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Saburo KIMURA
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
1-6
Published: March 31, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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The Issue of ‘SAKUTEI·KI’(Oldest Gardening Book in Japan) is realise about 1300 Eraupon the Effort of Inter-relation ship in Technology, specialy the Making Principle of Japanese Poem.
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Yoshihiro NAGAMATSU
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
7-12
Published: March 31, 1992
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Seika-en, which is called “The Flower Field”, was made as a villa garden of Matsuura family, the feudal lord of Hirado (now in Nagasaki prefecture), by Matsuura 35th. In the garden, a monument revealing 10 most impressive scenes of Seika-en shows us the pastsight of the garden. According to the monument, the garden was completed in 1810 afterremoving old trees for 20 years. The designing of the garden is original one, featuring European style flower bed. I studied on the designing of Seika-en through historical materials, pictorial drawings, and field survey.
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Makoto SUZUKI
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
13-18
Published: March 31, 1992
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The Dutch factory garden at Dejima in Nagasaki is considered the oldest Western style garden in Japan. In this study the author concluded 6 periods of the Dutch factory garden consernning its form by means of analyzing 70 paintings of Dejima. They are (1) the period of eary garden construction, (2) the first period of Western style formal garden, (3) the latter period of Western style formal garden, (4) the transition period of geometric to landscape garden, (5) the period of landscape garden, and (6) the period of the ending of the garden. It is noted that the garden had formal changes from geometric style to landscape style similar to the European gardens in 18th century.
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Hiroshi MARUYAMA
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
19-24
Published: March 31, 1992
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It is well known that the beginning of mass movements in the modern Japan was born in Taisho Democracy period (1905-25). A city-wide riot arised at Hibiya Park on 5 September 1905, which was so-called Hibiya Incendiary Incident to protest the Russo-Japanese Peace Treaty. Hibiya Park, opened as a public park in June 1903, was in a sense the symbol of the government office quarter and then became an expressional place of mass political campaigns. Since then mass movements, such as Movement to protect constitutional government, Rice riots, Universal Manhood Suffrage Movement and so on, had beenarising mainly at public parks in each prefecture. It specially seems that the first May Day held at Ueno Park on 2 May 1920 was a symbolic political movement. The masses politically and socially began to be conscious of existence of public parks during the process of rising mass movements.
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Junichi OGURA
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
25-30
Published: March 31, 1992
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The vegetation of the hills of the Boso Peninsula in the middle Meiji era was studied mainly through the maps surveyed in 1880's and the reconnaissance notes to support the maps. Questions are that there are some unclear marks on vegetation in them and that how accurate they are and so on. The notes and the drafts of the maps are very helpful to study the questions. The results show that the vegetation there more than a century ago was greatly different from today: there were wide areas of grass land along with pine forests and low forests mainly consisting of Quercus species, and large high forests were usually seen only in the goverment-owned places.
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Masato DOHI
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
31-36
Published: March 31, 1992
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The purpose of this thesis is to study the birth of public parks in the transition era, Edo to Tokyo when whole urban openspace had changed. In Edo era, urban openspaces like Oukan (which correspond to present road), Hirokouji (widened Oukan), Kashi (water side space) and Keidai (holy openspace of shrines or temples) were also the residential spaces for the discriminated people. In Meiji era, the residents were eliminated from Oukan, Hirokouji and Kashi by the Land-tax-reform project which was most significant program done by the Meiji government. But in the public parks established on Keidai, they were allowed to live as Dekaseginin (it means workers in public parks).As conclusion of this thesis, the contrast between elimination from road and non-elimination from public parks shows an important role of public parks in the early Meiji era.
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Goro YANAGI
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
37-42
Published: March 31, 1992
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The character of public gardens was made to the precinct of shrine for Japanese community in Korea. In constract with this respect, the regal control in Formosa was established under the ordinance.
Since the movement of March. 1. 1919 in Korea, the serious influence for colonial policy had to face with civilian govener form military authority. The main reform features were issued the native language newspaper and magazine under the reflection of Japanese democracy.
But the process of these leading articles are not easily realized. The colonial goverment which passed into hands of the Japanese powers made an objection to arise the demand for promoting the public gardens.
And the municipal administration for public gardens in eoul and Taipei are showed to make clear in residental quarter for Japanese
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Mikiko ISHIKAWA
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
43-48
Published: March 31, 1992
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Minneapolis Park Commission was established in 1883, and Horace Cleveland proposed the masterplan. The major structure of his plan was to conserve the river-front of the Mississippi and Lake Districts, and to construct parkways, connecting each other. Actual developments were different from the original, however, the fundamental concept was succeed and produced the Grand Rounds Parkway System, and the metropolitan park system.
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Kunie SUGIO
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
49-54
Published: March 31, 1992
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The aim of this study is to obtain the characters and meanings of parks in New-Zealand. The results are as follows.
(1) What is interesting about the earliest colonial towns which were founded by E. G. Wakefield town plan was the creation of a “Town Belt”, a linear public park that ringed the town.
(2) E. G. Wakefield's “Town Belt” concept was unlike the “green beltsr” surrounding English towns which were agricultural lands. His “Town Belt” was a public park for the enjoyment and recreation to the citizens.
(3) When Wakefield created the first “Town Belt” in the 1840's, the first public parks in Europe had not yet been established. It wasn't until 1851 in the United States that the State of New-York passed its “First Park Act” which led to Frederick Law Olmsted's creation of Central Park; America's first public park.
(4) Town beautification projects, volunteer organizations such as Park Trusts, and, Scenery Preservation Societies were created. In a relatively short span of time, citizens were able to recreate the English Townscape of their mother country through these volunteer organizations.
(5) Although relatively unknown outside of New Zealand, E. G. Wakefield's “Town belt”concept can be considered a precedent to the public parks systems of the United States as well as a prototype to the “Garden City” movement during the close of the 19th century.
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Toshitaro MINOMO
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
55-60
Published: March 31, 1992
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In this paper, the object of study area is selected to Greater Vancouver Regional District in CANADA by way of being fine modern regional park system. The first purpose of this study is to clear the physical conditions of that regional park system, and second is analysis on the use and administration system. For that purpose, the one of important reserch points are decided on the size, character, location of each regional parks, and these park planning system. And second aspects are setted on the existing condition of park administration include the topic of park user. The result of this study is followings.
1) The regional park system is very unique system for the large urban area, which have connective roles relation to the municipal park system and provincial park system.
2) The idea of the regional park system will be useful for the reorganization of Japanes park planning system, of course contain Japanes typical two park systems those are natural park system and city park system.
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Shin-Yong KANG
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
61-66
Published: March 31, 1992
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apanese Concession was established here and there in Korea. And Japanese settlers in Korea made first shrines in their settlement, and then, they decorated shrines and its compounds and its surroundings with trees and other facilities such as benches, fountains, pavillions, etc. Establishing zinza shrines and making of parks in the same place was considered as a matter of course. But after about 1920, zinza shrine became an absolute being to make Korean people into devoted Emperor's citizens. As a result, zinza shrines and its compounds expanded, and sanctified. So, parks established with shrines, lost its function as a park for city dwellers. Due to the Japan's colonial policy to Korea, especially by Making Korean people into devoted Emperor's citizens Policy, Korean people disgusted parks coexisted with zinza shrines. So, they took pleasure to looking beautiful vallies, mountains, streams. They went outside of the city, and spent their holidays there. Almost all of Zinza shrines established in Korea were quickly destructed by Koreans soon after 1945.
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Sawako ONO
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
67-72
Published: March 31, 1992
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This paper deals with NPOs in San Francisco and Berkeley in terms of citizen perticipation in open space planning. They get involved citizen to protect open spaces and to increase recreation opotunities in a natural setting, through various activities such as advocasy, land acquisition, tree planting and community garden building. They are active mainly because, in the USA, anyone can form, without much money nor troublesome procedures, a nonprofit corporation being eligible for tax-exempt status, many foundations offer a grant to NPOs, and some open space systems are developed by direct popular vote.
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Taiichi ITO
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
73-78
Published: March 31, 1992
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Most of the national parks in the United States contains some non-government lands. Though such areas are by far smaller than Japanese national parks, such areas occupy strategic points and make the park magagement difficult.
This paper traced a history of the landownership and boundary changes of Yosemite National Park as a case study. The private inholdings were acquired through several methods like purchasing, donation, transfer and exchange. When such methods were not feasible, those areas were removed from park lands by changing the boundary. Thus, the area with private inholdings has been reduced dramatically since the establishment of the park, however there still are many problems related to those areas.
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Toru NUKUI
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
79-84
Published: March 31, 1992
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The landscape conservation in Italy developed on account of Galasso Law of 1985. But besides the law, it's also important that there was the political and administrative backgrounds of the system of regions which began from 1970. The areas of the conservation enlarged from cultural properties to landscape as panorama in 1922, principal elements of the landscape in all the nation in 1985, and still more from the same year each region can choose alternatively all the territories of the region. Compared with Japan, there is an article of the landscape conservation in the Italian Constitution, and the property rights are limited for the perpose of the landscape conservation.
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Taegab SONG, Hikoe SHIRAI
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
85-90
Published: March 31, 1992
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The purpose of this thesis is to compare with Japan and Korea about the main system and policy of urban parks since the middle of the 70's. In Korea, setting an area of Greenbelt ensured greens around the cities, but its establishment brought on overpopulation of an urban district and personal property damage. In addition, it carried out improvement of urbanpark and tree planting of public place in order to prepare for Seoul Olimpic Game'88.
In comparison of the development of urbarn parks, Japan was in a more advanced state than Korea on the main policy and system.
For the long-term planning system of the open space by the masterplan in Japan, it was able to evaluate highly.
For the future, the urban parks plan are needed not only a quantitative expansion but also new plan, such as an effectional application of removed public site.
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Taketoshi KAWAHARA
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
91-96
Published: March 31, 1992
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The author studied how they obtained the plants for constructing and maintainingthe gardens in the Heian and Kamakura period. Through the study it is observed that there were 4 ways to supply the plants. They are (1) picking up in field, (2) confiscating, (3) presentation, and (4) exchanging. Therefore one who wanted plants for a gardenin this period had to think how he obtained them. This fact suggests that there was not a professional plant supplyer in the period. However it was observed through the study that there were amateurplant lovers who raised saplings grown up from cuttings for the plant exchanging.
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Asako MURAKAMI, Takahiro NAKA, Eijiro FUJII
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
97-102
Published: March 31, 1992
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The design of garden planting is historically considered in relations to Ikebana and Bonsai using picture scrolls drawnin the medieval ages, several antique documents of Ikebana, and the other related antique documents. We could trace the deriving process of a formal flower arrangement from avotive flower of Buddhism in the several scenes in the picture scrolls. And, the informal flower arrangement aiming a natural beauty is consid ered to use the garden plantings as a model of natural feature from the several antique documents of Ikebana. The Bonsai drawn in the picture scrolls are divided into three types with their locations, i. e. an indoor, a veranda, and an adjacent area to a veranda in the garden. And, the Bonsai positioned in a veranda or in a garden are considered to be seen as a foreground of garden, and they would have been arranged in relation to the garden plantings.
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Satomi WATANABE, Satoru OHKUBO
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
103-108
Published: March 31, 1992
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For thinking about the problem of “green in the open space” and operating the policy regarded as “green in the open space”, it is essential to comprehend people's intention concerning with “green in the open space” and its trend.
In this paper, the panelists' attributes and question categories were classified and the changes of intention were analyzed with multi-dimensional scaling analysis (MDS) by using the data of public opinion censuses on “green in the open space” and landscape planting taken by Prime minister's Office in 1981, 1983 and 1991.
The results obtained from this study are that people's recognition of “green in the open space” depends on their living place and age and that the trend of urbanization effects on people's intention.
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Kumiko OKUBO, Hisayuki MAENAKA
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
109-114
Published: March 31, 1992
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(1) For five years plant succesion on the non mowing divisions proceeded as a result of Sasa senanensis and other woody plants were slowly and certainly growing.
(2) The best season of mowing to remove
Sasa senanensis was from the middle of July to early September. In the early August mowing divisions, the plant growth was most efficaciously declined.
(3) If the wild flower communities existed the best time of mowing was early June or after the middle of September. Degree of plant damages by mowing and flowering seasons were different with species, so we must consider the present and view vegetation to manage the wild flower communities.
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Yoshiteru NOJIMA, Takeshi OKINAKA, Tatsuaki KOBAYASHI, Kazuaki BOUGAKI ...
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
115-120
Published: March 31, 1992
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A measurement experiments were done in order to examine the effect of creeping plants on the wall of a building to suppress the increase of wall temperature in summer of 1992. The change of temperature and heat flux within a day were measured on the wall with creeping plants and the wall without them on 3 different days. On one day, water evaporation from the leaves and the speed of water movement in the stem of creeping plants were also measured. The highest temperature of the outside surface of the wall covered with creeping plants was about 10°C lower than that of the wall without creeping plants. Also, there could be seen the tendency that the bigger the effect of creeping plants to the wall temperature is, the bigger the volume of water evaporation from the leaves is.
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Hisayuki MAENAKA, Kumiko OKUBO, Masato KIMOTO, Hong-lin YAO
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
121-126
Published: March 31, 1992
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Leaf transpiration of twenty-four plant species were investigated by weight method at the Maosu Shamo desert in China. The transpiration rate relates to the native habitat of each species. The transpiration rates of sand dune species are lower than those of meadow species and of weed species.
Sabina vulgaris in the climax vegetation shows lower transpiration rate. Among important plants for afforestation on sand dune, foreign species such as
Populus and
Salix psammophila show extremely low transpiration rates. On the contrary native species such as
Artemisia ordosica and
Hedysarum mongolicus show relatively high transpiration rates. Transpiration rate of
Artemisia ordosica is 5.4 (water g·hour
-1·Leaf Dry weight g
-1) in daytime and 0.7 in night. The standing crop of A. ordosica community on the fixed sand dune is 362 (g·m
-2), which includes 61 (g·m
-2) of leaves. Estimated total transpiration of the
A. ordosica community is 5 (mm·day
-1). It is considered to have a strong influence on the water economy in the area.
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Nam-heyong RYU, Yu AMEMIYA, Shingo YABASHI
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
127-132
Published: March 31, 1992
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The experiments were executed for the walkability estimation by using 12 actual stairways. The step rise and step width of stairways investigated here have linear relation with slope gradient, but the complex size indices, 2H+Bs, used for the architectural design as a empirical design index are fairly scattered among the specified value. Gait analysis by kneebending angles shows both the ratio of double support interval to one wave cycle of walking (DSI) and also the cumulative knee-bending angle (CKA) are able to estimate the walkability of stairways. On the other hand stairway size indices must be investigated as well as the walkability indices. The DSI values are well corresponds to the index, 2H+B. This diagram explains the curve has a minimum value of DSI at the specified size index value which has good agreement with empirical value. Moreover the as cending is more easy than the descending. The CKA has also the minimum value in CKA vs the step rise (H) curve, but also this increases almost linearly with increasing the gradient of stairway (S) except extremely low gradient. This result explains the content of CKA results in the forced gait by slope and stairway size and the DSI results in the unstable foot condition including the disagreement between the stairway frequency and the walking rhythm.
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Minsoo KIM, Shingo YABASHI, Yu AMEMIYA
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
133-138
Published: March 31, 1992
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The growth of frost pillars are thought to be governed by both physical properties of soil and heat flux surrounding the soil. This research was conducted to study the mechanism involved in the growth of the frost pillars. This paper is consist of two parts. In the part one an experiment was carried out to obtain empirical data on the growth rates of the frost pillars, on changes in temprature on the top of the frost pillars, and on changes in soil water potential during the frost pillars growth period. Part two describes a construction of a numerial simulation model for coupled heat and moisture transfer during the frost pillar growth. The growth rate of the frost pillars and temprature at the top of the frost pillars were estimated based on the solution by numerical integration of the equation of heat conduction. The heat flux was considered as boundary conditions to solve this equation. Since the water transfer over time is non-linear, method of difference was used to simulate changes in water potential of the soil. Simulation was in reasonable agreement qualitatively withempirical data obtained in the previous part.
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Hitoshi UCHIDA, Nobuhiro HAGIWARA
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
139-144
Published: March 31, 1992
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This paper is a study of the disadvantages of frequently-used root-wrapping materials, their historical perspective-and nursery and landscape gardeners' viewpoints, based on a questionnaire. It also discusses likely future root-wrapping materials.
In view of the aging of the workforce, and the shortage of young workers, nursery gardeners are looking for materials and procedures that will make this work easier.
There are Prefectural and Governmental standards (specifying root-wrapping materials for use at planting time) in 41% of all Prefectures in Japan, and in these Prefectures the rootwrapping material is removed before planting. In other Prefectures where there are no standards, the wrapping material is not removed at planting time 62% of the time when straw is used, 58% of the time when hemp cloth is used, and 50% of the time when hemp bags are used.
Reasons given for removing the wrapping material are that the wrapping can prevent proper root formation, and removing it delays rotting; reasons given for not removing the wrapping material are that it retains soil and fertilizer, and the plant “was supplied with the roots wrapped”.
In view of this confusion, it seems to be important to organize an exchange of opinions in order to create rules for guidance at the national level.
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Jun WATANABE, Yorikazu MARUTA
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
145-150
Published: March 31, 1992
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This investigation was carried out in order to clarify the influences of removal of litter and trampling on the properties of surface soil and the growth of
Castanopsis cuspidata var.
sieboldii in six city parks of Tokyo.
1. In the investigated sites from where the litter had been carried away, the surface soil had smaller percentage of total carbon and nitrogen than the others.The percentage of total carbon in the soil correlated to solid phase ratio negatively, but it positively correlated to maximum water holding capacity and fine porosity. 2. In the investigated sites where had been under the influence of trampling the surface soil had smaller minimum air capacity, coarse porosity and satulated water permeability than the others. 3.
C. cuspidata showed the different values of indices of vitality and they were related to percentage of total carbon and solid phase ratio in surface soil.
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Mituyo OSADA, Seiwa MORI, Sadatosi TABATA
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
151-156
Published: March 31, 1992
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This is a comparative study on the dragonfly habitat found in several ponds for the purpose of selecting species applicable to the ecological guideline for open space planning. The study was conducted based on the stndard habitat environment of Okegayanuma pond in Shizuoka Prefecture. It revealed that four widely distributed species of the dragonfly will represent each stage of environmental restoration of the open space. In particular on the third stage, the species of Choutonbo (Rhythemis fuliginosa) increases its population density in response to a variety of environmental structure in the open spase around the body of water. Also it was indicated that Choutonbo would dominate the entire dragonfly population in summertime under an ecologically optimum conditions of the environment.
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Masaru TOKASHIKI, Yu AMEMIYA, Shingo YABASHI
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
157-162
Published: March 31, 1992
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This paper describes the quantitative estimation of tree branches and the analysis of plane distributional structure of the park trees. Following results were obtained.
1. By use of stream order that is used for the quantitative analysis of rivers, we observed the linear relations between branch order and numbers, length or diameter of branches on semilog or log-log graphs. With these regressions, we could estimate the quantity of branches only from diameter at the clear height of the tree.
2. By use of the division of the park area, with triangular elements that have three neighboring trees as the vertexes, we could obtain the stand branch densities at each element and the plane distribution of them. We think them applicable to the structural analysis of the park tree distribution.
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Noboru KURAMOTO, Ken INOUE, Izumi WASHITANI
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
163-168
Published: March 31, 1992
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The distribution of the plant species of the floodplain of the Tama River was studied by a belttransect method. While the distribution of individual species were overlapped each other, the dominant species was sequentially replaced by another species along cross section of river. A direct gradient analysis on elevation and soil texture demonstrated the species of high conservation value had their distribution center on the modest/high elevation and shingle texture.
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Tetsuya AIKOH, Akihiro KOBAYASHI
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
169-174
Published: March 31, 1992
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The purposes of this paper were to examine how personal norms of mountaineers affected their evaluations of crowding, and to investigate the relationships among their evaluations of crowding and total evaluations of thier experiences.
Two campsites in Daisetsuzan National Park were choosen forthese purposes. Personal norms, evaluations of crowding and total evaluations were gained by questionnaire survey. Personal norms included motives of mountaineering, expectation of crowding and significance of crowding in their experiences at campsites. Evaluations of crowding at campsites included crowding perception and preference for actual situation. Total evaluations included evaluations of relaxational, solitary environment and multi-lateral satisfaction.
As the results, their significance of crowding affected crowding perception relating relaxational satisfaction and preference relating total satisfaction. Their motives seeking nature experience, quietness and peace of mind affected their significance of crowding. Besides, their motives seeking escape from others affected their expectation and significance of solitary environment, but did not affected their expectation and significance of crowding at campsites. Thus campsites were not likely to gratify mountaineers' needs of solitude.
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Akihiro KOBAYASHI
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
175-180
Published: March 31, 1992
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The purposes of the present paper were to clarify relationship between visitors' motives and satisfaction with their recreational experienceand to grasp visitors' attributes affecting their motives and satisfaction. Mountaineers in Daisetsuzan National Park were chosen for these purposes.
Based on the data from a questionnaire administered to mountaineers in Daisetsuzan Naional Park, I used chi-square to examine relationships among every dimension of multilateral satisfaction. Factor analysis with a varimax rotation was used to extract factors of motives. Analysis of variance was used to investigate relationships among factors of motives and multilateral satisfaction and to grasp how personal attributes and recreational behavior affected their motives and satisfaction.
As a result, each dimension of multilateral satisfaction affected each other. These relationsamong them showed some variance. Using factor analysis, sixextrated factors of motives accounted for 57 percent of variance. Factors of motives showed difference of relation to every dimension of multilateral satisfaction. Age and party size affected every factor of motives considerably. Age, gender, hobby, past experience, party size, route, type of camp affected some dimensions of multilateral satisfaction.
In conclusion, we should need to understand mountaineers' motives when attempting to manage for satisfying experience of mountaineering. In order to manage satisfying experience, there is too much yet to invesigate why mountaineers selected some types of recreational behavior to fit between their motives and actual experiences.
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Sang-heon PARK, Shoichiro ASAKAWA
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
181-186
Published: March 31, 1992
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This study introduces the Korea national park system which involves nature preservation through strict user-control by the government, and also intend to clarify users' evaluation of that system. Based on a questionaire survey conducted in Soraksan National Park, it was revealed that many users highly approved of the admission fee but wanted the method of collection to be reexamined. But chi-square test showed a significant relationship between the evaluation of the admission fee and income, age and occupation respectively. The results mean that relatively low income and younger people disapproved of the admission fee. From this study, it is suggested that even though many users consider the user-control system to be inconvenient, most of them recognize the importance of such a system for the conservation of nature.
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Katsue YASUHARA, Toru NAKASIZUKA, Yasuhiro NAGAE, Yoichi KUMAGAI
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
187-192
Published: March 31, 1992
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All of the reserved forests in the national forest were examined for forest protection management in the bylaw, Forest Reserve and its changes. There are 6 characteristic periods from the changes of the total area of reserved forests. And all reserved forests were divided in 4 types in connection with other laws for forest protection. To analyze from purposes, size and management plan, the relation between forest type and its size was explained. Finally it becomes clear that there are remarkable differences in new Forest Reserve after reorganization in 1989 compare to former one.
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Hideki TANINAKA
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
193-198
Published: March 31, 1992
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Dimensions or forest size of suburban recreational woods are calculated by demands for forest recreation and recreational carrying capacity of the forest. It is very important to calculate carrying capacity of forest from the view points of activities of pedestrians on hiking courses of forest footpathes. Calculations of carrying capacity on these forest roads must be based on walking speeds of hikers, distances between walking groups, numbers of persons of every walking group and density of the footpath in the forest. Planners must find the best walking density and road density for the smooth moving of pedestrians on the forest footpath in good amenity without disturbing each other.
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Kenta SHINOZAWA, Kaoru SAITO, Kazuhiko TAKEUCHI, Hitoshi IKEGUCHI
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
199-204
Published: March 31, 1992
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Landscape can be viewed in terms of its inherent ecological space formation, and of human cognition of its visual appearence into account.
A case study of Ogasawara National Park with focus on Chichi-jima and Ani-jima was made in an attempting to evaluate the landscape in terms of ecological and visual aspects. These were analyzed and classified in terms of Natural Grade and Visi-bility Frequency, summarized in a “landscape eval-uation” map of the Study Area.
A comparison was made between the “landscape ev-aluation” map of the Study Area and the existing zoning of the park, revealing several points of difference:
1) The areas of Ani-jima zoned as an Ordinary Areawere relatively highly evaluated, perhaps deserving “Special Protection” status.
2) Among the areas of Chichi-jima as Special Areas, the secondary forests weren't sufficiently highly evaluated to deserve their Special status.
The conclusion was a recommendation that the pl-anning of Ogasawara National Park should be reexa-mined by taking “landscape evaluation” into account.
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Megumi Aso, Tokuro HORIE
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
205-210
Published: March 31, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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The purpose of this reserch is to reveal the local peoples' recognition and evaluation of landscape planning in regional (a village) level.
As a methods, the investigation of senses was conducted by a questionnaire on the peoplein two villages of Hiruzen area in Okayama prefecture, where a regulation to preserve landscapeswas examined. Then the data were analyzed in terms of types of landscapes and the visualstructure of landscapes.
Consequently, the following facts were found; 1) The degree of recognition of panoramicviews represented by the Hiruzen range is very high. 2) Native landscapes represented byrural community or paddy fields are hardly appreciated. 3) Consciousness to preserve viewsof clearly defined object area or views with socially recognized viewpoint is high.
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Isami KINOSHITA, Osamu NAKAMURA
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
211-216
Published: March 31, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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The rural landscape is one of important resources for the community development. For that, Ogunimachi in Niigata Prefecture, collected pictures and writings about landscape of there for its symposium and exibition. From the analysisof children's drawings and writings which were collected there, it revealed that their aesthetic attitude, with factors of seasonal and natural phenomena; history and tradition; memories of experiences; etc., had worked when they had watched a landscape. This characteristics were seen not only from children but also from adults. In such a meaning, it would be more effective to make approaches to these aesthetic attitude for encouraging people to concern their landscape.
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Masaaki YUI, Jungnam BAE, Katsunori FURUYA, Kaoru YABE, Yuji ISHIDA
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
217-222
Published: March 31, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of artificial structures and viewing distance on visual evaluation of the natural landscape, the preference of general view of artificial structure, and the factors leading to changes in image of the landscape. A set of visual simulation images were prepared in the form of photo slides by placing seven objects of the artificial structures including buildings and bridges in the natural landscape. The following is the result of a visual-psychological experiment through the photo image of the simulated landscape.
1) The regression analysis in the case of a three-story RC building with flatroof (H: 11.2m, W: 23.5m, ) indicated Y=43.482log (x)-54.387, where Y: naturalness, X: viewing distance, R
2: 0.983.
2) The preference of the artificial structure changed its value to the favorite posit-position around 1 degree of visual angle.3) The factor analysis of the image of the landscape indicated that [preperence of the landscape], [complexity of the landscape]v, [size of the artificialstructure] are the primary factors which influence on formation of the image. Also, the entire image of the landscape was categorized into four groups. A case study was conducted in HAKONE Area of FUJI-HAKONE-IZU National Park and the degree of visual influence of the artificial structure in the natural landscape was tested.
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Noboru MASUDA, Daishu ABE, Yasuhiko SHIMOMURA, Satoshi YAMAMOTO, Hiroy ...
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
223-228
Published: March 31, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology for designing urban riverfront space which harmonizes land use consideration and landscape features. The method used in this study is a cognitive evaluation by means of simulation models. The simulation models were produced through photomontage using an image processing system.
Through this study the following findings were obtained. In the district of high rise apartment, a gradually inclined embankment and a stair-formed embankment are highly evaluated and it is desired that approchability of water be promoted to reinforce access to the waterfront. In the commercial district, landscaping with appropriate verdure, especially tall trees, is highly evaluated regardless of the structure of embankment. Here landscaping-oriented design is more desired than approchability of water. In the business district, both approchability of water and landscaping play an important role for a desirable riverfront.
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Mithukuni THUCHIYA, Yoshio NAKAMURA
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
229-234
Published: March 31, 1992
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In the present report, we have studied current and flow induced sound in the forms of stream flow. We observed the hydraulic quantity and flow induced sound at the natural river and shinsui river. We report on the results of comparison of the data from the measured values of shinsui river with data from natural rivers. The results may be summarized as follows; The existence of sound of fluctuation became clear on the ripple and hydraulic jump of wave forms, but We did not find the presence of fluctuation on the current flow and artifical cascade. It is not considered nesessary to do determinent for the quantity adjust flow so that they are similar to natural river.
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Toshio MIURA, Jiro TOBIOKA
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
235-240
Published: March 31, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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This study aims to develop an estimation method for the green environment and make its physical features and function relatively clear. The experiment is conducted according to the SD-method, collecting information, displaying 40 photograghs and analyzing the physical features and functions of the green environment. Consequently the factor structure of the green envirement is worked out and therefore the relationship between this factor structure and the mentioned physical features (density, plant variation, facilities and pavement) is clarified. There fore the plan for producing the green land area of the park made possible and successful by estimating the physical features and function.
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Akio SHIMOMURA
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
241-246
Published: March 31, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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The aime of this paper is to clear the transition of the space structure on hot-spring resorts in Modern age by means of refering sketch maps, the other documents and field survey. Case study areas are ATAMI, IKAHO, KUSATU, and KINOSAKI. As the result of this work, the space structure which had been formed from the EDO era through the eary MEIJI era, was badly dameged in Modern age. And the transition of the space structure is splitted 3 vectors. They are the tendency of mixture, the tendency of open-system, the tendency of homogeneous.
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Ryujiro KONDO
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
247-252
Published: March 31, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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In Japan, there are many imitative pilgrimageplaces patterned after Shikoku's 88 pilgrimage site. These pilgrimage course divided between the regional pilgrimage course and miniture pilgrimagecourse can be regarded as symbolic spaceto imagine the Real Shikoku.
The aim of this paper is to identify the spatial symbolic system of the miniture pilgrimage by means of field survey in eight miniture pilglimage places of North Harima and comparison of their imitated characteristics with the Real Shikoku model.As the results of this work, some difference of the ways of imitation arose from those of theregional pilgrim places. In miniture pilgrim places, the expression to perform symbolicbehavior (MEGURI) as pilgrim ritual remind people of the pilgrimage in Shikoku. This can be deemed as one kind of technique for the produce of space by Human Activity.
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Yoji AOKI
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
253-258
Published: March 31, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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As was already well-known in Japan, the greenery in the field of vision improves the appraisal of the complex, weakly regulated landscapes of Japanese cities. To examine the effect on an European landscape of planned facades and skylines, several types of residential areas in Munich, Germany, were photographed with and without leaves. These photographs were shown to Japanese respondents who were asked to classify them according to landscape similarity and then evaluate them. The results were as follows:
1. As might be expected, a 0.01 statistical significance level was attained when a high ratio of greenery improved the appraisals of strictly-regulated residential landscape in Munich.
2. The lesfing of the vegetation affected the distinction of landscapes in relation to the 0.01 statistical significance level.
3. The Japanese respondents preferred the strictly-regulated landscapes of Munich's residential areas.
4. Nine representative types of residential landscapes were found in Munich.
5. These types were identified by eight factors; i.e. 1) amount of greenery, 2) building height, 3) detached housing, 4) outstanding facades, 5) roof height, 6) street width, 7) width of open space between building and street, and 8) number of parked automobiles.
6. As roof height and open space increased, evaluations, improved; however the opposite was true for outstanding facades.
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Satoshi YAMAMOTO, Noboru MASUDA, Yasuhiko SHIMOMURA, Daishu ABE, Kenta ...
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
259-264
Published: March 31, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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This study aims to clarify the existing effects of green space relating to consolidation of residential environment by conducting questionnaires on the residents around the green space. The results of this study are summarized as follows;
1) The evaluation to the existing effects of green space is the highest at the naturally supplied green areas, and amenity effects follow next. The range of these two effects is wide.
2) The evaluation to the micrometeorological control effects and the noise reduction effect is lower than the afore-mentioned two effects, and the range of the effect is narrow.
3) The more there are visible green space and frequency of human green contact, the higher the evaluation to the existing effects of green space becomes.
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Takashi TANAKA
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
265-270
Published: March 31, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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This study aims at clarifying the range of fields which influences inhabitants' evaluation of psychological effects of fields.
The evaluation on 11 effects was surveyed with a questionaire which was marked by inhabitants in Tsuchiura City. And the land around every respondant's house which is used as fields is measured to get “field percentages”.
There was comparatively close correlation between the following evaluations and “field percentages”;
1 the evaluation on the effect that fields admit fresh air into a house, and the “field persentage” within a radius of 30m from respondant's house (the correlation coefficient is plus).
2 the evaluation on the effect that fields relax persons with their extensiveness, and the “field persentage” within a radius of 60m from respondant's house (the correlation coefficient is minus).
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Masaya MURATA, Osamu NAKAMURA, Isami KINOSITA
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
271-276
Published: March 31, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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We analyzed the transformation of schoolchildren's outdoor-activities in the school district of Senjyu Honcyo Elementary School, Adachi Ward of Tokyo, which was opened in 1991.
And these following characteristics were derived: The area of children's activities are expanded by the reorganization of school, finding other playgrounds in reorganized school district, and playing with more member of friends. Meanwhile the time occupied on going to school became longer than they needed, their playtime shortened, and they came to ride their bicycles frequently. But they get into danger of having an accident, because there are many dangerous points in this expanded area. As mentioned above, the reorganization of attendance units have also problematic effects on schoolchildren's outdoor actions.
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Shigeto YANAI, Syoichi ISHII, Yorikazu MARUTA
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
277-282
Published: March 31, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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In this study, we researched on tasks of conservation of hedges in Ohara Town.
The results are as follows; On the existing status of distribution of fences and hedges, there are 5 types of site fencing and hedge type is 39.1% in all fencing at this area. And lots of hedges are planted
Podocarpus macrophyllus, but there are intensively some of hedges of
Camellia japonica in a site of rural area that it is necessary to conserve because of peculiarity of distribution, history and scarcity value.
On the consciousness of citizens, most of them hope for conservation of hedges of
Camellia japonica though we find the problems of maintenance. And itis necessary to enrich the support system from local government for conservation of hedges.
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Hiroyuki NAGATOMO, Yoshimitsu OMI, Yorikazu MARUTA
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
283-288
Published: March 31, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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In this study, we have examined the consciousness of residents to big tree in the residential area of Horikiri and Kosuge at Katsushika Ward in Tokyo. As a result, we have found out that the owner of big tree have had anxiety about the nuisance of fallen leave to residents around the tree. On the other hand, the consciousness of residents for the tree varied according to the distance from the tree.
The attachment of residents for the tree at the area within 50m from the tree are more intensive than any others.
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Yoshimitsu OMI, Yorikazu MARUTA, Masafumi SHIMADA, Kimihiko SUGIURA
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
289-294
Published: March 31, 1992
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In this study, the situation of the conservation of tall trees were investigated in the scenic zone in Fujisawa City. We surveyed the situation of the landscape planting and the conservation of tall trees by field survey and analysis of aerial photographs taken in 1946 and 1988. The results are as follows;
1) In in old residential areas, fifty six tall trees were found. Fifty four of them were black pine (
Pinus thunbergii).
2) In new residential areas, there were only two tall trees,
Pinus thunbergii, and a lot of hedges,
Juniperus chinensis Linn. var. kaizuka Hort.
3) In the scenic zone in Fujisawa City, inhabitants are required to conserve tall trees, and to plant trees to cover 10% area of housing sites. And especially, 1.5m of setting back of the house from the road is useful for the conservation of the trees.
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Jin Seon KIM
1992 Volume 56 Issue 5 Pages
295-300
Published: March 31, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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To improve residential environment, it is necessary for planning of the natural factors. Based upon this notion, this study clarified the correlation between existimg condition of greenary and ratio of greemery, open space area, lot area, and satisfactory of greenery.
Using the following concept; 10tarea-open space=buildimg area, it is possibile to obtain the percentage of lot area to building area minus open space, which preserve a satisfactory amount of greenary.
Comparing this percentage with satisfaction degree of greenery area in residential area, it is easy to get the building to lot area ratio to greenery. Wepropose that the new concept of building to lot area ratio of environment in this paper.
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