According to the annual table of Muso-kokushi, in showa 2 (AC 1313) he came to the Totomi province from the Jogo-ji temle, along with his six or seven follow-practitioners, such as Hongen Gen-o' Kokumon Funi, So-yo and so on, and finally reached Mt. Nagase whose solitary scenery attracted him a great deal. It is said that he built a hermitage here and called it Kokei (Ancient Valley) against the intention of his master Kennichi Koho to make him the chief monke of the Choraku-ji temple in the Kozuke province.
But according to the history book of Toki city, unlike the above annual table, Musokokushi is the second chief monk of the Jorin-ji temple whose lay founder is Yorizane Toki, lord of the Toki district, and invited found is Sogen Mugaku, and the first monk founder is Kennichi Koho. Consequently, the Kokei-an is considered to have been built as an annex hermitage of the Jorin-ji temple and the six or seven fellow-practitioners of Mushokokushi came to help this kokushi with his managing the hermitage.
Here Muso-kokushi applied himself to the “long strict practice after enlightement”, while Hongen Gen-o and Myogen Jusan were engaged in the temple affairs of the Jorin-ji temple. Especially the former, invited by Yorisaa Toki before the annual table of Muso-kokushi, accepted the bones of the predecessor Mitsusada Toki and performed a memorial service at the 33rd anniversary of his death. Furthermore, he built another annex hermitage named Fuso-an where the image of the founder Sogen Mugaku was located and his bones were dedicated. This memorial service was performed in Showa 1 (1312) and the next year but one the Kannon temple of the Kokeian was built.
About the situation of defence of the then Toki clan, Sanrei Shigemori, a researcher of “the gardening when the Toki clan was in the mansion” and garden of the Eiho-ji temple, says: “with the Tki market as a center, they built the Fukazawa castle in the norh-western part and the Tsuruga castl in the northern, Mt. Kamado commanding the Ena district. In the front place of the south there was there was the Mashiko castle ; in the west there were the positions of strategic importance, Such as Otomi, Asano, Takada and Tajimi. “(Cf. Toivorikaneko, p. 118).” This shows that there was no record that the Toki clan had the mansion on Mt. Nagase.
In the Buttoku-zenii-goroku by Hongen Gen-o there is a passage entitled “casual work on Mt. Kokei”: the surface of a mirror opehs newly and the water of a pond is clear...” This means that Muso-kokushi built a garden then in such a spiritual realm.
The Summury of the Garden of the Eiho-ji Temple
The subject of this garden srows the long strict practice after enlightenment...... the fundamental thought of Rinzai Zen based on the Rinzai-roku... by Muso-kokushi, founder of the Kokei-an ; the conception of it shows the thorough realization of true Self through zazen stemming from the Rozanki (A Guide of Lu-Shan); the structure expresses the realm of the original enlightenment based on the Shodo-ka (The Song of Enlightenment) by Yokadaishi. This is the garden of the Rinzai Zen monastery where we walk about trees and springs.

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Intending to clear up scope of carrying capacity of lawns, it is recorded, at first, that result brought about some experimental investigation on relation ship of soil hardness owing to trampling, as follows.
(1) The experimental results which were obtained in the way described above are summerized in Fig.13.
(2) Floristic composition of lawns is influenced by the extent of soil hardness owing to frequency of trampling.
(3) Principal kind of pastures and wild grasses composed mix lawns were found to be limited a species.
There grasses are as follows:
Zoysia japonica Steud, Zoysia matrella Merr, Trifolium repens L., Poa pratensis L., Poa annua L., Platago asiatica L., Eleusine indica Gaerth, Digitaria genus and Eragrosis ferruginea P. Beau V. It showed results appoximately similar to those of other studies.
(4) Principal kind of pastures and wild grasses are stronger at trampling resistant properties are ordered as follows:
Eleusine indica Gaerth>Digitaria genus>Zoysia japonica Steud Zoysia matrella Merr>Platago asiatica L≅aEragrostis ferruginea P. Beau V. >Poa pratensis L.≅Poa annua L≅Trifolium repens L.
The order is guessed more physical trampling resistant properties than ecological resistance. It close agreement between observed and experimented values was obtained.
(5) The stronger corelation was observed between trampling and soil hardness (a coefficient of correlation 0.899).
(6) Zoysia genus become bare by trampling the method of trading on barley plants 15th of every day. Other kind of pastures and wild grasses become bare less than trampling 15th of every day except Eleusine indica Gaerth. and Digitaria genus. It seems that Eleusine indica Gaerth. and Digitaria genus invade bare ground as suplementary phenomena.
(7) All kind of pastures and wild grasses composed lawns become bare limit of soil hardness is 27mm indicative graduations of Yamanaka's soil hardness meter, and become bare ground completely is more than 29mm indicative graduations.
(8) The state of growth of Zoysia genus do not become bare but canopy is less than 25mm indicative graduations of Yamanaka's soil hardness Meter. Good growing conditions of Zoysia genus is less than 23mm indicative graduations.
(9) The limits of carrying capacity of lawns is expressed from the result of this study with some values are as follows, the number of times of trampling is 15th of every day, soil hardness is 27mm indicative graduations of Yamanaka's soil hardness Meter, ground contact pressure is 6.0kg/cm². A proper carrying capacity are as follows, the number of times of trampling is 7th of every day, soil hardness is 23mm indicative graduations, ground contact pressure is 2.8kg/cm².

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The purpose of this case study on Wakakusayamai Hill is to elusidate the effects of recreational pressure on diversifiiication of vegetational cover, and to, suggest recreational carrying capacity compatiblewith the particular management objectives for a. given natural area. Wakakusayama Hill of Nara. Park, which commands the fine view of Yamato Basin, is the most popular picnic grassland near Kansai metropolitan area. The annual attendance' reached 600, 000 visitors in recent years.
At the rst step, photographs showing the distributional state of visitors staying on grassy slope' were taken from aircraft flying across the area concerned at the fixed time (about 11: 00, 13: 00 and 15: 00) on two fine holidays in autumn season. Then, mesh maps of recreational density were prepared from these photographs. Recreational density is indicated by number of staying vistors in each 25 meter mesh. On the other hand the real vegetation map of the same area was made on the basis of the phytosociological survey. Moreover this map was rendered into two mesh maps-one shown with seven physiognomi. cal types and the other with four community types-so that one mesh might represent one vegetation types.
In the next place, these meshes were grouped into seven density classes according to “Average of Relative Density (ARD)”. In this case Relative Density is expressed in permillage of staying visitors in each mesh to the total of the each survey, excluding two surveys with less than 1, 000 persons. Average numbers of staying visitors in each ARD class were shown into graph at each survey time as in Fig. 4. Similarity of their curves indicates the constancy of recreational use, that is, some areas are always apt to be used in high density, and otheis always in low density. Therefore this mesh-grouping method by ARD was amply justified. After abstract ARD had been converted into concrete recreational density in the most crowded use level, we tried to compare vegetational patterns with recreational patterns in space.
The results are as follows.
1. So far as recreational density is regulated under 20 persons/ha as maximum use level, Miscanthus sward type will continue. But as the density increases, lower Zoysia type comes out sporadically on taller Miscanthus sward.
2. 500 persons/ha may be the border line on which the vegetation of grassland changes from Miscanthus type to Zoysia type.
3. Cynodon type being very resistant to trampling, or bare ground occur on the local areas which are subject to very heavy recreational use, that is, over 1, 300 persons/ha.

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1) Actual Status of Providing Industrial Area with Green Spaces
New industrial cities were developed in coastal areas from 1963, and a part of this was located inland also. But, pollution problems occurred frequently within a few years due to lack of measures for environmental conservation even in these industrial cities which made their appearance with great anticipation.
In the stage of industrial development, there are two schools of thoughts concerning conservation of green spaces. The fist is represented by the concept of Industrial Park which was developed in the United States, and it was not practical to Japan because of her very complicated system of land ownership. The second is to develop so called Greenbelt around industrial complex in Japan, and the method has been used to create green spaces in the major industrial zones. The latter approach, however, did not resolve basic environmental problems.
2) Conservation of Histrical Landscape
Urban sprawling wich occurred in the course of urbanization was giving way to destruction of famous cultural environment at a number of places. The enactment of Conservation of Ancient Cities Act encouraged both citizens and the public administration to unite their efforts to preserve those histrical and culture heritages. Actually, 7 cities and towns have been designated as ancient cities: Kyoto, Nara, Kamakura and so on.
3) Popularity of Remodelling Concept
Towards the beginings of the last decade, discussion as to how Japan should remodel the country attracted a considerable publicity and public interest, and a number of propositions were made. However, most of the proposals laid primary emphasis on the positive effects of development, and little thoughts were given to the aspects and plans concerning conservations.

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