A
typical manifestation of iatrogenic injury associated with intravenous
injection is extravascular leakage. The severity of injury and treatment for
extravascular leakage of cytotoxic agents is well known, however there is
insufficient information on non-cytotoxic agents. The authors reviewed human
and animal studies of extravascular injury induced by non-cytotoxic agents and
classified them based on the severity of injury. The classification of
non-cytotoxic agents in the extravasation is useful information in clinical
practice to provide appropriate warning of the risk of injury and to prevent worsening
of injury.
Recently, evidence is accumulating on functional
communication between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gut microbiota. Given
this, early prebiotic treatment may assist the development of the CNS through
the gut microbiota. In this study, Araki et al. found that 2'-fucosyllactose (2´-FL),
a human milk oligosaccharide, altered the fecal microbiota and reduced
anxiety-like behavior and amygdala hyperactivity observed in mice exposed to
early weaning stress. These findings suggest that prebiotic treatment with
2´-FL may alleviate the adverse effects of early life stress in the CNS such as
anxiety and amygdala hyperactivity.
It is believed that
15-lipoxygenase plays a role in tissue damage under conditions of low oxygen
levels through lipid-derived radical chain reactions. The authors of this study
discovered that when a
higher content of linoleate than oxygen content was stood with 15-lipoxygenase
in the presence of hydrogen polysulfides, which are believed to be endogenous
bioactive substance in cells, the conjugated diene moiety of the oxidized
linoleate derivatives was isomerized from E/Z form to E/E form.
Based on these findings, authors proposed a hypothesis that hydrogen
polysulfides scavenge lipid-derived radicals, generating thiyl radicals, which
then isomerized the conjugated diene moiety.
Lactic acid bacteria (LABs) are well known
as beneficial microorganisms to maintain human health. Although LABs are recognized
as probiotics, these bacteria produce many kinds of bioactive compounds. The
mechanisms how LABs produce these bioactive substances are not well known. Additionally,
unlike the cases of E. coli and yeast, there are not enough commercially
available tools for a genetic approach of LABs. Therefore, in the present
study, the authors have constructed a new plasmid as an efficient genetic
engineering tool for random insertional mutagenesis in LABs using a combination
of transposon Tn10 and the temperature-sensitive replication system.
Although
the potential for cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) to cause drug interactions,
there are few cases of information
related to the influence of CYP2C9 polymorphism on drug labeling
recommendations in Japan. Among the various
factors related to adverse events in the database associated with the
prescription of celecoxib or diclofenac alone, variations in the in vivo intrinsic
clearance of the drug may exist. Virtual hepatic and plasma exposures estimated
by pharmacokinetic
modeling in patients harboring impaired CYP2C9*3 could represent a
causal factor for adverse events induced by celecoxib or diclofenac in a manner
similar to that for drug interactions.