas those dependent on plants occuring in short to tall grasslands were high in Farm landscape. On the other hand, some species of intermediate rank showed a wide range of distribution in Farm and Coppice landscapes in the study area. The results demonstrate that butterflies dependent on plants in wide ranges of serai stages of vegetation inhabit Satoyama. The mosaic structure of vegetation in terms of the serai stage is important for conservation of species diversities of butterflies in Satoyama.

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In southern mainland Japan-Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu-the Powdered Oakblue (Narathura bazalus) lycaenid butterflies overwinter as adults in aggregations. Some occasionally appear in autumn as stray visitors on many of the Nansei Islands including those where no food-plants grow. This article reports the first confirmed mass migration-like flight of the species observed on Gaja-Jima (29°54'N, 129°32'E), an islet in the Nansei Islands. The flight was observed around sunset on 3 October 1994, day 27.4 in the moon phase. The observation indicates that the butterflies continued to fly above the sea in darkness illuminated only by starlight.

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Almost all of pupae of Celastrina sugitanii entered long diapause for ten months, after short larval stage for ca 25 days. Seasonal changes in carbohydrate contents of the pre-diapausing and diapausing pupae were pursued using mainly gas chromatography. Of 6.64 nig/pupa carbohydrates accumulated in their larval period, ca 70% was consumed within pre-diapause phase, two weeks after pupation, at a rate of 0.32 mg/pupa/day, when adult morphogenesis progressed in the pupa. Consumption rate of carbohydrates was then strongly suppressed down to 0.004 mg/pupa/day in diapause phase, despite of higher ambient temperature of 24℃. Trehalose began to accumulate during the pre-diapausing morphogenesis period, increased up to 1.35% of body weight until June 20. Both glucose and inositol contents decreased concomitantly with the trehalose production. The trehalose content was stable throughout diapause phase irrespective of exposure to chilling stimuli at 5℃. Although two Celastrina species, C. sugitanii and C. argiolus, can be regarded as trehalose accumulating type in terms of cryobiology, their supercoolig points were different from each other: The pupae of C. sugitanii supercooled down to -15℃ probably without freezing tolerant ability, while the pupae of C. argiolus supercooled down to -22.4℃.

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The flight season and food resources of adults of Sasakia charonda were investigated in the Oofukasawa River basin in Hokuto city, Yamanashi Prefecture, central Japan. It is suggested that the secondary forests, riparian forests and plantations of Cryptomeria japonica might play different roles in the maintenance of S. charonda.

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In order to discriminate hilltopping butterflies and elucidate their phenology, we fixed, respectively, 46 and 26 5-m radius virtual circles on the summit, subsummit and slope of Mt Katsuragi (960 m alt.) and Mt Nijo (2 peaks: Medake, 474 m alt. and Odake, 517 m alt.) located on the boundary between Osaka and Nara Prefectures, central Japan. During annual surveys from spring to autumn in 2001-2002 on Mt Katsuragi and in 2002 on Mt Nijo, we used the mean frequency of visits during 5 min census periods in each observation circle as quantification method. A total of 55 species (8 families) were observed and 29 species were common to the 3 peaks, with 53 species seen in Mt Katsuragi, 42 in Medake and 31 in Odake. On both mountains, most species were rare (low abundance). According to 2001 results from Mt Katsuragi, Papilio machaon, Argyreus hyperbius, Libythea celtis, Colias erate and Lycaena phlaeas were classified as hilltoppers because their distributions were statistically biased on the "broad summit" (including summit and subsummit circles). However, the hilltopper status of the last three species remains controversial. On Mt Nijo 2002, Vanessa indica, Cynthia cardui, P. machaon, Papilio xuthus, Papilio bianor, Papilio helenus, Nymphalis xanthomelas, A. hyperbius, Lampides boeticus and Hestina japonica were hilltopping. Although all those species were also recorded on Mt Katsuragi, data from 2001 and 2002 confirm that, on Mt Katsuragi, P. xuthus, P. bianor, P. helenus and H. japonica were not hilltopping. All other Nijo's hilltoppers were also hilltopping in Mt Katsuragi (2001 and/or 2002 data). On the contrary, Parnara guttata and Luehdorfia japonica were hilltopping on Mt Katsuragi in 2002 but not on Mt Nijo, where L. japonica was not recorded. C. erate, L. phlaeas and L. celtis were not hilltoppers on Mt Nijo. P. xuthus, H. japonica and C. cardui were hilltopping on Medake but not on Odake. Though some hilltopping species were very abundant on the summit in the 3 seasons (P. machaon), or only 2 seasons (summer and autumn for A. hyperbius, spring and summer for C. erate and L. celtis) or 1 season (autumn for L. boeticus and P. guttata), variation existed between peaks concerning the dominance ranking order of those species. On the other hand, some hilltoppers such as V. indica, were rare or relatively rare on the 3 peaks in the 3 seasons, though still presenting some variability in relative abundance and dominance ranking status between peaks.

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