The Japanese species of the family Bucculatricidae are taxonomically revised and the life histories of each species are investigated. In Japan, in the past only three species, Bucculatrix firmianella Kuroko, 1982, B. pyrivorella Kuroko, 1964, and B. citima Seksjaeva, 1989, had been recorded. We recently described B. hamaboella Kobayashi, Hirowatari & Kuroko, 2009 (Kobayashi et al., 2009) and recorded B. comporabile Seksjaeva, 1989 and B. demaryella (Duponchel, 1840) from Japan (Arita et al., 2009). In this study, a total of 23 species of the genus Bucculatrix Zeller were recorded from 18 different plant species belonging to 10 plant families. Four new species, B. muraseae sp. nov. (Host: Alnus japonica, Betulaceae), B. serratella sp. nov. (Host: Zelkova serrata, Ulmaceae), B. kogii sp. nov. (Host: Unknown), and B. tsurubamella sp. nov. (Host: Quercus acutissima, Fagaceae) are described. Eleven species, B. splendida Seksjaeva, 1992, B. laciniatella Benander, 1931, B. maritima Stainton, 1851, B. notella Seksjaeva, 1996, B. nota Seksjaeva, 1989, B. sinevi Seksjaeva, 1988, B. altera Seksjaeva, 1989, B. armata Seksjaeva, 1989, B. univoca Meyrick, 1918, B. thoracella (Thunberg, 1794), and B. cidarella (Zeller, 1839) are newly recorded from Japan. Bucculatrix sp. 1-4 recorded by Oku (2003) from Iwate Prefecture were also examined. In the course of this study, fifteen species were reared, and the biology of seven species is described for the first time. Sixteen of the Japanese species are grouped into three main types on the basis of larval habits for the first time. The 23 Japanese species are separated into 10 groups based on genital structures, mainly following the species groupings of Braun (1963) and Baryshnikova (2008). Female adults were examined from 18 species in Japan (excluding B. laciniatella, B. nota, and B. kogii). In all examined species, we found that the ductus seminalis is attached to the middle of the corpus bursae, here proposed as an autapomorphy of the genus Bucculatrix.

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This is the 2nd report of surveys on early stages of butterflies in the Nanling area. We observed about 10 more species, including larvae of Mandarinia regalis, Nosea hainanensis, Byasa mencius, Athyma ranga, Euthalia rickettsi and ova of Sibataniozephyrus lijinae.

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In Quercus glauca which grow where the sun often shines, the characteristics of the leaves are different from the leaves of those which grow where the sun hardly shines. Leaves that grow in places where the sun often shines all day are firmer and contain more tannin than leaves in places where the sun hardly shines all day. A large number of individuals and species of moth larvae were found on the shade leaves during most seasons. The number of larvae on the sunny leaves only increased in April. The relationship between leaf characteristics and the number of larvae present is discussed.

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Spermatogonial and spermatocyte chromosomes of four species Lexias (L. canescens, L. bangkana, L. dirtea, L. pardalis) were examined with the Crozier and paraffin section techiniques. L. canescens possessed 2n=60, n=30, L. bangkana 2n=26, n=13, L. dirtea 2n=38-40, n=19, 20 and L. pardalis 2n=38-44, n=19-22.

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Spermatocyte chromosomes of seven species of Hesperiidae from the neotropical region are examined with particular reference to their chromosome numbers. The haploid complement of Urbanus doryssus doryssus is n=14, those of Astraptes fulgerator and Autochton longipennis are n=31, that of Astraptes sp. is n=20, that of Moeris vopiscus is n=27, that of Vettius triangularis is n=26, and that of Enosis immaculata immaculata is n=29.

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Chromosome numbers of thirteen Morphinae species belonging to the genera Morpho, Catoblepia, Caligo and Eryphanis were investigated in primary and secondary spermatocytes. The locality of the established chromosome numbers of these Morphinae are shown in Table 1, together with details of the relevant chromosome survey. The modal chromosome numbers in the present study are n=28 for Morpho and n=29 for Brassolini.

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