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Kunihiro SASAKI
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
1-6
Published: March 31, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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Les premières choses construites par Louis XIV à Versailles furent le jardin et le parc, sur lesquels it organisa les fêtes, illusions de l'absolutismequ'il voulut réaliser. Puis il commenca à agrandir le château et à construire la ville Quand la cour s'installa à Versailles en 1682, sa volonté fut réalisée. En ce qui concerne le jardin et le parc, ils représantaient la scène des illusions de Louis XIV.À mesure que sa volonté se réalisait, leur image devint concrète par les décorations, et finalement il devint plus important de montrer leurs structures, symboles de l'absolutisme. C'est ainsi que le sens du jardin et du parc changea.
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Hiroshi MARUYAMA
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
7-12
Published: March 31, 1983
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Maruyama park was realized in process of dismantling above-mentioned precincts. But the area of it was rambling and split into three parts. It shows that the landownership condition was very complicated. The legislation of public parks started in 1873 by the notification of the government. Yasaka shrine's precinct, a part of Maruyama park, was proposed as a concrete example. But it was not realized. The opportunity of making the public park was the establishment of Maruyama hot spring. And the area including it was legally apointed a place of scenic beauty in 1877.
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Yozaburo SHIRAHATA
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
13-18
Published: March 31, 1983
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Makoto AKASAKA
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
19-24
Published: March 31, 1983
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Am Anfang des 19, Jhts. appelierte V ORHERR die Vereinigung der deutschen Staaten and die Landesverschönerung Deutschlands, wobei Nationalismus unter der Besetzung der ausländischen Mächte wegen des Napoleonischen Kriegs hervorging. VORHERRS Idee wurde in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jhts. von vielen hoch geschätzt. Er behauptete in seinen Abhandlungen (1807-1819), es sei möglich gewesen, die Verschönerung Deutschlands durch den Umbau der infrastruktuellen Anlagen, die Aufklärung der Landeskultuellen Siedlungen and die Belebung der Ökonomie (Landwirtschaft) mit dem Bewubtsein der deutschen Nation zu verwirklichen. Da er dachte, dab die Landesverschönerung vorwiegend vom Beherrscher od. von ihm Anerkannten geleitet werden sollte, verhielt er sich ablehnend zur spontan entstehenden Bürgerbewegung für Verschönerung. Nach der politis, chen Veränderung verkummerte die Bewegung der Landesverschonerung in Bayern.
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Makoto MOTONAKA
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
25-30
Published: March 31, 1983
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This study which is concerned with views from the Kameyama-dono Garden leads to the consequences as follows.
1. The Kameyama-dono was the Sinden-zukuri residence on account of the reconstruction study of the plan of its buildings and garden.
2. The scenery viewing outside the residence, therefore, functioned as the background of the ceremony and the feast held in the garden. And it was notintently framed up from common scenery.
3. The Kameyama-dono had the specific building ; Sajiki-dono, which was used for the feast and viewing the outside scenery.
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Goro YANAGI
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
31-36
Published: March 31, 1983
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The planting work for natural condition give useful park in park construction. The detail of planting work is consist of aboreal material, plantfittings and personal expenditure. The most important cost was an aboreal material in case of recreation ground in the foreign settlement Yokohama 1872. In Meiji period, the contract estimate for planting work was made by gardener experts. The personal expenditure was lower and not reasonable cost. After the reconstraction work of the Earthquake disaster 1923, personal expenditure raised up to 20% cost. This fact mean to level up the role of gardener.
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Satomi WATANABE, Atsushi TSUNEKAWA
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
37-42
Published: March 31, 1983
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On the curvature analysis of garden pathes and the garden type
Isoya SHINJI, Makoto SUZUKI, Zenji AOKI
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
43-48
Published: March 31, 1983
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This study is about the features in the organization of spaces and/or visual forms in traditional Japanese gardens, on basis of anarizing curves in garden pathes. The curved pathes in Japanes gardens is able to divided into curves and lines in a plan.(See Fig. 1) We measured out the average curvatures of those pathes in thirty typical Japanese gardens.
From the reration between each garden area and its average curvature, the gardens are classified three groupes as follows;(1) Kyoto-gosyo type which has picturesque landscape with many small curvature pathes, (2) Katsura-rikyu type which consists of some minor spaces with small curvature pathes, and (3) Syugakuin-rikyu type of which hole site is able to be looked at on a place with large scaled curvature pathes.
The relation between the radius (r) and the arc (1) of the average curvature is found as r=-0.42+1.921. The standard radiuses of curvature at each classes of path width are resulted as Table 2.
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Norio HIDA
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
49-54
Published: March 31, 1983
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There are at least thirty kinds of old gardening's books in Japan. The present writer shows these books in this study. Sakuteiki which was written at the Heian or Kamakura period is the oldest of all the books. Sagaryu Teikoho Hiden-no-Sho, written at the Muromachi period, has many different copies and influence on the books of the Edo period. At the Edo period Tukiyama Kongen-Sho its original opinion against Sagaru Teikoho Hiden-no-sho. But Tukiyama Teizo-Den, published at 1735 by Kitamura Enkin and at 1828 by Akisato Rito, are more unique and popular than the others.
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“Eigamonogatari”(2)
Taketoshi KAWAHARA
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
55-60
Published: March 31, 1983
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This study (II) picked up twenty four descriptions about nine gardens in “Eigamonogatari”(forty volumes) which is about Michinaga FUJIWARA's prosperity. The analized gardens re“Hokoin”, “Hanayamain”, “Sanjyoin”, “Horikawain”, “Kayanoin”, “Hosyoji”, “Dainagon Kintoutei”, and “Chyunagon Nagaietei”, . And the three points of view taken in the analysis are from the study (1).
The results of this study refered to below:
(1). Landscape design; The new trial of garden details such as pond, Tsuridono, Wataridono, artificial hill, Senzai, and a garden only with trees.
(2).Common-use; The circumstances of entertainments in Nantei (south garden) such as comparison horses, and cock-fighting. The effects of man made garden ornaments used at Buddhist servises such as Houju, Mizudori, Renka, and Takarabune.
(3). Maintenance; Meintenance and getting Senzai in suburban area by Denjoubito themselves.ves.
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Saburo KIMURA
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
61-66
Published: March 31, 1983
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Akira KOBAYASHI, Tadashi KANAI
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
67-72
Published: March 31, 1983
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Nachi-pebbles are used all over the country as materials for landscaping. Nachi-pebbles are gathered from Shichiri-mihama-shore, Mie prefecture. Nachi-pebbles include Nachi-guro-pebble (black), Nachi-ziro-pebble (white), and Mihama-pebble (mixture).
The purpose of this paper is to clarify the special character of the qualities of Nachi-pebbles. The physical properties of Nachi-pebbles were cleared by material tests, and were shown in Fig.4-6 and Table 1.
The gradings of the natural pebble of Shichiri-mihama-shore are shown in Fig.7. The Nachi-guro-pebble content of Mihama-pebble and the Nachi-ziro-pebble content of Mihamapebbles are shown in Table 3. It was cleared that Nachi-pebbles were selected from the natural pebble of Shichiri-mihama-shore by the variety of stone and gradings.
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Shingo YABASHI, Tatsutaro KONKO, Mamoru SAKUMA
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
73-78
Published: March 31, 1983
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It is known that water erosion and slope failure often occur with the relation between soil properties and water flow as a consequent aspect. The studies on these phenomena were carried out mainly to look for the index of dispersion ratio and erosion ratio in earlier times. However, the investigation of the slaking phenomena have become very important in recent years. It is very difficult to clarify the mechanism of the slaking phenomena because of the many factors. In this paper, we examined more widely for the mechanism of the slope failure by slaking test. Consequently, it became clear that the slake time and grain distributions after slaking are influenced considerably by the moisture ratio, the density of test piece and moisture content of the slaking test. The conclusions obtained are summarized as follows:
1) A little fine particles of the sample contribute to the compaction effect and the behavior of flow by the interaction with water.
2) The slake time is influenced by significantly the moisture ratio of slaking test. There is considerable difference in mechanism of slaking between dry and wet sample.
3) It is able to make the slake time longer and increase the large aggregate by attaching the soil stabilizer.
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Tadaaki OKAMOTO, Shunichi SHIKINE, Eiji SASAKI
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
79-84
Published: March 31, 1983
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It is described with this paper how a few kinds of soil amendment matters improve the water-retentivity of the sand what is called “Masa” or “Masa-soil” and a few soil physical properties, and increase growth of young Camphor tree (Cinnamomun camphora) planted in treated soils.
The results of this study are follows:
1. Three kinds of soil amendment matters were adopted;(1) peat-moss, (2) expandedperlite and (3) expanded-obsidian. The soil treated by expanded-perlite had about twice amount of available water content by volume in comparison with non-treated soil, the others had only few amount. Expanded-perlite is a desirable matter to keep young trees alive in dry season without watering.
2. Tree growth also showed the best at the soil mixed with 40% expanded-perlite. Nevertheless, the soil mixed with 10% soil amendment matter almost had not effects on tree growth.
3. Soil physical properties were measured for determining effects to tree growth. As the result of multiple regression analysis, it is concluded that tree growth was simply influenced by soil hardness without regard to available water content and soil solid phase.
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Shuzo HASEGAWA, Mamoru TAHATA, Tetsuzo KOZAWA, Yosiyuki SATO
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
85-88
Published: March 31, 1983
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Makoto IDE, Yasuto NEMOTO, Hisato IDE
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
89-94
Published: March 31, 1983
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The environment of street trees is so particularly stressful that street trees management has been practiced by physio-ecological methode up to now, and street trees are increasingly simplified by few species of high adaptability to environment. So it may be difficult to cope with uncertain future environment change such as occurrance of peculiar damage for predominant species. In this study, we tried to introduce the concept of ecological diversity into the management of street trees to manage them from macroscopical view point, using the data of Yokohama city. It became clear that we should research richness, evenness, evenness of distribution, and age distribution of street trees to manage them.
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Takeshi OKINAKA, Megumi SUGAHARA, Hideo HUKUHARA
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
95-100
Published: March 31, 1983
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We reserched into the street trees at the reclaimed forshore land in Chiba Prefecture for the purpose of studying salty wind damage to landscaping trees. For examination subjects, we chose
Pinus tunbergii and
Myrica rubra which lined at regular intervals in their almost same direction with sea breeze. We measured the height, vitality, distort of crown and salinity of leaves. As the result of it, we found out the difference of salty wind damage depends on the distance from a coastline and kinds of trees.
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Noboru KURAMOTO
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
101-105
Published: March 31, 1983
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An ecological survey of
Anemone flaccida was made to take a conservation measure for spots where the plant grows wild in city parks
Anemone flaccida is spring ephemeral, and its light minimum is approximately 5% in relative light intensity. When evergreen trees became dominant as the result of succession, the distribution of
Anemone flaccida was lost on the forest floor and it ranged only on the edge of the forest.
On the basis of the above findings it is concluded that proper cutting of evergreen trees to thin them out is recommended for conservation of spots where it grows naturally.
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Yoshio ISHII
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
106-111
Published: March 31, 1983
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Fumio KITAMURA, Takao HORIUCHI
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
112-116
Published: March 31, 1983
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There are more than 10 species and varieties, and many cultivars, of flowering cherries that grow wild or are planted in Japan. Where as a fairly big number of them are being planted in the middle and the southern districts of Japan, the number decreases in the northern district. This report, which experimentally shows the cold hardiness of flowering cherries, is a fundamental study on their use in cold climates, made as a part of a series of investigations made on the utilization of flowering cherries.
As material for experiments, branches were cut from various flowering cherries that grow at Matsumae in Hokkaido about one month earlier than flowering, were frozen to-5°C, then kept at various temperatures for 4 hours, and were finally melted. Then the branches were put in vessels of water, and the state of tissues and organs were observed as they bud, fl ower, and grow leaves.
The results of the above observation were classified into 3 groups:(1) Those of which the flower buds and the leaf buds survived the temperature lower than-7°C. The camblum and wood of the branch survived-13°C. The branches flower or grow leaves.(2) Those of which the flower buds and the leaf buds could not or could barely survive-7°C, and the camblum of the branch could net survive-7°C.(3) The middle once were between the above (1) and (2). The group (1) is considered to have a strong cold hardiness, (2) weak, and (3) a medium cold hardiness. This conclusion can be an indication, as the actual cherries showed almost the same effects in their planting condition.
The results according to various cherries are as follows: strong “cold hardiness”...
Prunus incisa, P. lanneciana “12 cultivars and var.
speciosa”.
P. nipponica var. kurilensis, midium...
P. maximowiczii, P. lanneciana “7 cultivars”,
P. verecunda var.
yezoensis, P. pendula “2 cultivars and f.
ascendens”,
P. nipponica, P. yedoensis, P. parvifolia “cultivar” weak...
P. yedoensis “cultivar”,
P. lanneciana “4 cultivars”,
P. miyoshii “cultivar”,
P. verecunda “clutivar”,
P. jamasakura “cultivar”.
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Takuro MASUDA, Toru FURUIE, Shigeyuki YOSHIDA
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
117-122
Published: March 31, 1983
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The experiment was carried out to clarify the influence of human trampling on the growth of dwarf mondo grass (
Ophiopogon japonicus Ker. forma
nanus hort.). Five experimental plots were set up according to trampling frequencies as follows; the control plot (untrampled), I plot (trampled once every 3 days), II plot (trampled once a day), III plot (trampled 3 time a day) and IV plot (trampled 10 time a day). One hundred plants of dwarf mondo grass were planted in each plot on May 23; trampling was started on July 2 and continued until Dec. 2, and all the plants were dug up on Dec. 3, 1982.
The number of leaves per plant at planting was 22, and at harvest, the numbers were 48 in the control plot, 36 in I and II plots, 32 in III plot and 21 in IV plot. Top dry weight and root dry weight per plant at planting were presumed 0.30g and 0.56g respectively, and at harvest, they were 0.59g and 1.57g in the control plot, 0.45g and 1.29g in I plot, 0.45 g and 0.97g in II plot, 0.39g and 0.74g in III plot and 0.27g and 0.60g in IV plot. Other growth indices, such as leaf length, root length and the number of daughter plants also decreased, as the trampling frequency was higher. In conclusion, dwarf mondo grass could tolerate trampling of 3 or less times a day and grow to cover the ground, but it couldn't grow when it was trampled 10 times a day.
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Hironobu YOSHIDA, Sumiji KOBASHI, Tetsuya YOSHIDA
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
123-128
Published: March 31, 1983
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The actual recreation use on the lawns were investigated at the Commemorative Park of the Osaka Exposition, in order to get a standard for the proper density of the recreation use, as the fundamental data for the turf maintenance. As the result, the hypothetical standards for the densities of recreation uses were obtained as follows; dense use: larger than 1, 000 persons/ha, nomal use: 400 to 1, 000 persons/ha, and proper use: 100 to 400 persons/ha. The authors intend to study the relationship between those standards and the turf growth.
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Hisayuki MAENAKA
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
129-134
Published: March 31, 1983
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(1) The growth of a hybrid Bermuda grass turf without trampling and the reduction of turf coverage due to the different levels of trampling stress under experimental condition were studied in the field of University of Osaka Prefectur.
(2) The increase of turf coverage without the trampling agreed with the logistic growth curve, 1/C dc/di=λ(1-C/C)
in which c is the coverage at a given time, C the upper limit of cover, which is 100%, and the intrinsic relative growth rate of turf cover.
(3) The percentage reduction of turf cover, 100 (c
a-c
b)/c
b, due to the stress of trampling can be approximated by c
a=c
bexp (-hν), in which c
a and c
b are the coverage of turf after and before the trampling, ν the intensity of trampling and h is a constant.
(4) The change of turf coverage due to increasing or decreasing stress of trampling were simulated assuming different values of intrinsic relative growth rate of turf growth. Though theoretically the change is exponential to changing trampling stress (ν), it could be approximated fairly well by a linear equation, c=100-aν, in which a is a constant.
(5) If we prepare a map of existing turf coverage, we can draw the areal change of turf cover by simulation. When the recreational intensity is reduced to 1 / n of actual trampling level, the coverage will recover to c/n-100/ n+100% of total ground surface, in which c is the the actual turf coverage under actual intensity of recreational use.
Thus we can estimate the level of trampling stress under which a desired level of turf coverage, can be maintained.
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Information Concerning Lawn's Growth, Use and Maintenance of Parks
Mitsuo KONDO
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
135-140
Published: March 31, 1983
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Information concerning lawn's growth, use, maintenance and the recuperative methods was collected from 93 selected parks. The results show that most of the lawns is damaged within one year after planted. This is because a more than reasonable number of people uses the lawns; the number of people visiting parks is especially over large in April and May when the lawn grasses are sprouting. Also, it can be said that an insufficient recuperative period and inappropriate maintenance and control measures may have caused damage to the lawn.
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Takami INABA, Fumio TAKEMURA, Nobuko KAGAWA
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
141-146
Published: March 31, 1983
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We observed the micrometeorology at the inside and outside of woods in order to investigate the micrometeorological control with woods. The results of this observation were summarized as follows:
1) The amount of the global solar radiation on the ground surface of the woods, above the canopy of the woods and on the surface of bare ground [CONT.] were 15.0, 414.53, and 440.96 [cal/cm
2· Eday], respectively.
2) The fluctuation of air temperatures and earth temperatures except for the earth temperature at the depth of 50 cm closely correlated with the amount of the global solar radiation both on clear day and on cloudy day. It seems that the temperature control with woods especially effected on the diurnal range of the earth temperature at the depth of 5 cm. The diurnal ranges of the air temperature of the inside were smaller than those of the outside at the same height on clear day.
3) In the soil moisture at the depth of 10 cm, the pF values of the inside were lower than those of the outside in daytime on clear day, but there were not significant differences in pF values on cloudy day.
4) In the velocity of sap flow of
Chamaecyparis obtusa, which is the index of the transpiration by woods, the diurnal range of the velocity on clear day was a little larger than that of the velocity on cloudy day.
5) The profile of wind speed was changed significantly and the weaker region of wind speed was found at the height of 2.53m.
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Noboru SHIMIZU, Makoto SUZUKI
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
147-152
Published: March 31, 1983
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The subject of this study is to serch out what kind of trees are desirable for school landscaping. The research has three steps. The first is the research of the trees known by high-school students. The second is the examination of the image of the trees gotten from the first step. The third is the comparison of those trees with the outstanding trees on high-school campuses in Saitama prefecture. The results of the study are as follows:
(1) Fifty trees are almoust the same as the trees known by the common run of people in the former research.
(2) The trees are divided into five grouper based on the second examination. They are (a) Trees around farm-house, (b) Trees in flowering arboretum and garden, (c) Trees in mountain and highland, (d) Trees in Europe, and (e) Trees in the tropics.
Overall conclusion it is desirable to use (a) and (b) type trees for school landscaping.
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Tetsuya YOSHIDA, Terumi KITAGUCHI
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
153-158
Published: March 31, 1983
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Akira MISAWA, Noboru ITO
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
159-164
Published: March 31, 1983
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The purpose of a roadside buffer planting belt is to relieve the environmental impacts from a road. We analyzed the consciousness of dwellers having road environmental problems for the buffer belt.
As a result, it was clear that many of them considered its benefits the function of “compensation”, not physical functions. Therefore we were suggested that the compensational function i. e. landscaping was the important factor for planting of the buffer belt.
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Tadashi KUBO, Isao NAKASE, Daishu ABE, Akiharu KAMIHOGI, Yasunori ITO, ...
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
165-170
Published: March 31, 1983
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Rivers are one of the most important resources of open space in urbanized area. In this study, three area of Yodo river basin were selected as the casestudy areas relating to the characteristics of riverscape to discuss the people image.
On each casestudy areas, one hundred of people were interviewed using the questionaire which is organized with Landscape elements and Organic elements, etc. In this study, the data of Landscape elements were used mainly.
The correlation matrix between elements was caluculated. Then, Structure vectors throughthe Direct Varimax Method were used to make the groupes of elements. The overall groupes were shown in Fig. 1.
Through the analysis of Landscape elements (Direct varimax Method and Cluster Analysis), it was made clear that people recognize the riverscape under the four groupes of elements which are shown as follows (Fig. 2 to Fig. 4).
1. Car, Parking, etc...elements relate to the traffic facilities.
2. Bank, Bridge, etc...elements relate to the structures of river.
3. People, Fishermen, etc....elements relate to the behavior of people.
4. Bench, Shelter, etc...elements relate to the facilities of riversidepark
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Akitoshi SUMI, Hirosuke YAMAMOTO
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
171-176
Published: March 31, 1983
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Tadashi KUBO, Ming-Yur WU, Daishu ABE, Isao NAKASE, Akiharu KAMIHOGI, ...
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
177-182
Published: March 31, 1983
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The purpose of this study is human behavioral systems approach in the image of landscape. It is needless to say the landscape is the enviornment around us, including human beings and everything we see or sense. In order to understand the resident's cognition about their landscape in KOBE, five residential areas were slected as the case study areas in which residents were interviewed using the questionnaire which is organized with Landscape elements, Organic elements and Semantic Vocabularies. The analyses were based on the interview survey data and the Direct Varimax Methods to realize the relationships between human behavior and landscape.
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Tadashi KUBO, Kenji NAKANO, Daishu ABE
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
183-188
Published: March 31, 1983
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Water spaces in the urban area form fundamental organizations of cities. The purpose of this study is to confirm the area of effective powers of the waterscape. It's also important to understand that information on behavioral responses are much influenced by the index of the distance. In this study basic information contains the sense of awareness and an amount of contact to the object (river). As the statistical method, cluster analysis and dual scaling were used. In order to draw a contour map, it's used a system of divices which are composed a micro-computer and an automatic drawing machine (plotter). Responses Contour Maps that show powers of water spaces were made of thirty-five cases under a combination of the conditions that consists of an object (river), a posponse level and a radias of the latent effective sphere.
From these maps, one might be able to better create or rehabilitate water spaces within the urban context.
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Tadashi KUBO, Akiharu KAMIHOGI, Daishu ABE, Isao NAKASE, Yasunori ITO, ...
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
189-194
Published: March 31, 1983
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This study intends to discuss the cognition of resident for landscape in low rise housing. We selected six low rise housing development in Kansai area as case study. The study produced the following findings:
1) The residents' attitude towards landscape desirability was somewhat positive.
2) It was clarifyed that residents' cognition for landscape consisted of three meanings, attractiveness, familiarity, and order.
3) Plants, color, and form of structure in housing environment were concerned in residents' cognition for landscape.
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Akiyo SATSUKAWA, Hideshige TAKAHARA
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
195-200
Published: March 31, 1983
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The aim of this study is to discover a method of forecasting the shape trees will take in ten or twenty years if they are left to grow up without artificial intervention. Eleven factors for determining the shapes of trees were selected and a tree-shape simulation model was created with the above-mentioned factors as its Parameters. Each factor was measured for each kind of tree, and the value obtained was input the computer. Then the image appearing on the graphic display was examined to see whether it resembled a real tree in shape. The above-mentioned eleven factors involved in the determination of the shapes of the trees are as follows:
(1) Height of trees
(2) Width of branches
(3) The number of points from which branches spread
(4) The number of branches originating
(5) The number of branches from same point
(6) Angle between trunk and branches
(7) Directions in which branches spread
(8) Curve of branches
(9) Distance between the ground and the lowest branches-Height of trees
(10) Distance between the each branch-Distance between the lowest branches and the ground
11) Width of each branch-Width of the longest branch
We could not spend much time on this study. Therefore, we could not measure changes in the factors due to the passage of time, and consequently, changes in tree shape resulting from the passage of time was not measured. However, we consider that a basic method for forecasting changes resulting from the passage of time has been established.
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Yorikazu MARUTA, Masafumi SHIMADA, Kunio ABE
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
201-206
Published: March 31, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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The role of the high trees for urban landscape planning is an important thing. Results from researches in typical residential areas of Tokyo about this are as follow;
(1) The visibility of high trees is within 200 to 250 meters radius in bilt-up area.(2) It is necessary to consider about systematic preparations of public open space and conservation of private green space to increase the visibility of these high trees.
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Tadashi KUBO, Daishu ABE, Kenichi MIYAZAKI, Isao NAKASE, Akiharu KAMIH ...
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
207-212
Published: March 31, 1983
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Yoichi KUMAGAI
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
213-218
Published: March 31, 1983
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The purpose of this study is a development of Color Video System for landscape simulation. Comparing with other techniques (monochrome video system, computer graphics), some merits and availabilities of this system were clarified. An effectivness of a simulation technique by RGB method was verified and an applicability of using a genlockmode micro computer for man-machine simulation system was obtained. Through case studies in Tokyo university forest (Fuji) the usefulness of this system was investigated.
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Masaaki KISHIZUKA, Tadashi KANAI
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
219-224
Published: March 31, 1983
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This report aims at verifying, by way of experiment, the validity of the geometric model for alignment of pedestrian movement which, as submitted at the JILA periodical meeting (Spring '82), was developed through the application of the footpath curvature equation. For the purpose of this study, an experiment was conducted to obtain pictorial representations of footmark series in walking under twenty-two different combinations of conditions concerning (1) the position of the destination point relative to the starting point, and (2) the direction of the subject on arrival at the destination point. A total of 70 cases of footmark series produced by three subjects were recorded on a 35 mm cine-film. The results derived from the analysis of these pictorial representations are shown in Fig. 2 to 6. The solid lines shown in the figures represent the alignment patterns derived from the geometric model. From the comparison of the model alignments with the actual patterns of footmark series, we may conclude as follows:
1. the validity of the equation of footpath curvature, viz., 39δ=13. 5Log (R-5.8) wasexperimentally confirmed, and
2. the effective range of the centre angle δ in the above equation will be limited upto 5=150°
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Eijiro FUJII
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
225-230
Published: March 31, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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Morphology and meaning of residential yard in the Northeast of the United States are analyzed. Most houses face to road but not always to the south, and yards are divided into front, side, and back yards. Before the mortalization, front yards had been used frequently as a space for communication between passengers and residents, and back yards had been utility spaces like a storage and a clothes-drying space, and so on. But, after the mortalization many front yards have not been used as a communication area of neighbors, in spite of that, most residents have kept front yards clean to show themselves to neighbors as a participant of neighborhood. But, the scenery of front yards has become vacant and dull. On the contrary, many back yards have drastically changed to outdoor rooms with flowers and shrubs owing to the populalization of cloth-dryer and some other reasons. This kind of changes would be the reflection of decreasing neighborhood communication and of increasing individualism. One of the reasons why they have been able to keep front yards which are not so useful as before is the affluent land in the United States. Enclosures are quite rare in front and side yards, but not in back yards. One of the reasons for the openness would be a nature of American who dislike a stuffy atmosphere made by enclosures. Also, widely streched lawn may be the result of this nature of American, and more fundamental reason for this is some kind of inherent feeling for lawn which come from the pastoral agriculture. Foundation plantings are a character of American residential plantings, which distinctly show us the lack of viewpoint to enjoy a scenery staying indoor.
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Rei ITOGA, Yoko YAZAWA
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
231-236
Published: March 31, 1983
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Kazuo SAITO
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
237-242
Published: March 31, 1983
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This is the study on the making process of the mountain village gardens. The object of this study was discover one of the root of home garden which have closed connection with district landscape and environmental system.
As the result of survey, we had typical gardens founded district water environmental system. They haven't perfect system of visible boundory and have several techniques of planting “sukashi”(look through), “bokashi”(gradational zoning) and symbolic etc. We saw often linking use of stream.
We had many examples of garden pattern of closed system so far. On this study, we made clear one of open system gardens synthesized both of life circumstances and field product circumstances. To advance theory of it is the problem after this, I think.
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Motoo MIYAZAKI, Shiro TANAKA
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
243-246
Published: March 31, 1983
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Shiro TANAKA
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
247-250
Published: March 31, 1983
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Thoru HORI, Eijiro FUJII, Toshihiko ANBIRU, Jiro ASANO
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
251-256
Published: March 31, 1983
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Noboru KURAMOTO
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
257-262
Published: March 31, 1983
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For a statistical study of vegetation zonation on the floodplain of the River Tama, the map of the actual vegetation on the floodplain of the River Tama (Okuda et al., 1979) was laid over a survey map of the cross section, and correspondence to each other was examined. On the map crosscutting lines were drawn at an interval of 200 m on the floodplain between the mouth of the river and 61.8 km upstream, and the vegetation at each point at an interval of 10 m on every crosscutting line and its height were recorded. The flooding index (12ranks) representing the frequency of submersion under water at each point was calculated from the height, the low water level and the high water level. On the axis of the flooding index, graphs showing distribution of plant communities were made, and their distribution centres were calculated. Plant communities were classified into three groups having their distribution centres in the low floodplain, the high floodplain and the banks, respectively. Those having their distribution centres on the low floodplain were Bidentetalia tripartiti, Rumicetum crispi-japonicae, Oenantho-Phalaridetum arundinaceae, Phragmites communis community, Phragmitetum japonicae and Salicetum integrae, those having their distribution centres on the high floodplain were Artemisietea princeps, Miscanthetum sacchariflori and those having their distribution centres on the banks were Luzula capitata-Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii community and Bromus catharticus-Artemisia princeps community.
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Nobuo FUJIWARA, Yoritaka TASHIRO
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
263-268
Published: March 31, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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The purpose of this study is to identify the desirability of road planting by means of psychologicol evaluation method. Fourteen samples are chosen for the test. The relation of this results of this test with the plysical conditions of planting is considered by means of corelation analysis method.
in the context of finding proper size and form of planting. Such proper etements for improving disirability of planting are chosen as the volume of a canopy, the width of a path, variety of trees and the number of layers.
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Shunsaku MIYAGI
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
269-274
Published: March 31, 1983
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In this paper the structure of open space system which has been built in the blocks of traditional Machiya-style dwellings and the momentum of its changes are presented hypothetically. This structure of open space system is such a situation of the physical environments affecting the quality and quantity of open spaces in residential sites that it is possible for every resident to enjoy the various utilities from open spaces interdependently. And the reference frame of its changes is based upon a theoretical postulate which is set up in analytical process of the social systems.
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Shoichiro ASAKAWA, Akihiro KOBAYASHI
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
275-280
Published: March 31, 1983
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Previous studies of neighborhood parks have generally focused on explaining the use. The lack of research concerning the attitude of residents toward neighborhood parks has prevented their full evaluation. The main object of this report is to clarify the residents' subjective assessment of the parks and demand for them. For this purpose, a questionnaire survey was carried out in the vicinity of three typical neighborhood parks in Sapporo city. Throughout the study, the focus was upon how their assessments vary with distance of residence from the parks and demographical attributes.
The results made it possible to determine the “influence area” based on the residents' awareness of the parks' presence and assessments of the parks.
The other main results showed significant differences in the reasons why residents wish to have the parks according to life stage in the family. A great number of the residents repl ied that the parks were necessary for children's play, for exercising and sports, for taking walk and resting and the parks were good for these purposes. But not so many residents felt that the parks provided residents with a chance to be close to nature or good scenery. Thus, we can point out that when we plan and design neighborhood parks, it is important to take into more consideration planting and landscaping.
The assessed scales of functions of the parks were intercorrelated and factorized by means of the principle factor method. The two identified common factors were“useability for recreation and social benefits” and “natural condition and beauty”.
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Katsumi MIYAMOTO
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
281-285
Published: March 31, 1983
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In this study, I intended to clear the subjects of green environment in the process of urbanization.
The green zone system, instituted in 1946, was intended to prevent the conurbation, to control the magnication of town, and to offer the welfare for town people and the selfsufficiency of vegetables, so that reconstruction of war-damaged city as Tokyo. This law limited the use of permitted building so hard as to restrict the building coverage of general buildings to 10%. In Tokyo, Keeping pace with the organizings of landed farmer, it was applied on wide area on the base of the open space for air force. But afterwards, owing to the increase of infraction of building coverage and construction without notice, to the many petition to repeal the green zone that confined strictly, this system was canceled by degree and was abolished at last. In the process of repeal, they thrached out the conditions of cancel, and considered the wholesome formation of urban area, for example to preserve the wedgeshaped green area to the utmost and to secure the area of park in high ratio being conditioned on the land readjustment.
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[in Japanese]
1983 Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages
286-291
Published: March 31, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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