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Hiroshi MARUYAMA
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
1-6
Published: March 30, 1984
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The extension of Maruyama Park meant enclosing scenic beauty as a government land. Many political measures were carried out in order to revive Kyoto as an economic city. It was one of them to preserve scenic beauty. Especially considering the application of the land expropriation law, we can understand the importance of Maruyama Park. On the other hand the expropriation of land, enfored under the name of ‘public interest’, endowed the public park with the concept of ‘publicity’.
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Goro YANAGI
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
7-12
Published: March 30, 1984
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The opening of treaty port in Japan and China is found to settlements with park. Foreigners is given gurantee to housing and trade office. For the health, amusements and recreation of all persons, residing within the settlement, the park in Yokohama and Kobe is opened by diplomatic arrangements. But in Shanghai, it was the existence of land regulation and self-goverment. As a neccessary consequence, under the executive of shanghai Municipal Council, park was opened to purchase land leading or being out of the settlement. The problem for park is recognized to the fact in municipal administration without the Chinese.
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Taiichi ITO
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
13-18
Published: March 30, 1984
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It is not easy for people without car to visit national parks in the United States. However, the railroad companies were involoved in the process of creating Yellowstone national park in 1870's and extended their lines to the nearest towns. The use of railroads had been very popular as a means of visiting national parks in early days though only welloff people could afford the cost.
A principal change occurred in 1914 when automobiles were allowed to enter the national park. The symbiotic relation between railroads and automobiles was maintained; people used railroads to the nearest station to the park, then took a concessionaire-oprated buses to the centers of each park. But, as a result of the improvement of automobiles and road conditions, they began to use their own automobiles all the way down to the park. Gradually automobiles took over not only stage coaches but also railroads.
Recently rapid increase of automobiles caused serious problems in the national park, which exists “as a public park or pleasuring-ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people”. First, because of the lack of the pulic transportation, people without car were forced to abandon visiting national parks. Second, modern automobiles with every urban comfort not only interfere with the close relationships with the natural environment, but deteriorate the environment itself.
For the purpose of controlling the use of automobiles, some new ideas like the shuttle bus in Yosemite and Grand Canyon were realized, but they cannot solve the problems. The only solution lies in changing the American attitudes towards the automobiles.
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Yorikazu MARUTA, Shin HASEKURA, Tomoyuki SHIBATA
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
19-24
Published: March 30, 1984
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The aims to establish the State Park of the United States of America are to offer outdoor recreational opportunities and conservation of natural landscape and historical landmarks. They possess intermidiate characteristic between National Parks which are established for conservation of natural landscape and City-wide Parks which are established for recreational use. The Porpouse of this recearch is to throw light upon the history of the California State Park System that is oldest and best established in U. S. A.
The first California State Park was established in 1864 when Abraham Lincoln signed the Congressionl legislation that gave Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove of Big Trees to the State of California. Later on the State of California successionally set up Big Basin Redwoods State Park for public use, resort and recreation in 1902, and also confirmed the State Park System by establishment of the State Park Commission that provids for a centralized administration for parks land, the making of a survey of park needs and park possibilities, and the establishment of a fundamental state park policy in 1927. After then, the State of California has increased parks, historic parks, and other kinds. Today the State Park System includes some 250 units.
The remarkable characteristic in the history of the California State Park System is continuous activities of many private organizations proceeding campaigns for funds since the biginning, which donate funds and lands to the State.
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Masanobu NAGASHIMA
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
25-30
Published: March 30, 1984
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There was a great change in the ways to utilize outdoor recreation area in Nikko. Goverment discontinued protection for the area which had conducted in Edo era. The ban on admittance to women was removed and the separation of God from Buddha was imposed. It was hard work to maintain histric constructions and places. Nikko became internationally important places that the Imperial Family began to visit, villas owned by foreign empassy and legation were constructed and foreign ministers sometimes viseted there. Therefore in 1879, “Hokokai”, private conservation organization, was established and had worked quite effectively for 38 years. In addition, since Nikko was imperial estate, certain restriction was placed on application for construction of various facilities. However, on the otherhand, thfre was an active movement to develop Nikko as a park. These situation had continued until 1931 when National park Law was enacted.
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Makoto AKASAKA
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
31-36
Published: March 30, 1984
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Yozaburo SHIRAHATA
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
37-42
Published: March 30, 1984
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Makoto NAKAMURA
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
43-48
Published: March 30, 1984
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National parks in the world were analyzed in terms of their earliest establishment within each country. Then, the politico-economical factors, which existed behind their first establishment in a country, were briefly surveyed, Through these analyses, the writer could obtain eight patterns for those parks' characters in their establishments. The writer also found out three important moments which have much to do with the patterns. They are nationalism, tourism, and conservation of nature. It is considered that these patterns are useful for explaining historical characters of national parks throughout the world.
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Noboru ITO
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
49-54
Published: March 30, 1984
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If we study the urban landescape made by the regional regidents, it is very important that we should investigate the manners to the urban spaces. We defined those manners as the“Kukan-Sahoh”, and we analyzed the landescape in Edo City (18C-19C). As a result, it was clear that the landescape in Edo City based on the regional climate, culture and social system. And we concluded that there were the civic designes in Edo City, and that the technical idea of those designes based on the landescape architecture.
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Sawako ONO
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
55-60
Published: March 30, 1984
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In the Edo period at the big cities as Edo, Osaka and Kyoto occured the craze for garden plants; camellia, chrysanthemum, azalea, peony, spearflower, sweet flag, morning glory, whisk fern, rhodea, etc. Leaders of the craze were, for the most part, the vassals of the Shogun, the wealthy farmers and the nurserymen. At the craze, Ki-hin, a strange, rare and beautiful article, which was considerd a great work of the combine efforts of nature and man, was prized. The other characters of the craze are the appearance of many varieties of a certain plant, the ruppidly diffusion of the plant, the sudden rise in the price of the plant which causes speculative purchse, the openning competitive shows and the publication of the list and pictures of the excellent ones.
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Makoto SUZUKI
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
61-66
Published: March 30, 1984
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Zuikakuso villa garden was made on the seashore of Cyoshi Inubosaki in Chiba prefecture in 1905. The villa was owned by the Fushiminomiyas which was a former house of a prince of blood. This study searched the main feature of the garden and its changes for putting it in the appropriate position of garden history.
Through the research the following results were concluded.
1) The main landscape of Zuikakuso villa garden was the scenery of the ocean watched from the villa through pine trees in the main portion of the garden. Therefore it had the style of Shakkei (borrowed scenery) which was a favorite garden design in Meiji era.
2) The garden was designed to put much importance on nature (including natural scenery) in and around the site, which is a typical style of gardening in that era.
3) Rocks and stones used in the garden were collected near around the site and most of them were from the seashore. That means this garden was a local garden arranged with native materials.
4) There are so few historical gardens in Chiba prefecture that this garden ought to be added to the garden list of Chiba.
Overall conclusion Zuikakuso villa garden is worth listing among the gardens of Meiji era and of Chiba prefecture.
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Taketoshi KAWAHARA
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
67-72
Published: March 30, 1984
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This study explains garden paintings in the period of Heian through Kamakura, the 12th to the first half of the 14th centuries, by analyzing painting scrolls of this period in purpose of completing the Japanese garden history. The results are as follows:
1) The plant in Senzai is mainly autum shrubs and flowers and is limited to its species. The planting patterns becomes more group-wise in the earlier period.
2) The planting around a garden stream is arranged at important spots and is few.
3) There is one or two trees planted effectively at the inter and outer angles of the building.
4) Supporting trees are arranged beside or behind garden facilities such as a gate, garden shrine, bridge, hedge, etc.
5) As planting designs, trees are often arranged in a form of a couple, for example, crossing main stems.
6) A design of Japanese wisteria entwining pine trees, which symbolizes the relations between the Imperial family and the Fujiwaras is observed.
7) There are protecting fences for plants and also an evidence of maintenance.
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Isoya SHINJI
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
73-78
Published: March 30, 1984
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The beauty and the meaning of “aging” in Japanese gardens have been argued to be primarily in “beauty based on space” such as colours, forms etc. However the characteristics of mentality such as “Wabi and Sabi” which is a chracteristic of Japanese gardens is found in “beauty based on time”. Natural rocks and trees rot and/or becom musty with time under the monsoon climate. Therefore in Japanese gardens which are mainly made with natural materials, it is found an essential characteristic of beauty to be the “aging”, that is, changing of the features of materials which we see. Though this tendency is not so outstanding in European gardens, garden ornaments such as “manmade ruins” in European gardens have been constructed. The idea, which takes “aging with time” as one of the elements of beauty of landscape is therefore considered inherent in humanbeing.
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Saburo KIMURA
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
79-84
Published: March 30, 1984
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Akira MISAWA, Youhei SAITO
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
85-90
Published: March 30, 1984
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It is well known that traffic noise is felt down a person stands behind the roadside greenbelt which blind a stream of vehicles. We made an experiment on the psychological noise reduction by roadside trees. A summary of the resules is shown bellow. It became clear statistically that the effect of the psychological noise reduction existed and its value ws approximately 3 to 5dB (A).
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Nobufumi IWAKAWA
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
91-96
Published: March 30, 1984
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As to the study on fire preventive function of trees, this paper shows the critical tempreature to auto-ignition of leaves. As the results of some reserch works and some ignitability tests, the tempreature limits and properties of lieves until they come to ignit were observed.
The critical tempreature limits of leaves are as follows.
Evergreen broad liaved trees 455°C
Decidious broad leaved trees 407°C
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Akira KOBAYASHI, Tadashi KANAI
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
97-102
Published: March 30, 1984
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To clarify the special quality in the color of Shirakawasuna-sand as a material for landscaping, the comparative studies on the colors of sands and pebbles were made. Materials: Shirakawasuna-sand on the market, the weathered Kitashirakawa-granite sand collected from rivers and mountains, and 3 kinds of white sands and pebbles for landscaping. Methods: The colors of the sands and pebbles were measured by photoelectric colorimeter, and specificated by CIE 1931 standard colorimetric system. The cleared matters are as follows-(1) Difference in colors between Shirakawasuna-sand and weathered Kitashirakawa-granite sand.(2) Change in the color of Shirakawasuna-sand by dryness and moisture.(3) The common feature in the colors of white sands and pebbles.
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Shingo YABASHI, Tatsutaro KONKO
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
103-108
Published: March 30, 1984
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It is known that water erosion and slope collapse occur with the relation between soil properties and water flow as a consequent aspect. The slope stability problems have been examined by many investigators. However, the field studies of these problems have been very few.
The authors provided comments and some disussion on the subject of field studies of slope failures with the physical properties of Masa Soil and soil moisture tension.
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Takuro MASUDA, Haruhiko HIROHATA, Shigeyuki YOSHIDA
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
109-114
Published: March 30, 1984
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The experiment was carried out to clarify the effects of some soil conditioners mixed with MASA (decomposed granite soil) on the growth of
Hedera helix ‘Pittsburgh’. The soil conditioners used in the experiment were as follows:(1) sawdust compost mixed with cow excrement, (2) bark compost, (3) peat moss, (4) perlite and (5) vermiculite. Three experimental plots were set up for each soil conditioner, and the proportions of soil conditioner to MASA in volume were 1:4 (20% plot), 2:3 (40% plot) and 3:2 (60% plot).
The plants grew best in the 40% and 60% plots of sawdust compost, and next in the 60% plot of bark compost and 20% plot of sawdust compost. The values of growth indices such as vine length and top dry weight of the latter two were about half of the former two. In the other plots, the values were about a quarter of the former two or less, and no signigicant differences were found among them.
The plant growth generally depended on the nitrogen content of soil. Sawdust compost and back compost contained almost the same amount of nitrogen; however, the plant growth of the latter was markedly inferior to the former. One of the reasons, we suppose, is the difference of the physical properties of soil, because sawdust conpost showed higher degree of aggregation than bark compost.
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Yukihiro MORIMOTO, Sumiji KOBASHI
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
115-120
Published: March 30, 1984
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Pedogenic processes during about ten years were studied in the forest areas of the Commemorative Park of EXPO'70 Osaka where reclamation and revegetation by native trees were operated.
Results are as follows.(1) Soil properties which have changed significantly are pointed out.(2)(Average Stem Volume)×(Stand Density)
3/2 and its yearly sum have closer relationships to the pedogenic process more than stem volume increment or stem volume per ha.(3) Type of the forest stands (deciduous or evergreen) and its site quality (condition of drainage) have effects to the characteristics cleared by the factor analysis.(4) Average increasing rate of total nitrogen in mineral soils is 3.2 (g/m
2/25cm/yr) for the area mounded by the weathered granite (soil), “Masa-soil”, and is 7.9 for the area mounded by the soil of Kansai district's diluvial hills, “Osaka group soil”.
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Yoshito ASANO
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
121-126
Published: March 30, 1984
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Geographical planting distributions of 125 species of trees and shrubs for landcaping in Hokkaido were surveyed by means of questionnaires, and the temperature factors which might govern their distributions were examined. The average annual minimum temperature or January mean temperature were found to be among the factors most closely related to the distributions. By using the isogram of average annual minimum temperature partially revised with a ‘Index of Warmth’ isoline, a tree planting zone map for Hokkaido was prepared for practical use.
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Takashi SHIMOMURA
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
127-132
Published: March 30, 1984
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To Know whether creeping figs native to Japan (
Ficus pumila, J. thunbergil and
F. oxyphylla) can be used as landscape plants for covering walls, 76 examples of their practical use in Japan were investigated. Examples were distributed in 24 Prefectures south of 36° North latitude and 90% of figs investigated were
F. pumila. By total 50% of examples, figs climbed and covered walls made of concrete blocks. Stone walls were also covered by 30% of examples. These results show the possibility that
F. pumila has distinctive attribute applicable to use for covering any kinds of walls. The characters to identify these three figs were found out by investigating descriptions of 26 references dealing with those plants. And also specimens collected from spontaneous and planted fig plants were investigated for confirmation of description of the references. Characters are follows: 1.
F. pumila and
F. thunbergii show heterophylly, but
F. oxyphylla does not. 2. Juvenile leaves of
F. thunbergii have ca. two lobes but those of
F. pumila were entire. 3.
F. thunbergii has lots of setae on the back surface of its leaves but others not.
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Mitsuo KONDO, Akihiro MOCHIZUKI, Shinpei TAKAHASHI, Tomoo OZAWA
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
133-138
Published: March 30, 1984
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The study was conducted for the purpose of enhancing the benefits of landscaping of slopes. In the study, such sections on roads and others with a slope were examined as to how variety can be given through introduction of flowering plants; specifically, particulars for the decision on the type of flowering plant and the ratio of such plant to grass, used for the greening effect, were investigated. As a result, it was discovered that the most prospective plant is Coreopsis lanceolata L. in terms of rooting and growth, and the best ratio of its seeds to the grass (Kentucky 31 fescue) used for greening effect, Coreopsis lanceolata L., is about 30%.
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Mitsuo KONDO
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
139-144
Published: March 30, 1984
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The purpose of this study is to verify the growth of lawn in relation to treading as part of an investigation conducted to discover the capacity of a stretch of turf on a physiological level. A number of findings were collected. What is noteworthy here is the results of an experiment in which pressure was applied to lawn by treading on it 15 times a day for a period of 30 days in succession; a control was prepared for comparisons. It was found that the growth of lawn, if treaded on, will be suppressed significantly; the growth of the stem and leaves in terms of their length was hindered, if not prevented all together. The photosynthetic rate, moreover, dropped to half that of the lawn used as the control. It was later found that the limited growth of the stem and leaves was due to the work of ethylene being formed by the pressure on the lawn.
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Toshinori SHIGEMATSU
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
145-150
Published: March 30, 1984
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Pleioblastus chino var. viridis often occurs in wood-lands or grasslands on hills or mountainsides in Kansai district, like
P. chino in Kanto district. Both grow over 2 meters tall, and are very resilient to physical damage. With repeated weeding, it is possible to reduce their height and to get the fine and dence floor dominant with these
Pleioblastus. The purpose in this paper is to ascertain the above mentioned effective weeding interval for
P. chino var. viridis in forest floor for recreational use. Experimental work was conducted over a six-year term in deciduous oak woods in Sakai city, Osaka prefecture. The results are as follows: Not only
Pleioblastus (chino var. viridis) but also the other plants were reduced by semiannual weeding. On the other hand biennial and triennial weeding plots in the dark section were covered dominantly with
Pleioblastus. But
Pleioblastus was oppressed by overtopped shrubs at the same interval weedings in the light section, whereas shrubby growth was controled in the dark section.
Pleioblastus showed the preferable regrowth by annual weeding in both light and dark sections. In order to make
Pleioblastus somewhat lower and to control vigorous regrowth of the other plants in light condition, it is considered to be necessary to carry on annual weeding in the late spring or early summer.
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Toshinori SHIGEMATSU, Rikio TAKAHASHI, Takashi SUZUKI
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
151-156
Published: March 30, 1984
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Such wild
Rhododendron as R. reticulatum, R. kaempferi and
R. macrosepalum are frequently seen in abandoned secondary woodlands in which fuel material is no longer gathered. Since the forest canopy and floor shrubs intercept the sunlight, the
Rhododendron produce few blooms due to the light shortage. The purpose of this paper is to ascertain the reasonable light condition or stand composition in which flowering will occur when we utilize the forest for recreational use. For the previously listed three species, experimental work and field surveys were conducted in
Quercus woods or
Pinus woods in Miki in Hyogo prefecture and in Musashi Hill in Saitama prefecture. The results are as follows: The data suggest that at least 30% relative light intensity is necessary for satisfactory flowering of
R. reticulatum, 20% in the case of
R. kaempferi, and even 40% is not adequate light for
R. macrosepalum. The flower color becomes more pale under the darker condition, and the number of blooms decreases significantly with only 5-10% reduction in the specified light levels. An anatomical survey revealed that the beginning of flower formation occurs about 1st-8th in July. Therefore, it is necessary that at least by the beginning of June we must provide the appropriate tree stand density in order to open the canopy and remove floor shrubs except the
Rhododendron.
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Shinobu YABU, Toshinori SHIGEMATU, Rikio TAKAHASHI
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
157-162
Published: March 30, 1984
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The object of our studies is to estabulish the ecological management practices of
Erythronium japonicum (one of the most beautiful spring ephemeral plants) population to improve and maintain visually attractive floorscape in recreational forest. The effects of soil and light condition, and competitive plants on the development of
Erythronium population were serveyed for some characteristics (density, number of flower, biomass, leaf area).
Results are as follows.
1) Population growth was more vigorous in the valley with physically good soils than on the ridge.
2) And its growth was greatly enlarged under the light condition. Consequently the most excellent habitat is decidious broadleaved stand that allowed the sufficient light to filter to the ground in the spring. On the other hand, development of evergreen shrub layer encouraged without weeding is obviously disadvantageous to
Erythronium.
3) Minimum RLI (relative light intensity) of the spring which needed for survival of this plant was 5-7%. To keep number of
Erythronium flowers over 900 per 100 m
2 providing an attractive appearance, RLI of 40-50% and about 10% were required in the spring and summer respectively.
4) Moreover, the weeding in summer by biennial or annual cycling was necessary for restraint of competitive plants.
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Kee-cheol LEE, Rei ITOGA, Masanori SANO
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
163-168
Published: March 30, 1984
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As a result of urbanization in TUKUBA Academic Town, most of farm forests in which much
Pinus densiflora exist, have been altered for various purposes.
The major objective of this report is to clear the methods of utilization and maintenance of existing forests in parks. Based on investigation and analysis of soil condition, actual condition of maitenance and tree condition in forests, farm forests could be classified into 5 types. These are naked type, grassplot type, herb type, underwood type, natural tyze.
In naked type, the degree of hardness of the soil is more than 25mm, whereas in underwood type and natural type, it is less than 15mm. The frequency of herb coverness is less than 50% in the undergrowth in which the relative intensity of illumination is less than 10%. However the frequency of herb coverness in the natural type is increased by covered under ground. Therefore, it is possible that the intensity of illumination in the forest have changed due to he existence of underplots, the condition of the edge of the forests, wideness of forests and height of trees as well as horizontal frequency of coverness.
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Noboru KURAMOTO, Nobutsune SONE
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
169-174
Published: March 30, 1984
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A study has been made of the retreat of Kummerovio-Asteretum Kantoensis and Artemisio-Potentilletum chinensis in the floodplain vegetation of the River Tama, preservation of which is considered necessary, by comparison of the vegetation maps prepared in 1976 and 1983.
1) The area of the former decreased from 13.3 ha to 2.2 ha and the area of the latter, 13.3 ha to 9.3 ha.
2) The former was distributed in the area between 31.8km and 57.0km from the river-mouth in 1976, but its distribution diminished to the area between 34.2km and 54.8km in 1983. The distribution of the latter was reduced from the area between 19.2km and 55.2km from the river-mouth, to the area between 19.4km to 53.4km.
3) Close observation revealed that both had suffered great changes. As the vegetation on the river is liable to change in time and space, it has become apparent that they can hardly be preserved in small protected zones.
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Keiji SAKAMOTO, Tatsuaki KOBAYASHI, Zenichi IKEUCHI
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
175-180
Published: March 30, 1984
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The structure of the forest surrounding Shimogamo Shrine in Kyoto was studied. The investigated forest is located in the off-limit area.
This forest is mixed with evergreen trees and deciduous trees. In the overstory,
Castanopsis cuspidata, Cinnamomum Camphora, and
Aphananthe. aspera was dominant. The understory trees, saplings, and seedlings of evergreen species, except for the planted species, occurred with high density and high dominance below the closed canopy and the gap of canopy, and at the edge. That suggests stable recruitment of their populations. However, the understory trees; saplings, and seedlings of deciduous species, including pioneer species, occurred below the gap and at the edge, but scarcely did below the closed canopy.
From these results, modes of the regeneration of each species in this forest were considered. And the following prbblems as an urban forest were considered; first the decrease in dominance of
Aphananthe aspera, Celtis sinensis, and
Zelkova serrata, second the increase in dominance of
Cinnamomum Camphora, which was planted, and third the multiplication of
Trachycarpus sp. and
Aucuba japonica.
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Toru NAKAMURA, Hideki ISHII, Takao YAMADA, Reiichi AMEMIYA
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
181-186
Published: March 30, 1984
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In order to use as basal materials for vegetation management, an investigation was carried out in Nagaoka Public Skiing Area, Niigata Prefecture, Central Japan. By the survey, five vegetation units were classified in the ground. The vegetation was closely related to the soils which were formed by various human impacts such as mowing and bulldozing. Based on the above results, a proper managements on the grassland vegetations on skiing area was suggested.
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Masafumi SHIMADA
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
187-192
Published: March 30, 1984
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It is important to be concerned of Insects reards to planning in parks and open spaces of the urban area. Results from bait-trap researches about insects in the park of Tokyo are as follows;
1) Catched insects in bait-trap were 15 species, and most of them were Zoosaprophage insects.
2) Environmental conditions in the park which are planting, maintenance and use, affect to inhabitants of some species.
3) It is suitable to plant with high density and to aboid unnecessary human works for inhabitants of insects.
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Thoru HORI, Eijiro FUJII, Toshihiko ANBIRU, Jiro ASANO
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
193-198
Published: March 30, 1984
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The eye fixation patterns inspecting the solitary and the linear plantings consisting of two, three, and four individuals of
Biota orientalis ENDL.(
Bi), and those of
Chamaecyparis obtusa ENDL. var.
breviramea MAST.(
Ch) are compared using an ophthalmograph. There are characteristic eye fixation patterns peculiar to the solitary, and the linear plantings in the both species, and the two individuals' linear planting of
Ch has the peculiar patterns to the linear plantings, but not of
Bi. It needs at least three individuals to get the patterns in case of Bi.
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Eijiro FUJII, Hideo KIYOTA, Toshihiko ANBIRU, Jiro ASANO
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
199-204
Published: March 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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We compared the seasonal changes of the distribution and the movement of the eye fixations inspecting solitary trees of
Zelkova serrate Makino and
Aesculus hippocastanum L. using the ophthalmograph (eye mark recorder of IV type by NAC Co. Ltd.). The eye fixations to the
Zelkova serrata distribute mainly on and along the stem through the green, autumnal-tinted, and deciduous seasons. Contrarily, the eye fixations to the
Aesculus hippocastanum don't concentrate on and along the stem so much as the
Zelkova serrata, especially in the autumnal-tinted season. Analyzing the movements of eye fixations, we divided the eye fixation movements from A to B into the four types, i.e. the horizontal-foveal, the horizontal-peripheral, the vertical-foveal, and the vertical-peripheral. The horizontal and the vertical are divided at 45 degrees, and the foveal and the peripheral are the movement from A to B within the foveal vision at A and to the peripheral vision at A, respectively. The
Zelkova serrata has more horizontal-foveal movements and less horizontal-peripheral than the
Aesculus hippocastanum in the green season. The
Zelkova serrata is characterized by the movements along the edge of the crown, and on and along the stem in the autumnal-tinted season, and the
Aesculus hippocastanum by the oblique movements connecting the edge of the crown and the points in the crown. The
Zelkova serrata has mostly the vertical movements on and along the stem in the deciduous season, and the
Aesculus hippocastanum the oblique movements connecting the branches and the stem. The reason for these differences between the two trees would be the textural differences of the crowns, because the shapes of the two are mostly same. The
Zelkova serrata has quite many twigs with relatively small leaves, and the texture of crown is fine and homogeneous. Contrarily, the
Aesculus hippocastanum has relatively sparse and big branches with large and characteristic leaves, and the texture is coarse and heterogeneous. Therefore, the stem is the most attractive in the
Zelkova serrata, and contrarily there are many attractive points in the crown besides the stem in the
Aesculus hippocastanum.
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Hisayuki MAENAKA
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
205-210
Published: March 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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The man-hour unit is suitable for treating the recreational impact quantitatively upon turf or amenity grassland. But it consumes a lot of time and humanpower to count them. On the other hand, the number of staying visitors on the site can be counted very easily. In this study the relationship between the number of staying visitors and the total visitorshour were investigated based on 32 field surveys for the convenient estimation of recreational impact.
The theoretical consideration revealed the relation as follows:
T=D·R·V=A·V
in which T is the total visitors-hour at a given day, D, the mean residence time, . R, the turnover rate, V, the maximum number of staying visitors of the day, and A, the mean
The measured value of the mean appearance time varies with the size of the service area of the site. It takes the value 7.0-8.9 in residential areas, 6.2-7.0 in the Yodogawa riverbed park, 5.4-6.4 in comprehensive parks, and 4.2-5.0 in suburban areas. We can estimate the total visitors-hour on a given site by multiplying the number of staying visitors times this coefficient. appearance time.
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Masaaki KISHIZUKA, Koreaki KUMAGAI, Tadashi KANAI
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
211-216
Published: March 30, 1984
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This study intends to develop a method of numerical calculation for footpath alignments which conform with the behaviour of unrestricted walking. For this purpose, an attempt was made first to derive a geometrical simulation model of circular curve from the estimates of pedestrian movement patterns between two given points; and then this geometric model was converted into a form of equation no.4. Thereafter, some computer programs were prepared to solve simultaneous equations consisting of Eq. 4 and the human-scalecurvature equation no. 1 which was reported earlier by the auther. These simultaneous equations were then tested with a set of predetermined data. As a result of the comparison of the outputs derived through running the programs under various conditions, it appears that the program has been developed as a prototype model being capable to provide numerical values, the accuracy of which correspond to that of the surveying-instruments used for setting an actual curve.
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Yoshihiro NAGAMATSU
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
217-221
Published: March 30, 1984
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The author investigated the outdoor activities of those who can't see at all. Compared with the almost blind and weak-&ighted persons, the complete blind have less area and time for their activities, and have.a few kinds of outdoor plays. Among the complete blind, especially the blind by birth and blind women have this tendency. The things which prevent the blind from playing outside are as follows:
a) few playmates;
b) the danger of traffic accidents;
c) the danger of coming against obstacles; etc.
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Hikoe SHIRAI, Kazuo SAITO, Toshiko KIDO
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
222-227
Published: March 30, 1984
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Campus design basic data was obtained by questionaires given to Chiba University's professors, students and residence living nearby. The differences of opinions was then studied and compared. The results showed that professors and students generally disliked the campus overall design and would like to see some changes. The residence desired more access to the university facilities.
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Hiroyuki YASUJIMA, Keisuke KUMAGAI
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
228-233
Published: March 30, 1984
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The structures erected in the natural landscape area must be concealed from view and harmonized with topography. Then location matching topography is important planning in early time.
This study finds:
1) Topographic elements which is effective for zoning are abstracted.
2) Location types of structures are abstructed and examined by landscape harmonization.
3) We derived the values of threshold relating to scale ratio and proportion of silhouette.
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Seung-hwan KIM, Rei ITOGA
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
234-239
Published: March 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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In this report, the process of the changes of natural environment was divided into 2 stages, and the course of the policy planning for natural environmental destruction was categorized in 3 steps. To obtain sustainable use, this report recognized the structure of the natural conservation as following two systems, namely (1) the Nature Preservation Movement, and (2) the structure of policy and law about the conservation. For the promotion of the Nature Preservation Movement, the traditional view of nature of our ancestors has to be considered and to make more chance to associate with nature. For this, it is necessary to set up as distinguished from nature preservation and environmental conservation. In spite of existing laws, much distruction occurs on the process of national pand development by the government as compared to the damage brought about by ordinary people. Thus, it is necessary that the restriction system of law and administration should be reinforced on the development project of the government.
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Rei ITOGA
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
240-245
Published: March 30, 1984
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Kaoru SAITO
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
246-251
Published: March 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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The photograph experiment of landscape evaluation is widely practiced nowadays, but there are relatively little evidence for the validity df such use of photographic presentation. The purpose of this research is to make clear the limitation of such method especially on difference between a monochrome and a color photo, and to verify Shafer's Landscape Preference Model. The following results obtained.
1) Microcomputer assisted landscpe photograph measuaring system was made.
2) My experiments for verification of Shafer's Model have made it clear that this model cannot be applied to the natural landscapes in Japan without modification.
3) The response to a color photo have more variance than those to a monochrome.
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Yoichi KUMAGAI, Tetsuo YANASE
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
252-257
Published: March 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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For effective landscape assessment rsults of landscape evaluation should be link with planning/design process. The Landscape Evaluation System consists of evaluation items and evaluation factors were proposed. These items and factors are adapted to planning lebel and landscape types. The validity of the system was verified through psychological evaluation experiment using some landscape simulation sample. And the relation of evaluation subjects, evaluation objects and evaluation scales were investigated by three mode factor analysis method.
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Masaaki YUI, Hiroshi ISHII
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
258-263
Published: March 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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In this paper, the authors are tried to systematic classification of Japanese national forest by landscape and conservation or scenic beauty forest in view of natural and social conditions and we may classify them into three groups as of the cultural, recrational and city forest. We are progressing the way of finding the suitable for forest of three groups above mentions in national forest. After the field survey of above works, we pointed to the guiding principle in designation and arrangment of scenic beauty forest.
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Hiromi TAWARA
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
264-269
Published: March 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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1. 99 central parks wers selected out of those in 46 prefectural capital cities and 26 major cities with a population of over 300, 000.(a) The beginnings of the cities, (b) the origin of the parks, (c) the dates of their establishment and (d) their size are respectively classified into four categories as in Table (1).
2. The results of the analysis of the data in Table (1) are as follows.
(1) 39 out of 99 parks originate in historical castle sites. Especially, in Shikoku, Kyushu and Tohoku, most of the parks are classified as castle parks.
(2) In Kanto, most of parks have not large size. It is mainly caused that most of the cities in that area used to be a post town and they did not have enough open space suitable for park development, because post towns came into being along old highways.
(3) In Hokkaido, most of the cities were founded in modern times and, accordingly, their parks were laid out on modern city planning. Therefore, these cases in Hokkaido are considered very unique in Japanese major cities.
(4) In short, most central parks of the major cities in Japan reflect old feudal city structure, excepting those in Hokkaido.
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Shoichiro ASAKAWA, Mikio SUZUKI, Akihiro KOBAYASHI
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
270-275
Published: March 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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This study attempts to analyze the value of green-space landscapes as the symbolic landscape in urban regions and also attempts to discuss the landscape types in urban locations. Symbolic places were suggested by the sampled dwellers (kindergartners and teachers of primary and secondary schools) in 32 cities of Hokkaido from a mailed question naire survey. The main landscape elements which are the characteristic of Hokkaido cities are as follows;(1) Renown parks in densily inhabited districts (DIDs) and their surroundings, (2) Artificial landscape elements which express important industrial functions in DIDs and their surroundings, (3) Typical natural landscape elements in the respective areas. The main “beautifull” landscape elements are as follows;(1) Renown parks in DIDs and their surro undings, (2) Many renown natural landscape elements involving mountains, hills, rivers, lakes and seashores which exist in the surroundings and remote areas. The types of landscape elements remain differently according to the geographical location of the cities and more than a few landscape elements were selected from DIDs and their outside areas. As a whole, the results have shown that green-space landscape elements may have great value as symbolic landscape elements in urban regions. Regarding these results, we can ascertain that when planning urban green-spaces, it is of paramount importance to conserve the green-spaces and similar areas. Also it remains important to discover those resources existing within potential landscapes.
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Yoshiyuki YAMADA, Sadatoshi TABATA
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
276-281
Published: March 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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Natural elements in the consciousness and playing habit of different age groups. In order to learn about the preservation of close-to-the-door natural elements and their use focused on the relationship between people and these elements. Mean of the investigation was a questionnaire concerning the overall condition of three different regions. The following tendencies could be figured out:(1) Difference in the knowledge about animals and plants has relation to the quality of school education.(2) The ways of playing with natural elements using for instance trees, grasses, flowers are numerous. Comparing the ages of persons involved we found that after the age of 30 these forms to play lend to be rather simplified.
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Jun HIROWAKI, Sadatoshi TABATA
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
282-287
Published: March 30, 1984
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The main part of the research contents a survey as well as an analysis of 3 area which differ in terms of natural conditions and stage of urbanization. In focus were natural open space with symbolic values situated in close connection to the living environment, to be typical for these areas. As a result, (1) A difference could be found in the consciousness of residents about, and their use of those open spaces responding to the special characteristics of each area.(2) Considering playing as a use it becames obvious that the knowledge about these symbolic landscape elements is a very important factor.
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Tadashi KUBO, Kenichi MIYAZAKI, Daishu ABE, Isao NAKASE, Akiharu KAMIH ...
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
288-293
Published: March 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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This study intends to discuss the direction of park planning at neighborhood in great city, Osaka based on human behavioral approach. 4 parks were choosen as representative of 4 elementary school districts where differenciate the land use type. Resident's cognition to frequencies of utilization, total images, conditions of inside and outside, purpose and feeling of satisfaction of parks were investigated by interview survey. As the results, inside and outside conditions of the park affect to the resident's cognitions fortotal images, and the purposes and feeling of satisfaction toward the park. And it was pointed out to organize the network system of parks for increasing the comfort of surrounding condition of them based on relationship with land use characteristics of the districts. Moreover, it is very important to create the potentials for active uses for resident's health keeping and control.
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Tadashi KUBO, Akiharu KAMIHOGI, Daishu ABE, Isao NAKASE, Yasunori ITO
1984 Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages
294-299
Published: March 30, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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This study intends to grasp people's cognition of landscape changes in time perspective based on human behavioral approach as basic discussion of landscape palnning and design at low rise housing area. As a case study site, Niwashirodai town house at Senboku New Town, Osaka was chosen and we tried to assess the consciousness of resident and non-resident for landscape change in time perspective of the site by the questionnaire. The questionnaire for residents is composed by 10 items to check the change of image for total landscape and environment at the site in time perspective. And also the questionnaire for non-residents is composed by 10 pair's of sample photpgraphs (1975 and 1982) and 18 pair' s of semantic vocabularies. The study produced the following findings:
1) It was found that quantitative increasing of green elements on common space are concerning with the changes of resident's image for total environment.
2) From the interdependence with cognition of landscape changes and quantitative chages of physical landscape elements, it was clarified that quantitative increasing of green elements are concerned with the cognition of semantic meaning for landscape changes as order, diversity, nature.
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