The forming process of Japanese gardens became plain playing stress on its techniques. At first, the gardens of Asuka, Omi and Kibi that are the cultural region of the ancient were analyzed and investigated.
In the result, that the gardens were closely connected with ancient culture, nothing of all, the technique of rock composition, representative of ancient tomb in each region became plain.
The festival of ancient tomb was connected with Iwakura and Iwasaka, the belief to stone, and its technique was connected with ancient fortress and stone statue alike Syumisen-zo.
That this technique was the transmission from ancient Korea was investigated. Ancient Japanese gardens were formed with various elements being entangled, example for, ancient fortress, stone statue, Iwakura and Iwasaka based on the technique of rock composition in ancient tomb.

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1. Introduction
The aim of this study is to theoretically expound the gardens in the temples, such as Daitoku-ji, Daisen-in, Shinju-an, Ryugen-in, JukO-in, Hoshunin, KohO-an, Koto-in and Ryuan-ji, all based on Daito's Zen-Rinzai Zen Buddhism.
The above-mentioned gardens have been hitherto thought to express not only the artistic function but also the realm of enlightenment of Zen-mptiness. Through some collections of teachings which the founders or successive chief monks of these temples gave, I came to a conclusion: these gardens show us the Zen-mind through the various forms-the allotment of land, the arrangement of stones or plantation, giving us the impression of Zen training monasteries where monks realize the absolute and universal truth through their practice of zazen.
The fact is that Zen Buddhism has been transmitted from India through China to Japan. In China it was enhanced both in thought and sensation into a racial religion. In Japan, on the other hand, it was exalted in culture and art. The enlightenment of Zen is one in essence, but many in appearance. In Zen Buddhism the transmission and succession of the Law are of the first importance. Even among the same schools of Zen, however, there are various original methods of training and expounding.
Japan's Zen Buddhism was, as mentioned above, introduced from China. The most important thing, therefore, in expounding the “mind” of the gardens in Zen monasteries is that we clarify the foundation and essence of the Zen schools in China, especially the Rinzai, based on Bodhidharma's¹⁾ Zen; the essence and training method of Daito's Zen; a relationship between the koan²⁾ and the books on Zen; or the characteristics of temple-complex and graveyards.
2. How to Expound the Gardens of Zen Monasteries
On the basis of the “three phrases”³⁾ which Rinzaizen ji4' used to lead his monks, I have expounded these gardens from the aspects of subject, conception, and structure. “Subject” refers to the fundamental thought of the Rinzai Zen and the Unmon⁵⁾ -the essence of DaitO's Zen. This I have intuitively realized through the names of temple-complex-and graveyards, the versified comments on teachings by the founders and successive chief monks, the allotment of land, the arrangement of stones of plantation in these gardens. In the same way I found that “conception” is based on the koans of the Hekiganrokus⁶⁾ and the versified comments on them; and “structure” on the comments on the koa ns of the same book and the collections of DaitO's teachings.

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In order to study the Attractive of the forest in Mt. Kurama, I did the enquate investigation to the visitors and the forest environment investigation.
The following, is the consequence of the enquate investigation. The impression words which express the Attractive of the forest may classify roughly the following three. The one is the Kankakugo (sensation word) which involues “Shizukasa” (quiet) “Seiryokan” (refreshing), “Midori no bi” (beauty of green leaves) and “Koyo no bi” (beauty of red leaves) etc. The second is the Jotaigo (circumstance word) which involues“Mukashi no funiki” (old atmosphere), “Usso” (luxriant), “Yudai” (grandeur) and“Kurai” (dark). The third is the Kanjogo (emotion word) which involues “Shinpi” (mystery), “(Shi zen no) Chikarazuyosa [Seimeiryoku]” (nature) energy (life energy) and Ochitsuki (Yasuragi) (repose [tranquil]).
Well, we see the seasonal change by these words. In winter the Kanjogo was comperative high value. This is caused by little stimulation (plant etc.) in winter compared with other seasons.
The Kankakugo, especially seeing, is very variable in seasons. In comparison this, the Jotaigo, especially “Mukashi no funiki” and “Yudai” which haveobvious (forest environment) object, is comperatively constant in seasons.

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The influence of trampling on some physical properties of surface soil and tree growth condition was investigated in Kyoto Imperial Garden. The results are as follows.
1) Trampling increases volume weight of surface soil, and reduces its porosity. In the initial stage of compaction minimum air capacity decreases remarkably, and afterward, maximum water holding capacity decreases.
2) Compaction strongly reduces infiltration capacity, and increases soil hardness sounded by cornpenetrometer (corn: 25°3cm³, rammer: 1.17kg 20cm dropping)
3) “Health Index” (estimated index of living branch rate determined by observation assessment of withered branches which are classified into three groups: primary scaffold branch, intermediate branch, fine branch) has a close relationship with physical properties of soil.“Health Index” is great in a area where the infiltration capacity exeeds 100mm/hr and where hardness, shown by penetrating depth (cm) per 100 drops of rammer, exeeds 20cm. On the contrary, it is obviously small in a area where each value is below 20mm/hr and below 13cm/100 drops.

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The purpose of this study is to find out the method to appraise the sociol function of the forest, especially the recreational function of the forest. To develope this study is the needs of the times, but this study is scarcely found in Japan. In Germany, on the contrary, Prof. Prodan at Freiburg University already started this study at the early time of 1960's. He obtained some equations and showed the value by DM/year and ha. In Germany, the places of the forest and those of the human habitation exist in complicated states. While in Japan, the places of the forest are out of human habitation both in physical and mental means. Therefore, the relation between the forest and a human being differs fairly in these two countries. His method to lead the results, however, is very suggestible for us.
The author selected a recreational forest at Nibetsu in the suburb of Akita City. The distance from the center of the city is about 25km. It takes about one hour by auto. The area of the recreational forest is 2825ha. The forest is constructed with the old Akita Sugi-one of the most famous Japanese cedar, and hard woods. In this area, we can find a forest museum and other facilities for recreational purposes.
At this forest, the investigation was done to observe the actual condition of the utilization as the recreational function. The opinions of 199 visitors to this forest were asked by the method of questionnaire. From these investigations, following results were obtained. 1. The annual numbers of visitors to Nibetsu are constantly about thirty percentage of the population of Akita City.
And the author suggested the new concept, “Tanboritsu” (Visitor-Inhabitant Ratio)-the concept expressing the pressure of the city to the recreational forest.
Namely,
K=N/P
where
K=Tanboritsu (Visitor-Inhabitant Ratio)
N=Numbers of visitor/year
P=Population of the city near the forest For Nibetsu, the value K=0.3
2. The author proposed a method appraising the recreational value of the forest by using trave1-ing expenses. And he showed the value as follows:
TV=V+α
where
TV: Whole recreational value
V: The value obtained by traveling expenses inyen/ha
α: The value indiscribable by money For Nibetsu, the value was calculated by the traveling expenses of bus fare and auto. The calculated one was,
150, 000 yen/ha
3. Most of the visitors were pleased with this forest. Therefore, the appraised value above mentioned can be recognized as the recreational value of this forest.
4. As the people visit this forest frequently, they tend to be interested in the river-side and walking-lane.

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