This visual-psychological experimental study was done by means of the sheet for evaluation which consisted of 30 pairs of antonym adjectives. The subjects were 30 university students and they evaluated 35 color slides which were made up of 10 famaous Japanese gardens, and each of 5 gardens in Britain, Italy, Spain, China and France (Fig. 1).
In conclusion four factors were found in the evaluation of garden landscape:(1) emotional evaluation of amenity, (2) feeling of enclosure, (3) naturalness, and (4) feeling of gayness-desolateness.

View full abstract

As one of the fundamental study about the method of shaping the environment suitable for snow-watching, the image of snow-scape in Japanese classical poem “Waka” was reserched as follows:
1. Two texts of “Waka” collection, “Gyokuyô-shû” and “Fuga-shu” arranged in the middle ages of Japan were selected for the analysis of snow-scape.
2. The images of snow-scape as phenomenon abstracted by the analysis were divided into 9 large groups and 55 small types.
3. The 9 groups were named as showing next,
(1) SNOW falling in the air
(3) SNOW covering a little
(5) SNOW falling and covering on ground
(7) brightness and color of SNOW
(9) SNOW melting and disappearing
(2) SNOW just falling on something
(4) SNOW falling on tree or bamboo
(6) SNOW falling on waterside
(8) SNOW changing to ice
4. As a result, many valuable images were chosen and it was found that some of these images indicate the principle of composing the objects for snow-watching.

View full abstract

The original pattern of residential lot subdivision in the historic urban area has been maintained without major changes of its typology even through frequent transactions of land property in the early stage of the modern age. The changes recognized in the space composition of each residential unit in the prewar decades took mostly the form of filling up the open spaces with houses for rent in the rear part of the lot keeping the unit of land ownership undivided. Although broken into small pieces of “niwa”(yard or garden) spase and small alleys, the residential open spaces would still be maintained as a key element of the spase composition of each unit. However, the tradings of land property in the postwar decades, particularly those with subdivision of the former rented house lot and merger of multiple lots chiefly by corporate organizations as well, have generated the condition which led to the typological changes of the open spase in its spatial meaning through the process of individual space renewal in the later years. It is the change of the open spase that has spatial meaning of not the compositional character in the space structure built in the traditional setting, but the mere residual spase left around a single building unit with the function of utility space at most.

View full abstract

We studied the Kyunamchi, a palatial garden pond in puyo, Korea through historical materials and a survey. The garden is said to have been constructed in 634 according to the description of Sangokushiki, and in fact the pond and its island in the paddy field give an image of the garden. We studied the way of introducing water from a river to the pond through the description of the Sangokushiki, and analyzed the area around the pond by actual surveying, and inferred the original shape of the pond.

View full abstract

Following Yellowstone, Mackinac national park was established in 1875 on Mackinac Island in northern Michigan. This park did not possess natural wonders as found in Yellowstone or Yosemite, but played very importand role in the development of national parks in the United States.
First of all, the park was put under the control of the Secretary of War, and the Army managed the area very well in spite of the lack of sufficient fund in contrast to other national parks. For this reason, the Army was asked to manage Yellowstone and three other parks in California until National Park Service was organized in 1916. Secondly, because of easy access and abundant accommodation, many people could visit this park. This kept the Army extremely busy, but as a consequence, various management methods were tried out and examined while they were struggling with various problems. Among them, the regulation of concessionaires seems important. In addition, it should be noted that the Fort itself was preserves as a kind of historic site and that visitors recognized the view of soldiers at the Fort were quite satisfying attraction of the park.
At the same time, the history of this park tells us how national parks were perceived at that time. It is clear that this national park was not created for the conservation of outstanding natural environment, but for the interest and benefit of local people. Of course there existed a few farsighted people, but the fact that early parks could not receive any fund to manage indicates lack of strong interest in the conservation and understanding of the national park idea. The national park idea seems to be developed gradually with the increase of the number and areas, and managemental technics.

View full abstract

Fundamental Literatural Sources about Japanese Origin are NIHON·ESYOKI (720), KOJIKI (712), FUDOKI (713).Especially NIHON·ESYOKI is best among them, but it is not catching back ground of Japanese Landscape Gardening idea and it depend on only Oriental side. Namely SYNDEN·EZUKURI Garden is best unique, excepting of CHA·ENIW A Garden in Japan.

View full abstract

Old pictures are sometimes used as references to tell the past vegetation. But it is not easy to show the accuracy of the depictions in most cases.
Comparative and analytical studies were done to show the vegetation in the Bunka era (1804-1818 A. D.) mainly through“Karakuichiranzu”, a colourful view picture of Kyoto published in 1808.
The results suggest that the vegetation of the mountainous area around Kyoto in the early Bunka era was largely different from today: low vegetation was so common on the area that there were wide areas with no or few forests, and forests were generally small there.

View full abstract

Shorenin Temple was built about 900 years ago in Kyoto. But it was often changed by fire and removal. We can trace the change of the garden and the buildings by studying “Monyoki” and “Kacho-yoryaku” which are old documents of Shorenin. Four drowings are contained in them.
Fig. 2 which was drawn in the 13 th century shows that the garden and the buildings were in the Shinden?zukuri style of Heian period. Fig. 3 in 14 th century shows that the garden was small and made near the main palace. And Fig. 4 in 19 th century shows that the buildings were made in the Shoin?zukuri style and there were four ponds in Edo period. One of them remains near the Kogosho palace at present.

View full abstract

The notions for scenic beauty in the Yamato district have grown to construct the Kashihara shrine. The necessity of scenic beauty is succeeded to the Shokon shrine dedicated to the sprits of war dead.
The land attached to the Shokon shrine gave to public garden the important formation of scenery. Under government direction public garden was authorized to include in precinct with senic beauty.
But the development to the Yasukuni shrine from the Shokon shrine was formed to draw a clear line for senery between public garden and precinct by the administrative measure, and the construction of the Meiji shrine established to carry out the scenic area in the Town Planning and Zonning Act.

View full abstract

HARA Tomitaro was a great businessman in Yokohama from the middle Meiji period to the early Showa period. He made Sankei-en garden at San-no-tani, Hommoku in the suburbs of Yokhama. He had a thought that natural beautiful scenery was public properties even if the land was owned privately. And he opened the outer garden of Sankeien to the public on the basis of his thought. His idea about gardens was harmony with nature. In Sankei-en he made good use of the land features and views and moved some old buildings from various parts of the country. The design which got rid of symbolism or miniaturization was more similar to that of landscape gardens in Europe than that of traditional Japanese gardens. And yet it was not a copy of the European ones but a fine work as a Japanese landscape garden.

View full abstract

This study reflects on the settling of Western people in Japan as a result of the expansion of capitalism in the late 19 th Century and its effect on Japanese society from the perspective of landscape architecture. It does this by looking at the urban parks constructed by the Westerners in their settlements: Higashi Yuenchi Park in Kobe, and Yokohama Park in Yokohama. This study found that Higashi Yuenchi Park had been establish ed by the foreigners themselves without any help from the Japanese. The design was based directly on their own desire for a park. As a result of this design, Higashi Yuenchi Park became isolated from Japanese society in spite of being so close to Japanese society, and in spite of the strong desire of the Japanese society at that time to westernise itself. Therefore HigashiYuenchi Park can be called a' dissimilated space' in a Meiji Era Japanese city.

View full abstract

Sonobe Park was set up in 1897 and enlarged in 1906. Originally its area was a national forest. The establishment of the park was connected with the economic development in Sonobe which was expected by road improvements between Kyoto and Miyazu, finished in 1889 and the opening of railway between Kyoto and Sonobe, completed in 1899. The demand to set up a public park broke up in 1896 when the constraction of the railway was started. We can understand that setting up a park was one of the indispensable elements as a means to attract tourists and as a prestige of the district, where had public institutions, e.g., a district office, a courthouse and so on.

View full abstract

The Author revealed historical developments of park design in Japan from the middle of Meiji to the early Showa, when Tokyo had been reconstructed after the Earthquake. There had been two lines of park design, one had developed among the national projects, and the other among the city planning. And the oringin of some important design methods which were derived from the West was made clear.

View full abstract

The history of urban parks in the twenty-three wards of Tokyo was studied on a quantitative basis. The first five parks were opened in 1873, while the famous Hibiya Park was opened in 1903. There were only a few other parks occupying small areas until the end of Taisho Era, and the distribution of parks in Tokyo was limited in the old city of Tokyo with just a few exceptions during that time.
The distribution expanded to the new city of Tokyo during the first two decades of the Showa Era, although the area occupied by the parks in the new city was distinctively smaller in the old city until World War II. After World War II, the superintendency of Hamarikyu Garden was transfered to the Tokyo Metropolis and it was opened to public. Moreover many new parks were opened. The increasing rate of park development was highest in the years up to the Tokyo Olympic Games. The difference in the number and area of parks between the old city and the new city almost disappeared during this period. The rate of park development then increased with the repeated 5-year Park Development Plans. However, the number of new parks being opened has been decreasing in recent years, something which may be due to the tremendous rise in land prices.
Occupied by park per person decreased during the Meiji Era, since only a few parks were developed after the first 5 parks were completed, while the population was increasing. This symptom is clear in the old city. However, the area occupied by parks increased at a higher ratio than the population after World War II in every ward, although the rate of increase has been dropping in recent years.

View full abstract

This study aims to develop a System for management of facilities in large parks, like“NATIONAL GOVERNMENT PARK”. There are many facilities in such parks and the jobs of park's management are so complex, so it has been desired that some EDP system aids to manage the jobs. But it's so difficult to develop such a system by the way of past. We used the Hyper Media to develop the system. Hyper Media was designed to be a useful set of tools that we could use to create our own custom programs. Hyper Media can organize these programs into a Large system. It features user-friendly interface and multimedia presentataion to create Paint and Draw graphics, enter text, play sounds, cycle colors, animate objects. These properties are useful for development our system.

View full abstract

The author attempted to specify the color of the gravel materials for landscaping in objective and easy to understand form.
13 items of the gravel materials were taken as the samples for colorimetry, and the items were classified into 1) the natural gravels which were sorted according to colors and those which were not sorted, 2) the crushed stones of one color and those of mixed colors. The grain size of every item was made uniform.
As for 100 stone grains of each item in natural dry condition, the surface color was mesured one by one with a colorimeter of measured diameter 3mm, and the colors were represented mainly with the table of the mean values of Yxy (table 3) and the graph of color distribution using the numeri-cal values of HVC (fig.1-7).

View full abstract

Polytrichum formosum HEDW. was colonal-propagated on the propagation beds and produced moss sod (Harigoke). Fresh cut leaves and stems set on the beds within several soils; valcanic ash red soil, weathred granaite soil (Kira-soil), and the soils mixed perlite Ml, perlite M3 or crushed limestone with Kira soil. The regeneration from leaves and stems were the best on the soil mixed 70% Kira-soil and 30% perlite M3. Seven months after leaves and stems were set, the number of P.formosum stems were 4.5/cm² on this mixed soil and plant coverage was 90%.

View full abstract

It is observed that frost pillars show different growing rates according to soil types and densities. The study was carried out to clarify this cause of the difference in the growing rates. Two types of masa soil (decomposed granite soils) and Kanto loam, each with two levels of density, were prepared, and the physical properties such as the heatconductivity, the specific surface and the pore distribution were investigated as a possible cause of the difference.
The results obtained are summarized as follows;
1. Frost pillars grow in lower height on the masa soil 1 than the masa soil 2, and this soil than Kanto loam.
2. Frost pillars grow less on the soil with higher density.
3. On the soil of a higher heat conductivity, frost pillars begin to grow later.
4. The soil, of the less specific surface and small pores, has frozen rather soon and the frost pillars stop to grow sooner.
5. The soil with a higher density has a higher heat conductivity and less water available.

View full abstract

When we open newtowns or roads in hilly areas, revegetation as slope protection is necessary after cut and fill. Reforestation is better than covering with grass from the viewpoint of resisting erosion and restoring the native landscape. However, we can never plant big trees on steep slopes, and it takes long times for young tree growth. So stem cuttings seems to be suitable, if it would be possible. In the previous articles, we made it clear that several broad-leaved evergreen trees showed a considerable rooting by the treatment with β3-Indolebutyric acid (IBA) 2000ppm solution, even with 16-18cm stem girth. And comparatively dry condition brought better results than shading or frequent watering.The additional experimental research was conducted with different size of Camellia japonica, Ilex crenata and Quercus glauca, in 1988.
The results were as follows: Every stem height (25, 50 and 100cm above the earth) cuttings of Camellia japonica sprouted shoots at 95.8 % by early July (after 118 days since beginning). In the case Ilex crenata, the shorter stem showed the better sprouting such as 100.0, 58.3 and 33.3% respectively, and this brought similar results on life or death by summer end. Quercus glauca had only a few sprouting (24.3%) even with 50cm height, and all died with 100 and 150cm.
In late November (after 253 days since beginning), the rooting results were observed. Camellia japonica and Ilex crenata showed respectively 70.8%, 87.5% rooting ratio with 25cm stem height. Half the number of both species developed roots also with 50cm stem height, and moreover, the former species showed nearly same rooting ratio with 100cm stem height. However, Quercus glauca brought poor results such as 27.0% even with 50cm stem height. In the previous experiment, we observed good rooting of Quercus glauca with 30cm stem height. Therefore, it is judged that we should control the stem height within 25 or 30cm when we expect satisfactory results in cuttings. Incidentally, Quercus glauca, Camellia japonica and Ilex crenata showed an ability to develop sufficient roots even with such wide stem diameter as 10, 8 and 7cm respectively.

View full abstract

This study was carried out to compare with climbing type and hanging type in the wall covering area and wall covering pattern. For an experiment four adhesive climbing plants was chosen ; Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Ficous pumila, Hedera rhombea and Bignonia capreolata.
The experiment was performed in the field. The main factor are the wall coveringtypes ;(a) climbing type, (b) hanging type and the subfactor are the amount of insolations:(a) south side, (b) north side of wooden wall.
Measurement of wall photograph used PICS (picture input camera system: GT-20).
The results of experiment are as follows;(a) In the wall covering area the climbing type is better hanging type in every climbing plants.(b) In the hanging type, wall covering area of Hedera rhombea, Ficus pumila, Bignonia capreolata in order.(c) The amount of insolation is greater role in Hedera rhombea and Ficus pumila than the others.(b) In wall covering pattern per a plant, climbed plant shows a pyramidic pattern and hanged one makes a strip pattern.

View full abstract

Net photosynthesis rate (NPR) and transpiration rate (TRR) of the trees of R.umbellata (R.u.) and P. tobira (P.t.) were measured under various soil water conditions with the Portable Photosynthesis System (LI-COR Inc.) on August 25, 1989.Under the good soil water conditions (pF 1.8-1.9), R.u. showed NPR of 16-19 mgCO ₂ /dm² /hr and TRR of 3-4 gH₂0/d rdm²/hr in the daytime and P.t. showed NPR of 13-16 mgCO₂ /dm² /hr and the same TRR as R.u., and highly positive correlations were also found between NPR and TRR in both species. However, according to soil drought, NPR in the afternoon decreased rapidly and the correlation between NPR and TRR became insignificant. The response of P.t. to soil drought was slower than that of R.u. This supposes that P.t. has much tolerance of drought more than R.u. has.

View full abstract

Deciduous trees near light do not lose thier leaves until late in autumn. But, few papers are concerned in the subject of the effect of street lighting on the time of leaf fall. So we investigated the effect on 7 species of roadside trees in Tokyo metropolitan area and made an experiment on 2 species saplings. The results of this studies are as follows;the effect of the light on the leaf fall of roadside trees depends on the species. And Extent of the effect depends on dgree of the light.

View full abstract

In this study-for Chofu City, Tokyo-the flowering time of flowring trees and flowering plants growing under the same conditions was investigated; resultswere classified by flower color as well as tree or plant size and shape category. Thestudy showed that the majority of the flowering trees bloomed in May, and the flowering plants bloomed in June and August to September. The predominant color of the flowers was white for the trees and pink for the plants. The study showed in which months there are few or no flowering trees and plants' of certain colors in bloom. Flowering trees were classified by tree shape into four categories for tall trees and three categories for short trees; flowering plants were classified into four categories by plant shape and by how the flowers are attached, and into three categories by plant height. The results were summarized in tables in a form that would be useful for planning landscape gardening applications: flowering characteristics for each flower were classified by month and season, tree or plant shape and size, and flower color.

View full abstract

Germination and mowing tests were performed on Solidago virgaurea L. subsp. asiatica Kitam., with the aim of improving the aesthetic quality of a green area of wildflowers.
Germination tests were made in the laboratory under varying storage, temperature and light conditions.
Mowing tests were conducted with the plants set in a pot, and the plants were mowed at different season and at 3cm above ground.

View full abstract

(1) We investigated the semi-natural grasslands in Togakushi Plateau, Nagano Prefecture, central Japan, to obtain ecological information of vegetational management for conservation of wildflower-habitat.
(2) Survey was conducted on 66 plots which were classified into five communitiesby dominant species.
(3) The floristic compositions and biological spectra of communities were further defined by their stratification. As a result of the diagnosis of plant succession, we found out that competitive species existed in all communities. Consequently, to maintain the current seral stage, removal of competitive speices by mowing would be required.

View full abstract

Around the Agatsuma sulfur mine in Gunma Prefecture, degraded landscapes caused by smoke damages have been formed. Landform, soils and vegetation and the vegetation changing processes are surveyed and analyzed.
Degraded plant communities of Sasa and Carextypes are distributed in moderately damaged area, and patches of eroded bare grounds have been formed in heavily damaged area.
Degradation and restoration processes of degraded landscapes are similar to those of volcanic desert landscapes around the crater of Mt. KusatsuSirane, but distribution patterns of degraded lands are quite different.
The result of analysis suggests that landscape conservation treatments based on ecological evaluation are needed to minimize the appearance of man-induced land and vegetation degradation.

View full abstract

The premises forlst is considered as one of the forests which have been artificially created with the purpose of preventing disaters.
This study is to realize the wood survey, wind speed measurement and futher a simulation on the premises forest which is situated in Tsukuba city, Ibaragi Prefecture in order to make clear the preventive functions against disasters involved in general, in the premises forest.
Based on the data obtained from this study, it was clarified that the premises forest should be so cleverly selected and scatterd as to maintain nood work as well as yielding a certain fruitful result to prevent any eventual fire catch.

View full abstract

In this study we have measured the temperature difference between the inside and the outside of a small size grove in the park and analysed with relation to some meteorological elements by the means of multivariate analysis. And at the same time, the precision of the measurement of temperature at moving observation method is calculated. The result is summarised as follows.
(1) A decline of the air temperature in the grove is clear in every observations and the most cooling part appears at the rear part in the grove from the wind direction.
(2) A maximum decline value of air temperature (Δt^max) and an average decline value (Δt_av) in the grove is shown by these regression equations.
Δt^max=-0.0878X₁+0.0007X₂-0.3114X₃-0.0196X₄+4.9002
Δt^av=-0.0587X₁+0.0004X₂+01834X₃-0.0172X₄+3.6595
(X₁: air temperature, °C X₂: illumination intensity of a light saturation point, ×100 lux X₃: wind speed at 1.5m hight, m/s X₄: relative humidity, %)
(3)Δt_av value of the small size grove (500 m²) is calculated 1.1°Cand the value in the more large size grove (15, 000m²) is 2.1°Con midday and clear in summer of Tokyo.
(4) The precision of the measurement is calculated from the short time dispersion of air temperature and the result is ±0.53°C at this observation.

View full abstract

A number of old castle sites established during the medieval period and Edo Era have experienced drastic changes of their spatial composition both in and around the sites since the very beginning of Meiji Era. The inner spaces of the sites occupied chiefly by military and public structures in the early stage of the transformation accompanied by the destructions of historical remnants were converted to those with historical values after the archaeological investigation of the sites. The acquisition of the land by local government was followed by, in most cases, registrating to the designated historical site, moving out of unrelated stuctures, and partial restoring of the remnant that led to the development of the historic park on the site.

View full abstract

Interpretive programs at Golden Gate National Recreation Area, California are discussed in this paper in terms of program management, activities, techniques and objectives. Interpretation illustrates the value of park resources through various programs emphasizing lerning-by-doing and entertainmnet. It aims to provide appreciation and understanding of the park resources and management, and the skills and knowledge to enjoy the area.

View full abstract

The planning concept for recreational center sites in natural parks were examined by analysis of twenty four national vacation villages whitch were the typical core facilities in that sites.
The results are as follows.
The national vacation villeges
1) are located excessively close to natural excellent resources;
2) lack the functoin of recreational center sites;
3) are isolated from other developed facilities;
4) lack organic integration to the surrounding landscapes.

View full abstract

The aim of this article intend to establish areas for the introduction of sound and to develop pre-design conditions for the design of sound in each area, and areas for the introduction of sound were established based upon Human Behavior. Pre-design conditions for the sound were discussed from the point of view of the area-characteristics which are physical environment conditions, peoples' activities, and relationships of existing sound.

View full abstract

This study tried to examine the relation between visual field and arrangement of physical objects. Main halls of big temples in Heijo kyo, Amitabha's halls in Jodotype gardens, two famous shrines' torii-gates and worship halls, and rocks in the rock garden of Ryoanji temple were selected to measure their visual angles from main view points. Those angles were compared with visual field of man and analyzed in respect of the meaning or status of those objects and view points.
Through this analysis, some features about arrangement of physical objects were found. For example, some objects to keep their dignity are paired with the view points from where bigger visual angles are given. But at main view points, those visual angles do not exceed the maximum of angles for normal viewing. Others to keep picturesque or “the holy side” apply smaller visual angles, which are near angles suitable for gazing.

View full abstract

This study intends to find out the technique of manipulating a sensuous impression of the weather-scape (I termed the scenery with the phenomenon of weather“the weather-scape”).
Regarding space, I create a grasping model for experience of the weather-scape. It is composed of four points, (1) point of sense, (2) weather-scape setting here (five senses point field), (3) weather-scape setting there, (4) the objects of five senses.
I consider the formation of a sensuous impression. It consists of sensory cooperating, synthesizing, cutting off, falling off system. By the use of them, I examine thoroughly the technique of manipulating a sensuous impression.

View full abstract

The purpose of this study is to reproduce historic landscape with an old edition map and historical materials. The subject of this study is SETAGAYA-ku in TOKYO. The point of view for the reproducing technique consist of 3?steps.; 1) Find out the structural elements of landscape. 2) Find out the type of landscape that is combination of elements. 3) Analyze the type of landscape through collective representation. Through those steps, this study reproduce many structural elements of landscape and 18 kinds of landscape types.

View full abstract

Cette recherche se constitue pour comprendre “I'image du quartier” quivient de la conscience collective. Enraison de l'origine du nom, 67 rues nomme se groupent en quatre familles:
-Raison par la accumulation
-Raison par la disposition ou la comparaison de 1'espace
-Raison par l'endroit celebre
-Raison par la rhetorique de la forme de 1'espace
Etparallelmentl'experiencea1'espaceseclasseentredeuxtypes:
-premiere, 1'Experience visuelle de l'actualite,
-deuxieme, 1'Experience successive dans le contexte.
Il s'ensuit qu' on trouve le cadre de la sensibilite pour constituer “l'image de la quartier” qui vient de la conscience collective. Ce cadre peut etre reconnu comme la methode pour arranger et organizer le paysage dans le contexte de la composition de l'espace et de l'activite collective. Et aussi ce cadre nous perment de mettre quelques controles en construction arbitraire qu'on peut voir souvent dans la ville.

View full abstract

Developement of cities needs the conservation and creation of nature, and Musashino represents the nature of Tokyo. The aims of this study are to make clear,
(1) the substance of 'the image of Musashino' of each age, and how the image has changed,
(2) the relation of the image and the real landscape,
(3) the decisive factor when an image changes.
The results are as follows.
(1) The image has changed from‘a field of wild grasses’to‘a vast stretch of land’, and next to‘an agricultural landscape’, and today's image is‘coppice’.
(2) There is difference in appearance of the change between the image and the real landscape.
3) There is a literary work as a decisive factor when an image changes.

View full abstract

Land cover classifications using LANDSAT MSS, LANDSAT TM, SPOT HRV and COSMOS KEA1000 were carried out in the study. The categories of classification were Water, Urban, Forest and Paddy find. Firstly, the results of land cover classification were compared with check data of land cover. Secondly, the results of land cover classification using LANDSAT TM data were compared with numerical land use data.
The following results were obtained.
(1) LANDSAT TM data had the best land cover classification accuracy. The classification accurady of forest was over 90%.
(2) The results of classification using satellite data were differ from land use. Land cover classification using satellite image data is useful for investigation of environmetal and detection of greenery occupation.

View full abstract

CCG (Color Computer Graphics) aided visual simulation system is developed into a simulation-evaluation system and used in a highway landscape planning. The results are: 1. CCG-aided visual simulation is effective in the choice of landscape design among alternatives. 2. 3 D-modeling and 2 D-paint should be used together in CCG aided visual simulation. 3. It is certified that CCG realizes an unified system of visual simulation technique and visual evaluation method.

View full abstract

We investigated the thermal environmental characteristics within and above red pine canopies of varying plant densities in order to examine the amenity of the inside spaces of these canopies in parks.
In dense canopies, the air temperature in the canopy decreases by about 15% compared to that over the canopy, and wind speed decreases to 8-15 % of that at outside, due to thick foliage in the upper part of the crown and bush trees at the bottom of the canopy. Most of the solar radiation is absorbed at the upper layer of red pine foliage and its energy is not distributed uniformly inside the canopy, which makes a vertical temperature profile which is high at the upper part and low at the under part of the foliage. This deviated distribution of thermal storage seems to act as an insulation for heat transfer between the atmosphere and inside the canopy, which can provide amenity spaces under canopies in parks.
In the sparse canopies, there is a relatively high speed air flow which contributes to the turbulent mixing of mass and heat transfer in the canopy, and the temperature difference between the lower level of the canopy and the upper part of the foliage was slight.
As a result, in order to obtain amenity spaces in parks, i.e., to create comfortable spaces under the canopy, there is a need to consider the effects of plant density and canopy structre on the inside disributions of air flow and temperature, and then the scale of the canopy, as well as type of trees, and vegetation density must be thoroughly examined when plant distribution in parks are being designed.

View full abstract

The aim of this paper was to explain the relationship between Externalwall's types and colors of Buildings harmonized with natural landscape. For this purpose, we tried to evaluate on CCG (Color Computer Grahics) image.
The bollowing results were obtained
1) Color harmony of Buildings on natural landscape was under the influence of Externalwall's types and roof colors.
2) The relationship of evaluation among Building's types classed in nine was explained. From now on, the constructive system in this paper must be improved in the way of evaluative experiment on color simulater. Advising of this paper supplied to fundamental rule of color planning of Buildings harm onized with natural landscape.

View full abstract

This study intends to develop the street planting models by photomontage method using the landscape simulation system and try the cognitive evaluation to the models to compare their potentials and effects for the streetscape.
7 planting patterns and 21 models which are composed tall trees, medium trees, lower trees and ground cover plants were simulated on the foot path, 5m depths.
And the cognitive evaluation which were designated by 15 semantic words was tried to compare and discuss their comfortableness, green quality and volume and spacial characteristics.

View full abstract

The aim of the study is to find the effect of evaluative index of landscape, which was extracted from the evaluative experiment on hilly residential districts.And this study was found the relationship between the evaluative index of landscape and the evaluation by the evaluative experiments on simulationimage.
The results shows,
It was recognized the dominant effect of HOUSING SCALE on evaluation.Paticulary, middle-rise housing had some good effect, and high-rise housing had some adversed effect on evaluation. On the other hand, it can be considered that there is few effect of the SKYLINE on the evaluation.

View full abstract

The purpose of this study was a proposal of the evaluation method for recreational use of reservoir based on the conservative-utilized potential. It was investigated as the casestudy of the reservoir locate in Osakasayama City.
Data of reservoir's existing condition were collected by using the reservoir data file of Osakasayama City and field survey.
Using these data, the conservative potential was evaluated from the aspect of vegetation along the reservoirs, quality of water and landscape value of reservoir. On the other hand, utilized potential was evaluated from the aspect of reservoir's irrigational function, demands and possibilities for recreational use of reservoir.

View full abstract

From devastations of woods and forests in urban areas and increasing of holidays and weekend free times of the citizens, people would like to go out to suburban woodlands and natural landscape areas for their outdoor recreation activities. In the early stage of the planning process of recreational woods, the planners have to consider the following three important problems: site selections, site dimension and distribution of recreation facilities in the forest area. In the next planning stage of recreation woods, we must also check more precisely recreational properties and attractiveness of the forests, recreational carrying capacity and the placement of recreation equipments in the forests.

View full abstract

The object of this study is to analyze the recreational functions which urban dwellers desire in suburban forests in a quasi-national park which has high quality of nature.
A questionnaire was conducted and analyzed about the forest recreational uses in Mt. Thukuba quasi-national park. The structure of visitors' satisfaction in Mt. Thukuba became clear for each recreational activity.
For example, on mountaineer group, the satisfaction for nature and landscape is highly correlated with the satisfied feeling in Mt. Thukuba. Besides the satisfaction for nature has high correlation with beech (Fagus crenata) forest and the satisfaction for landscape has high correlation with landscape in forest. Therefore it will be the key for increasing the satisfaction of mountaineers to heighten the quality of nature which beech forest has and landscape in forest.

View full abstract

An adventure playground is distinct from a common children's park being a place where children are permitted and encouraged to build their own play environment under adult supervision. The Hanegi Playpark is the first adventure playground in Japan. Children playing in it were interviewed. The results show that they are very busy studying, but in their free time they often play at home and in children's parks. Furthermore the results show that the games which they like and those they are allowed to play are not the same. They come to the adventure playground because they like the elements of nature present (animals, trees, earth, fire) and because they like using the play equipment in it very much.

View full abstract

There is a great need of the cemetery by the densely inhabitant to the city, the increase of the nuclear family and the aging society in Japan. Then it needs an area of about 4000ha for the cemetery from 1985 to 2000. From a viewpoint of a folklore, the cemetery has to be a permanent residence. But the people who service to the memory of the ancestor are on the decrease by the change of an industrial structure, a moving of the population, a change of the lifestyle, a change to the nuclear family, increasing of single family. So the grave changes to be liquidity, neglected, individual. The cemetery will be a very important factor for the structure of the community.

View full abstract

We analyzed the quantity of alpha rhythm of subjects immediately after inspecting the potted plants of Pelargonium and Begonia with and without flowers, and a pot without plant and cylinder similar to the pot as a comparison. The quantity of alpha rhythm is the most in case of the flowered plants of both species, and the quantity in case of unflowered plants is less than flowered plants, but keep constant values as the flowered plants. Comparing the quantity of alpha rhythm of each subject between flowered and unflowered plants, the results are stable in case of Pelargonium but not in Begonia. The subjects with more alpha in the flowered Pelargonium than unflowered are mostly male, and contrarily the subjects with more alpha in the unflowered plant are mostly female. Then we compared the alpha frequency of each subject between flowered and unflowered plants. The result, most of subjects are not stable in alpha frequency in case of Pelargonium. On the other hand, the subjects with higher frequency in the flowered Begonia are more than in the unflowered. Therefore the subjects, who show a tendency to be stable in Begonia, are more than in Pelargonium. On the first stimulus, most of subjects tend to have higher frequency in the flowered plants than in the unflowered. We think the flowered plants stimulate most of subjects to have high frequency.

View full abstract

Vocabulary of Koaza and Kona-Japanese little place names-express essential cognition of direction system. We analyse this vocabulary using database and boundary line maps of Koaza. As a result,
1. Places are differentiated each other according to lexes of direction, by the way of part referent, outside referent, dual comparison referent, and inside referent.
2. Criteria of direction system are spatial orientation, vertical direction, stream direction, focus direction, bodily direction, formdirection, part of landform, inside and outside distance, sunlight direction, and division of landform.
3. In a settlement, direction sysytem was recognized by combination of such criteria.

View full abstract