Fundamental differences which separate species have been studied in interspecific hybrids of Japanese and North American Papilio at Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, U. S. A. in 1957 and at Nanzan University, Japan from 1958 to clarify a process of differenciation of species. Namely affinity of species has been surveyed through egg fertility, percentage of larval formation within egg shell, hatchability etc. of interspecific hybridizations and fertility of interspecific hybrids. Genetics of visible characters which separate species has also been studied. An outline of the obtained results is presented here as a preliminary report. All matings were performed by handpairing and eggs were obtained under fluorescent light. Cages of about 30 cm. cube were used for the rearings of larvae. Egg fertility, hatchability etc. of palyxenrs × "brucei", hippocrates × "brucei" and polyxenes x hippocrates are as high as intraspecific mating, From a pair of polyxenes female × "brucei" male, 78 males and 1 gynandromorph were obtained. From two pairs of the reciprocal crosses, 10 males and 20 females were obtained. Male pupae of them, which pupated in summer, emerged next spring after overwintering, but females of the same brood emerged during the same summer. These differences may due to an abnormal inheritance of voltine differences between "brucei" and polyxenes. These F1 hybrids resembled polyxenes and were fertile. From three pairs of hippocrates× "brucei", 3 females and 2 males were obtained. The appearances were intermediate of the parents. From a pair of hippocrates × polyxenes, 6 males, 3 females, and 1 gynandromorph were obtained. The adults resembled polyxenes. In xuthus × hippocrates, polyxenes, and "brucei", most of the eggs were fertilized and about half of the eggs were hatched. The adults obtained were all males and small. The number of adults obtained were respectively 29 (intermediate) from 11 pairs, 10 (resemble polyxenes) from 3 pairs, and 5 (intermediate) from 1 pair. Umbelliferae and Rutaceae were used as their larval food. In xuthus × protenor, helenus, macilentus, and memnon, eggs were obtained from more than several pairs in each kind. Egg fertility and hatchability etc. were very low in general. The larvae reached the end of the 3rd instar in the best case (xuthus × macilentus). In xuthus × bianor and maackii, egg fertility and hatchability etc, were very low and the larvae died respectively in the 1st and 2nd instar. Egg fertility of a pair of glaucus × xuthus were very high, but only one larva hatched and it reached pupal stage and died. In protenor × helenus (5 pairs), polytes × protenor (1 pair), and polytes × helenus (1 pair), most of the eggs were fertilized and more than half of the eggs were hatched. The number of adults obtained were respectively 15 (intermediate), 4 (intermediate), and 18 (resemble polytes) and all were males. From memnon × helenus, macilentus x memnon, and macilentus × protenor, 2 pupae, one pupa, and one 5th instar larva were obtained respectively. From a pair of bianor × maackii, two males were obtained and they were intermediate of the parental species. Two fertile eggs were obtained from bianor × troilus, but they did not hatch. Crossing of bianor × helenus seems entirely infertile. P. xuthus may not be a typical member of the P. machaon group, but it is also not close to "P. protenor" group. Affinity within the "P. protenor" group is not so high as affinity within the typical P. machaon group. HALDANE'S rule is applied for interspecific hybrids between P. xuthus and the P. machaon group and between P. helenus and P. protenor or P. polytes. Egg fertility and hatchability etc. are highly variable in each crossing of a same kind. Therefore, many crossing must be performed to obtain a general egg fertility and hatchability etc. in one kind of

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In this paper, the author discussed the basic problems on the phylogeny of psychid-moths from the point of views of comparative morphology and ethology. If we intend to have correct understanding of the phylogenetical relation and the factors of evolution, we must investigate the comparative studies on the habits besides the studies of comparative morphology. The author mainly investigated the degeneration of the body structures and differentiation of the habits of adult females of psychid-moths. Females of psychid-moths in Japan are separable into four groups morphologically and ethologically. α-group: Wings and legs are well-developed and functional. Having very long apophyses anteriores and posteriores, female can stretch her ovipositor long. At emergence, female pupa moves toward the posterior opening of the larval case, protrudes the anterior half of the body, then the adult insect emerges. Adult female is a rather moveless creature and often does not leave the larval case. Female lays eggs in the slits on rock and mosses, or sometimes in the larval case. Japanese genera belonging to the α-group are Diplodoma and four undescribed genera, one of which is very closely related to Narychia. β-group: Wings are degenerated into a minute membranous process which has no wing veins. Therefore, this organ completely lacks the function of flight. Legs are well-developed but short and the function of walking is extremely reduced. Female slowly climbs up and down on the lateral side of the larval case, or only hangs at the posterior opening of the case. At emergence, female pupa moves toward the posterior opening of the case from which she protrudes the anterior half of her body, and the adult insect emerges. Adult female does not leave her larval case, and rests on the lateral side of the case until male comes to copulate. After copulation female inserts her ovipositor into the slit between the larval case and protruded pupal skin, and lays eggs in the case. Japanese genera belonging to the β-group are Taleporia, Solenobia and an undescribed genus. γ-group: Wings are degenerated into a minute membranous process which has no wing veins. Therefore, this organ completely lacks the function of flight, or it is completely obliterated. As the legs are short and lack the function of walking, female hardly hangs at the posterior opening of the larval case. As apophyses anteriores and apophyses posteriores are very long, the stretched length of ovipositor is the longest among all the groups. At emergence, female pupa does not protrude the anterior half of her body from the posterior opening of the larval case. Therefore, the adult female molts in the larval case, then comes out of the case. In the subgroup γ_1, adult female completely draws out herself from the case, while in the subgroup γ2, the female draws her body untill the sixth or seventh abdominal segment is protruded out of the case, therefore the posterior extremity of body is hidden in the case. After copulation, female inserts her ovipositor into the posterior opening of the larval case, and fills the empty pupal skin in the case with eggs, Japanese genera belonging to the γ-group are Fumea, Proutia, Bruandia and Bacotia. δ-group: Wings are completely obliterated. Legs are degenerated into the minute simple process which is lacking the terminal claws. In some genera, the degenerated legs still retain incomplete segmentation. Ovipositors degenerated into a knob-like process, and apophyses anteriores and apophyses posteriores are very short, thus making the ovipositor unstretched. At emergence, female pupa does not move toward the posterior opening, therefore the adult female molts in the larval case. Female often protrudes the anterior half of her body from the posterior opening of the case. At copulation, male inserts his abdomen into the posterior opening of the female case, and stretches the abdomen between the pupal skin and

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