The problems on the Cabinet proclamation park was solved usually to receive the inquiry under the guardianship of competent authorities. Under the religious policy in Meiji government, the reinforced shrine administration was distinguished clearly from othe religion. Park activity divide from common interest with the religious service for new shrine construction. The public installation are to acquire the title of land use on registration officially. The registration on land-ledger accompanied with land docile, and the title deed was abolished. This park establishment became necessary to have the title for the acquisition of public land, and it was established by the contact of rent with the superficies rights on private land. The park management under the control of prefecture take place under local administration without the direction for state land. The Cabinet Proclamation Park lacked of the consideration as public property, but the form on park land was strengthen the character to the public property from the state property. The meanings of modernization for park establishment was to obtain the valuation as public installation from state property with administrative confirmation. The base of park establishment was to take financial measure for land acquisition by legislative ordinance. The land expropriation for park require to purchase with debt repayment. The finence of public installation became to depend on the general account of local administration.

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Shirakawasuna-sand has been used on the gardens in Kyoto since Heian era. Today Shirakawasuna-sand is used all over the country as a material for landscaping. Shirakawasuna-sand on the market is not river sand, but the crushed sand which is made of Kita-Shirakawa Granite at the plants at Kita-Shirakawa, Kyoto. The color of Shirakawasuna-sand is white. The shape of the grain of Shirakawasuna-sand is square. Shirakawasuna-sand is classified into 4 gradings.
The purpose of this paper is to clarify the qualities (physical properties) of Shirakawasunasand of today and the historical change of the qualities of Shirakawasuna-sand as a material for landscaping.
This study cleared the phisical properties of Shirakawasuna-sand by material tests. The physical properties of Shirakawasuna-sand is shown in Fig. 2 and Table 2. As compared with Shirakawasuna-sand on the market, the natural sand of the Shirakawa is too small in grain size.(Fig. 3) Grading characterizes the quality of Shirakawasuna-sand of today.
The historical change of the qualities of Shirakawasuna-sand was investigated by old literatures and pictures.
The study on Shirakawasuna-sand in early Edo era (17c.) is summarised as follows:
Shirakawasuna-sand was called Haku-sha (white sand). Haku-sha was the crushed sand made of Shirakawaishi-stone (Kita-Shirakawa Granite). It was produced as the result of the works of a greate many stone goods by the masons at Kita-Shirakawa. Haku-sha was classified by gradings to some extent.
It is inferred that the product of Haku-sha crushed sand traces back to late Muromachi era (16c.) at latest.
Shirakawasuna-sand is a half wrought material, and a special sand in various pebbles and sands for landscaping.

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[in Japanese]

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In this study I tried to clear the foundamental space structure of residential gardens in Japan by the methodology of authropocentric environmental system.
At first, I defined culture anew. In short, it should be environmental system how to live over a clertain period, I think. Therefor, we must grasp essentially owner's independent condition and its environment in gardening.
We can see often now, in many housing plans in Japan, the loss of individual character in each garden and taking some uniform styles. It would be the reflect of the social culture in Japan. At the same time, we can see often, each owner change the plan breaking an agreement between resident and constructive organ. Next, on 59 san-sui gardens in Tokyo since feudal age, we get their statistical datas of transition of water sources of ponds. It shows, there are several close environmental system between gardens and their regional area.
I tried to study to clear the prototype of environmental system at Sakura-mura, Ibaragiprefecture and Sawauchi-mura, Iwate-prefecture. The later had the close system combined gardens and their mountain stream environmental system. I suggested that it is human scale and foundamental system to keep healthy each garden and living system in mountain village, through analysis of 3 type water system in Waga-river basin.

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This paper deals with some recent problems in and around the construction engineering in the landscape architecture in Japan, such as,
1) an approach to standardized soil survey techniques in recreational lands, in the light of the techniques prevailed in i) soil survey for farming and in ii) soil survey for civil engineering.
2) an approach to practical calculation of soil volume.
3) pavement materials and paving techniques for recreational trails and sports grounds.
4) aesthetic treatment of waterside works and mountainous conservation works.
5) present and future of machinery for grading and planting works in recreational lands.

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[in Japanese]

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Most of studies on green space as a natural element in human environment have been directed at its social and physical structure and their results have greatly contributed to standardization of parks and open space system.
There are, however, very few studies and discussions dealing with physiognomical styles of public green spaces in human environment, notwithstanding that their choice is a very imortant key for recreational use, vegetational management and ecological conservation. So the author advances the three following styles: Forest, Park and Garden.
Park: This is the intermediate between more natural Forest and more artificial Garden. Sweeping grassland with scattered trees characterizes its typical feature. Such special quality is not only fascinating for people living in densely urbanized area, but able to withstand ecologically higher level of recreational pressure.
Park is a concept indigenous not to humid Japan but to a arid Europe. On the other hand, this concept historically changed from deer-park to landscape-park as O. Rackham indicates. And the traditional features as landscape-park have been maintained even on the course from private park to public park in the 19th century.
An institution of public park was established in Japan in the late 19th century, receiveing stimulus of the Western culture. But she failed to inherit the essence of landscape-park, because the people had never seen its actural picture in their countryside.
Forest: It may be divided into dense and sparse wood. The former is typified by close-canopy grove of shrine or abandoned coppice. The latter has the most excellent possibilities for recreational use, but it is difficult to exist under natural condition in Japan. Consequently, sparse wood must be build up by introducing such management operations as thinning overstocked and heavily shaded wood and clearing invasive scrub.
Garden: The most artificial green space, where human mind or idea is intensely expressed as in traditional Japanese or French gardens.
The author would like to emphasize a remarkable difference in recreational green space between Europe and Japan, that is, Park and Forest (sparse wood) are abundant in Europe, whereas scanty in our country. Man must be fully aware of this fact in order to improve our green space and develop the recreational potential from the existing woods.

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