The riverscape is changing relate to the urbanization of protected land and the developments of low water channel controll.
In this study, the changing processes of riverscape were discussed from the landscape elements of watershed in long perspective dimensions, from the landuse changes of protected land and from the changes of human behaviors on the river site.
In the results, the riverscapes were categorised into three types. The first type is the typical riverscape in natural landscape, the second type is in the rural landscape and the third type is in the urban landscape. The characteristics were discussed relating to the landform, landuse and another elements along the river.

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Water is basic to all living things, but how should waterscape be changed in accordance with increasingly intensified urban land use. The purpose of this study is to find the relationship between waterscape and resultant behavioral responses.
Basic information was obtained by two field surveys, which were conducted in Amagasaki city. One survey was made using a field notification system called“KARTE”. The other was by a questionnaire survey. The “KARTE” system use the responses of the survey team. The second approach measures both a couple of responses, which contains the sense of awareness and an amount of contact to the object (river), and an amount of sensibility of each vicinity with the water. As it's important to understand that information on behavioral responses are much influenced by place of habitation and by individual experiences, three elements which are basic to all backgrounds were chosen. these are: 1) the number of years of residence, 2) age, 3) sex. A combination of the statistical method, frequency distribution, factor analysis, cluster analysis and dual scaling were used.
It was learned that water spaces have many traits in relationship to human beings. Some of them are as follows:
1) A classification system of waterscape elements consists of three main groups and a few remnant. Main groups are natural landscape qualities, urbanities and negative elements.
2) The differences of behavioral responses to waterscape based demographic information are that:
a) Males generally responded more conservatively, pragmatically and structurally than females. Females responded more emotionally, less consistantly and with greater acceptance of the changes than males.
b) The aged tend to be more objective than the young, but both the aged and the young tend to be more emotional than the middle age group. The responses of aged is based on their physical needs and their memory of the past.
c) Sex plays a greater role than age or length of habitation, in the sense of awareness and an amount of contact of water spaces. However, an amount of sensibility are based primarily on experience of those spaces.
3) From the analysis of the pattern of contact with water, by district, some understandings about the relationship between districts, and the area of effective power of the river, was learned. At the district scale, the degree of connection is more influenced by geographical conditions than an amount of sensibilities.
4) It could be shown the process of an applicative system for the landscape analysis of the urban water spaces.

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The Cabinet proclamation park is the installation on state land which was permitted by the Ministry of Home Affairs directive for the purpose of park. Park of private ownerland is remained the common property of inhabitant in the nature of commonship with regard to the right of common and irrigation. The superficies for park is given gurantee by the registration. But the ownership and the right of using on park land was gave rise to the opposition by Civil Law 1896.
The establishment on park land is to judge from the installation in public law, and to exclude from the usufruct in private law. The administrative interpretations of park land problem were made by the authorities of judicial precedent for civil proceedings. The private right on park land is not permitted to the title of park regulation from opening till abolition for official use. Legal charcter of the administrative property on park land was regulated by the revised Local Goverment Act 1963.

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This is a study on the oldest book of Japanese garden making “SAKUTEIKI”.
I contemplate its contemporary features in reference to the investigation of historical words of Landscape Architecture, and I conclude that it comes into existence in the thirteenth century.
“SAKUTEIKI” should be valued higher than “On Garde ns”(written by Francis Bacon at 1631) and “Yuen Yeh”(written by Muhi Keisei at 1631).

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[in Japanese]

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