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Junghee WON, Jaebong BAEK
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
1-6
Published: March 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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The gardening method and prototype of the traditional pond garden of Chosen-Era was examined by field survey and analysis of 27 gardens in Korea.
The results are as follows;
1.The type of pond is almost rectangular one with small round island.
2.The location and form of the pond and the treatment of water are influenced by the philosophy of ShinSun (ShinSen) and PoongSoo (HuSui).
3.The water flows into the pond through a waterway from the North-East and flows out to a South-West direction. The reason is the influence of the philosophy of ShinSun, UmYangOHaeng (InYoGoGyo) and of PoongSoo.
4.Water front of the pond is made of a simple type embankment of stone or soil. Most of them are built by stone.
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Jiro ASANO, Jisoung BAIK, Eijiro FUJII
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
7-12
Published: March 30, 1990
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We studied the Anapchi pond garden in Kyongju, Korea which had been the capital of the Silla Kingdom during the one thousand years. Anapchi pond garden is said to be constructed in 674 according to the description of Sankokusiki, and the excavation of the garden which carried out by Korean government in 1975 and in 1976. We studied the bank protection techniques of the Anapchi pond and the introducing techniques of water to the pond using the surveying map and the excavation meterials. Then, we estimate that the water which introduced to the pond from Bukchon river and the pond was estimated to be larger than the existing pond according the excavation date and the estimated volume of the introduced water.
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Takahiro NAKA, Jiro ASANO
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
13-18
Published: March 30, 1990
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We analyzed the spacial constitution of Shinden Style Garden using excavation data about capital of Heian. And then we noticed that the location of main buildings of Shinden Style Residence accords to the location of main gate.
The Shinden Style Residence and its main garden were composed in accordance with the topographical conditions of Kyoto.
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Shinobu UCHIDA
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
19-24
Published: March 30, 1990
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Honmaru Palace was originally constructed in the Kan'ei Era (1624-1644).
After it was destroyed by fire, it was reconstructed as the residence of the 15th Tokugawa Shogun, Yoshinobu in the closing days of the Tokugawa regime, but later it was removed. The present structure, originally built as the residence of Prince Katsura, was transferred piece by piece from its original location in Kyoto Imperial Palace in 1894. Unlike the history of Honmaru Palace, little has been known about the historical changes undergone by Honmaru Garden in front of it. On the occasion of the recent repair of the palace, however, new materials relevant to its transfer in 1894 were discovered, providing new information on the history of Honmaru Garden. These materials, coupled with drawings in the Kan'ei Era and an old photograph of the residence of Yoshinobu, help to make a study of the historical changes undergone by Honmaru Garden from the Kan'ei Era to the present.It still remains unknown whether Honmaru Garden existed in the Kan'ei Era or not, for lack of appropriate materials concerning the garden during the era. But the photograph of the Honmaru Palace as the residence of Yoshinobu shows that the structure had a tea-ceremony house with a few deciduoustrees, a stone lantern and a lattice fence in its front, that there was a pine tree near the corridor of the residence and that an open space probably covered with grass or moss spread before the residence. When the residence of Prince Katsura was transferred in 1894, a main garden was laid out at Honmaru Palace. In 1895, however, under the order of Emperor Meiji the main garden was remodeled into a garden with an artificial hill, which is still in
existence today.
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Tutomu HATTORI, Isoya SHINJI
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
25-30
Published: March 30, 1990
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In the present paper, we shall try to make a reproduction of characterful uses for the “Hama-Rikyu-Teien (The Former Hama Detached Palace Garden)” over the middle 1800's from the late 1700's, when the garden belonged to TOKUGAWA IENARI, and IEYOSHI. The study is to be made according to the following arrangements;(1) we analyzed 10 documents (for example “CHIYO-NO-HAMAMATU”) for the garden uses, (2) we made a drawing showing the relationship between the use and the garden straction. The outline will be described below;(1) The excursion route was all over the garden, (2) The garden equipments which were not existencehad very important roll the garden use.
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Sawako ONO
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
31-36
Published: March 30, 1990
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Tsukigase has been known for its ume (
Prunus mume) blossums since the 19th century. Tsukigase-kisho, an account of trip to Tsukigase by Setsudo Saito with poem anthology about Tsukigase in 1852, popularized Tsukigase as a tourist attraction, although Tsukigase was in the backcountry. The reasons are:
1. Setsudo's vivid description of natural beauty was so fresh and tastful to arouse a trip to Tsukigase.
2. Intellectuals at that time often took a trip appreciating natural beauties and reciting poems about then. It was their typical social gathering.
Consequently, the increase of tourists made farmers there deal with tourism offering accomodation and tour guide and publishing guidebooks.
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Saburo KIMURA
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
37-41
Published: March 30, 1990
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‘White beach-blue pine’ is socalled HAKUSHA-SEISHO. it is adapted to Japanese landscape feeling and to SETO·NAIKAI, constituted by granite rock only.
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Junichi OGURA
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
42-47
Published: March 30, 1990
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Old pictures are sometimes used as references to tell the past vegetation. But it is not easy to show the accuracy of the depictions in most cases.
In this paper, “
Megane-e (optical pictures) ”
and “
Yodogawaryoganzumahi (the rolled view picture of the Yodo river and its vicinity)” by Okyo were studied to tell the past vegetation of the mountainous area around Kyoto.
The results suggest that the vegetation there in the middle Edo period (around late 1750's and early 1760's in this case) was largely different from today: low or little vegetation area was so common there that the area with no or few forests was large, and relatively good forests were often seen in those area owned by temples and shrines.
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Masaaki HANYÛ
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
48-53
Published: March 30, 1990
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As one of the fundamental study about the method of shaping the environment suitable for snow-watching, the effects of snow-scape in HIROSHIGE's Ukiyoe were reserched as follows:
1. 43 HIROSHIGE's snow-scape were selected for the analysis in this reserch.
2. The effects of “Contrast” by the uniformity and variety in snow-scape were produced by the arrangement of 4 snow-area; “Snow-covered-area”, “Nonsnow-area”, “Snow-spots-area” and “Snow-falling-area”.
3. The important elements that produce the effects are snowfall, trees and barnboos, water-surface, objects on the water, building and structure, animals, man, sky and so on.
4. The 29 methods of HIROSHIGE's snow-scape presentation were shown as the conbination with the snow-area and these elements.
As a result, these effects indicate the principle of composing the objects for snowwatching.
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Satomi WATANABE
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
54-59
Published: March 30, 1990
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The picture books and the cultivars of the ornamental lotus in the Edo Period are investigated by the method of cluster analysis and the like. Then, the picture books are classified into 2 groups; the one is related to ‘Seikohfu’ which has been lost but is the most authoritative picture book of the lotus in the Edo Period. And the cultivars are graded into 4 groups on the point of popularity by the freqency of showing up and the picture books where they appeared. From the above, the cultivars listed in ‘Seikohfu’ are presumed.
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Taiichi ITO
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
60-65
Published: March 30, 1990
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In 1904 two small national parks, named Platt and Sullys Hill respectively, were established in the United States. These parks have been often ignored in the national park history because they are considered to be of inferior quality and because later abolished. However, by shedding new light on these parks, their roles in the development of the national park system became clear. First of all, the fact that such insignificant areas were designated as national parks shows how little people knew about meanings of national parks although Yellowstone had been established more than 30 years ago. As the result, creation of a managing agency was urged in the government and the park standard began to take shape. Once the National Park Service was established, it became obvisous that strong demands of urban people for recreation cannot be fulfilled by traditional national parks in the remote areas. Thus importance of more easily accessible parks was gradually recognized. This led to expansion of the national park system to national recreation areas.
At the same time, the establishment of the state park system was urged to correspond to local needs. Finally, the effort of declassifying these small parks itself explained the national park criteria implicitly.
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Masanobu NAGASHIMA
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
66-71
Published: March 30, 1990
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The opening of the national road No.4 and the Tohoku Main Line resulted in the improvement of the roads in Nasu. Various facilities were constructed.
They were partly influenced by Nikko, but on the other hand, they had their own characteristics of the Nasu region. Automobiles started to enter into the area earlier than Okunikko. However the progress of roadways were relatively slow. First, people visited. Nasu for hotspring cure. Then, after 1926 (Showa 1), tourists for sightseeing have increased. The imperial villa was constructed and golf courses were opened.
At first, autumn was the top season in the number of visitoras. However examining the average in the 25 years after 1964 (Showa 39), summer was the top and it was followed by autumn, spring and winter. This order has not changed yet.
Increase in the number of visitors in winter is the future task for the local development of the area as same as the Nikko region.
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Kimihiro NISHIMURA
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
72-77
Published: March 30, 1990
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The aim of this study is to obtain the character of Landscape Architecture of agricultural education by means of Landscape Gardening at Sapporo Agricultural College in the earlier part of Meiji Era.
Sapporo Agricultural College was inaugurated in 1876. Landscape Gardening was to be taught, because this College followed the example of Massachusetts Agricultural College (MAC) at first. Landscape Gardening was taught at MAC as early as 1868. Downing's Landscape Gardening, and so on were recommended for recitation or reference.
From the viewpoint of the campus (botanic garden or arboretum) design, Landscape Gardening took on significance at Agricultural College. But Landscape Gardening was not a subject of importance at Sapporo Agricultural College, because Landscape Gradening was treated as a fine art at MAC. A keen sense of open space was necessary to teach it, so that it was difficult for the staff of Horticultural Department to teach it.
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Kunihiro SASAKI
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
78-83
Published: March 30, 1990
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Adolphe ALPHAND (1817-91)était l'ingénieur que, au second Empire, HAUSSMANN, préfet de Seine, nomma au directeur de la section de l'espace vert pour transformer Paris. Il écrivit “les Promenadesde Paris”, décrivant ces promenades en détail qu'il concernait. Dans ce livre, il y a une introduction longue, où il a écrit l'histoire de l'art des jardins. On y trouve ses vues sur le parc. Je l'ai analysée et clarifié deux caractéristiques principales.
1) Intention forte d'améliorer la position sociale de paysagisme, branche d'art trop négligée à cette époque par les artistes.
2) Vues que l'hitoire de l'art des jardins était un processus du déveroppement et que son critére constituait l'admiration du paysage naturel.
Il en résulte que le parc de Paris est une oeuvre d'art admirabre, et se situe la meilleure position dans l'histoire de l'art des jardins.
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Mikiko ISHIKAWA
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
84-89
Published: March 30, 1990
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The establishment of Boston park system was the pioneering project of American park system. It started from around 1850, and established gradually, taking almost half century. The planning concept was to develop urban park., and at the same time, to conserve excellent, vulnerable natural resources. The process of actualization was accompanied with many difficulties, however, we could find a lot of design and planning innovations. The first stage of park movement lay on the Back-Bay filling project, and it produced Common-wealth Ave., and eventually established public Garden. The second was the construction of the Emerald Necklace, and the third was the Metropolitan park system. It was Important that leading landscape architects, such as Horace Cleveland, Frederick Law Olmsted, and Charles Eliot were involved in the movement of Boston park system.
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Kenji WAKO
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
90-95
Published: March 30, 1990
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Firstly I tried to investigate the relationship between the Central Park Zoo recently renovated on the ecological basis and its historical existence that had established some kind of style.
Secondly I tried to approach one of the concept of the park of F.L.Olmsted by investigating his attitude towards zoo plan in Central Park.
Olmsted, who recognized the essencial of park as a landscape, had opposed the Zoo as a facility which disturbs the landscape of original plan. The Zoo supposed as a facility that disturbs the landscape, have changed to fit in the landscape in the renovated Zoo on ecological basis. Problem between facility and landscape, which Olmsted feared, have nearly come to solution in the Zoo. The Zoo plan did introduce a concept of Biome, an ecological concept.
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Shunsaku MIYAGI
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
96-101
Published: March 30, 1990
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Landscape architectural design practice in the United States has been explo-ring a wide variety of resources in its visual expression since the early portion of 1980s.Earthworks or land art projects which came into being as an offspring of the conte-mporary American art in the 1960s provided the profession with a solid basis of refer-ence rich in expression of both their physical form and the artist's idea. In particular, the way the artists articulated (1) space and scale in landscape of the remote setting of American southwest region, (2) human perception of space and time in their pieces of art work, (3) an ideological discourse evoked among the artists who advocated ecological ethics and those charged themselves with the task of land reclamation as an art work for industrially devastated sites, and (4) the process of creation which involves large amount of time, human participation, and budget that gave rise to socio-economical and political concerns, seems to have given critical inspirations to small number of landscape architects who conducted experimental but highly progressive design practices throughout 1980s.
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Naoki TAKEDA
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
102-107
Published: March 30, 1990
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This study aims to analyze viewpoints of citizens' evaluation on cotents of sculptures in the Urban Environment.
By setting up a casestudy into the area where are a large number of sculptures and filling out questionnaires, I analyze consciousness of inhabitants on sculptures which are installed immediate their life areas.
As a result, I explain following contents.
a) The viewpoints of citizens' evaluation on cotents of sculptures in the Urban Environment
b) Contents of factors existing in the Urban Environment.
c) A relation between the factors and citizens' evaluation in appropriateness of contents of sculptures in the urban environment.
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Koumei MISIMA, Eijiro FUJII
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
108-113
Published: March 30, 1990
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We investigated the electroencephalogram inspecting the color clothes of yellow, green, white, blue, black, red, purple, and gray covering most range of view to analyze the sight-psychological effects of a color. Inspecting yellow, the number of subjects which have much quantities in every rhythms of alpha, beta, and theta, is more than the other colors. And, these subjects are mostly female. On the contrary, the number of subjects which have less quantities in every rhythms of them at blue and black, is more than the other colors. Comparing with these colors, both types of the subjects which have much quantities or less quantities in every rhythms of alpha, beta, and theta exist at green. Therefore, green is considered as a color bringing more various responses than these colors.
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Shinobu YABU, Itaru ISHIKAWA, Kenichi OHSONE, Shigeo TANAKA, Toru OGIN ...
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
114-119
Published: March 30, 1990
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Ophiopogon japonicus Ker.f.
nanus hort. was micropropagated on several media and produced regenerated plants. Meristems were cultured on 25 types of media. Basal medium was Murashige and Skoog supplemented with two different plant growth regulators:α-naphtalenacetic acid (NAA), 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0mg/l, and 6-benzy laminopurine (BAP), 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0mg/l. All media contained 1.0% ager and 30g/l sucrose and were adjusted to pH5.5-5.8 before autoclaving for 20 minutes at 120°C.
The meristems were cultured on MS medium incubated in a chamber in 16hours light at 700lux at 23±1°C and in 8hours darkness. Shoot was in duced in vitro from some meristems on 23 types of media. Calluse was formed on meristems and regenerated shoots from some media containing high NAA concentrations. Root was induced on meristems and regenarated plants from some media containing NAA. But high BAP concentration prevented root formation. Regenerated shoots were transferred to the same medium which allowed shoot growth.
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Noboru SUZUKI
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
120-124
Published: March 30, 1990
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Instead of Japanese traditional training for Ume (Prunus mume) both, the ornamental tree and the open center system for the orchard the news ystem is going to develope the apricot tree in home garden. On the new system, the enriched succulent are make efficient use. It is a ideal tree training in the home garden.
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Masakazu SUZUKI, Satomi WATANABE
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
125-130
Published: March 30, 1990
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The color of landscape plants is highly important feature. But, we can hardly find the study on the system about color informations of landscape plants by precicely mechanized procedure. This study aims to develop a database of plant's color.
The mechanism of this database is as follows: the color of leaves, fruits and flowers about every species, every seasons are measured by colorimeter: and the data of colors are send to the personal computer imedietly by RS-232c interface.: the CPU calculates the mean and standard deviation.: and move these to the database field with the data of time and place of sampling data and somenotes about the sample.
Now, we can use these color data as some statistical model, so it's possible to use this database with ‘Green Vision’(The image database of landscape plants, which we have already reported.) for the purpose of planting design, the determination of the species or diagnosis of plant's vigor by plant's color, decision of the breeding aim about plant's color, etc.
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Yu AMEMIYA, Mayuki TAKISHITA, Masaru TOKASHIKI, Shingo YABASHI, Tatsut ...
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
131-136
Published: March 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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A penetrometer is improved to a foot-pressure gauge by installing a circular plate of which area is equivalent to the active foot area. And penetration into gravel layer is measured to estimate the particle movement by force. This is restricted by the scale of road width and depth, penetration rod plate size and by the size of gravel. Penetration into gravel of which size is larger than some special value shows suddenly larger values than expected from the smaller size experiment. This is caused from the random collision between rod and gravel particles. On the other hand, the knee-bending angles and body-rolling acceleration are measured and analysed to know the walkability of gravel pavement. The ratio of the landing interval by both legs to one wave cycle of the knee-bending angle can be considered as the walkability index because this interval can be recognized as that of confirming the safety of walking. The walkability is dependent both on the sinking of the body in small gravel size and on the unevenness in large gravel size.
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Akira KOBAYASHI
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
137-142
Published: March 30, 1990
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Three Kinds of raw materials or refined products (commercial products) of each of three kinds of representative products, that is, Sakuragawa-sand, Nachi-sand and Shirakawa-sand produced according to different types of refining processes are selected as samples for the purpose of clearing the principles of the refining processes of gravel materials and the taste of appearance was examined by paired comparison to allow the grading and object color of gravel materials to correspond to the results of comparison.
As a result, the principle of the refining process judged to be well was regarded as follows.
Grading must be set to a single size.
With respect to a hue, a raw material having a higher Munsell value must be collected or selected in a white system and a raw material having a higher Munsell chroma must be collected or selected in a chromatic color and a raw material showing a hue having a lower Munsell value must be collected or selected in a black system. That is, a raw material making the charactistics of a hue conspicuous must be collected or selected.
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Kiyoshi KITAZAWA, Chikayasu HAMANO, Toshio HAMAYA
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
143-148
Published: March 30, 1990
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The formation of pseudo-terminal buds as a normal habit was ascertained in 236 spp. among about 700 broad-leaved tree and shrub species common to the japannese flora. The majority of them are with alternate phyllotaxis (89%) and deciduous (94%). The apical parts of the shoots, on which pseudo-erminal buds are formed, are abscised leaving more or less distinct branch scars near the base of the buds in 162 spp.(69%), or aborted leaving shrunk tops or spines in 74 spp.(31%). There is not found any clear correlation between these sorts of these of shoot-top conditions and the taxonomic position of these species. On the other hand, about three fourths of the species with pseudo-terminal buds are those distributed in cooland warm-temperate zones. And these facts may suggest that the formation of pseedoterminal buds is a habit acquired by those species through the process of spreading their distribution to areas of lower temperatures and of changing to deciduousness.
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Tetsuya KONDO, Hisayuki MAENAKA, Toshihide NODA
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
149-154
Published: March 30, 1990
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1) In laboratory tests,
Rannunculus japonicus showed higher germination percentages under dark conditions than under light conditions. With soil cover, this species showed higher emergence percentages than with the placement of seeds on top of the soil.
2)
Ixeris dentata, Cirsium japonicum and
Solidago virgaurea subsp. asiatica remarkably reduced their germination under dark conditions in laboratory tests. They also reduced their emergence even under a thin soil cover in a greenhouse.
3) In regards to
I.dentata and
C.japonicum, the fluctuation of temperature promoted a higher degree of emergence, even with the dark conditions created by a thin soil covering.
4) Seedlings that seeded in deeply covered conditions emerged well when the temperature was suitable for germination.On the other hand when the temperature was unsuitable for germination, emergence was considerably inhibited, even under a thin soil cover.
5) In most species, the depth placement of the seed for good emergence was usually determined by the weight of the seed itself.
6) Assuming that the seeds are sown in April, a suitable depth for the soil cover would be 2.5mm for
I.dentata, Ixeris stolonifera and
S.virugaurea subsp. asiatica, 5mm for
Aster ageratoides subsp.
ovatus and about 10mm for
Hypochoeris radicata, Picris
hieracioides subsp.
japonica, R.japonicus and
C.japonicum.
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Akihito FUKUDA, Satoru HIRANO
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
155-160
Published: March 30, 1990
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To confirm replant failure in trees for landscaping, five species,
Prunus yedoensis, P. mume, Acer palmatum, Daphne odora and
Euonymus japonicus, which have been said to show this phenomenon, were used in this experiment.
Total shoot growth in all kinds of trees grown in old soil, which have been used to grow the same species, was decreased drastically comparing with that in virgin soil. Dry weight of the trees was about 70% less in
A. palmatum and
D. odora, 30% less in
E. japonicus and slightly decreased in
P. yedoensis, but not in
P. mume.
Degree of depression was larger in top than in root of all kinds of trees studied.
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Shinpei TAKAHASHI, Mitsuo KONDO
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
161-166
Published: March 30, 1990
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To assess the of shade on ground cover plants, some samples were tested using relative light intensities of 100%, 50%, 10%, 10%, 0.1%. Also, physioligical reaction of
pachysandra terminaris Sied. et Zucc.(green leaf) and
Pachysandra terminaris variegata (variegated leaf) to light intensity was tested by measuring the rate of photosynthesis. From these experiments, the optimum relative light intensity for maximum growth area were found to be as folloes:
(1)
Leucothoe catesbaei A. Gray ‘Rainbow.’ Pachysandra terminaris (green leaf and variegated leaf): 50%, and 10%.(2)
Farfugium japonicum (green leaf and variegated leaf),
Rhododendron indicum Sweet, Passiflora carerulea L.: 100%, and 50%.(3)
Gelsemium sempervirens Ait, Bigunonia capreolata L., Sedum mexicanum Britton, and
Clematis armandi Franch: 100%, 50%, and 10%.(4) It was also found that:
Hedera canariensis variegata quickly responds to changes in light intensity.
The photosynthetic rate of
Farfugium japonicum (green leaf) is about twice the rate of
Farfugium japonicum (variegated leaf).
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Takuo BABA, Seigo ITOH, Makoto TANAKA
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
167-172
Published: March 30, 1990
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Recently, the number of species of wild grasses near ourselves in Tower areas has been decreasing rapidly. Today, it has been said that agricultural basic planning is necessary for paddy fields in the mountainous areas, therefore, aboundant wild grasses which still remain in mauntain villages have become seriously depleted.
Mountainous paddy fields have wide bank slopes, where aboundant wild grasses are preserved. This time, we investigated the vegetation of wild grasses on bank slopes three times in May, July, September to clarify actual conditions on 50 bank slopes in Minamihiji, Hase Village, Nagano Prefecture. As a result, we are able to classify bank slopes into mainly 12 kinds by dominant species, and we found that density of vegetation changes by the season. Furthermore, we are able to arrange them into six types of characteristic differential species by means of constructive species. We think that with these vegetative conditions, we will be able to find out a useful method for wild grass growing, preservation and management in the future.
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Satoshi YAMAMOTO, Rikio TAKAHASHI
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
173-178
Published: March 30, 1990
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Authors suppose that there is a rural type in cherry blossom-viewing places, besides of an urban type, such as Ueno and Asukayama Park, where many cherry trees have been planted. On the other hand, we consider that a rural type has developed in relation to coppice management.
The studies could ascertain that many of woods densely dotted with cherry blossoming trees were located near rural settlements from analyzing brief descriptions of cherry blossoming in the Diary of Research Travel to Tohoku Region written by Sugae Masumi who was a famous naturalist and folklorist in the middle of Edo era.
On the other hand, it was found from the field survey in non-urban area of Osaka region that woods very abundant in cherry trees were also distributed in the vicinity of settlements in the countryside. These cherry trees were very older and thicker than other trees in measured quadrats.
This suggests that cherry trees have been left in clearing or thinning for providing a fine blossoming show. The above two results indicate a prototype of blossom-viewing place in the countryside.
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Nobuhiko TANAKA
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
179-184
Published: March 30, 1990
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In order to create desirable aesthetic forest, it is important to take Dimensional Landscape Theory into consideration. In this study, four indispensable landscape factors, landscape subject, landscape object, landscape medium and dimension are defined, and the dimensional factor, one of them, is studied.
As the result, it is cleared that though people can get landscape information only as three-dimensional landscape, they can also recognize and evaluate landscape as three, four and five-dimensional landscapes. People can integrate three-dimensional landscape into four and five-dimensional landscapes. And it is also cleared that there is a hierarchical structure among these dimensional landscapes.
By taking them into consideration, it is pointed out that former ferest management, on the point of Dimensional Lnadscape Thory, ignored the hierachical structure of landscape. And a new concept which is thought about the hierachical structure is proposed.
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Takahide KAGAWA
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
185-190
Published: March 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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In Japan, artificial forest area account for 40% of all Japanese forest area now. It is needless to say that artificial forest range in suburban area and even in mountain area where often include national parks. Nowadays artificial forest is much expected of its amenity value more than material value.
In this study, I made clear of structural classes in amenity and those weights of factors in artificial forest Kitayama, Kyoto.
I used an applicational method of AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) for people of Kitayama district and forestry specialists to estimate the amenity.
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Kouichi ICHIHARA, Katumi TOYOKAWA, Takesi YAMADA, Osamu OHKAWABATA
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
191-196
Published: March 30, 1990
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The method for remodeling plantation into forest for recreation that is very beatuful is studied. In the paper, landscape of multi-storied forest of chamaecyparis obtusa in forest is studied by visual analysis by outdoor scenes and photographs. The results of visual analysis are following.
1) Multi-storied forest is more beatuful than the other forest.
2) Forest whose relative light intensity is hight is beatifull.
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Shigeru HORI
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
197-202
Published: March 30, 1990
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The building control guidline and its applications were examined for underlying conceptions of the National Park planning and management.
The building control guidline in “The guideline for various activities within National Parks” compiled by the Environment Agency implies that
1) conservation of natural landscape is of the primary importance and assessment of human involved landscapes of the secondary, and that
2) artificial structures is to be hidden in forests thus invisible in natural landscapes.
Meanwhile the actual applications of the guidline by the Agency indicate that a conception of assesing human involved landscape is virtually missing due to the strong bias toward conservation of pure natural landscapes.
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Masaaki Yui, Katsunori FURUYA, Junichi ISONO
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
203-208
Published: March 30, 1990
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This study intended to explain the influence of the erection on naturalness of landscape in natural landscape area. We expected there were different ranks of influence on naturalness of landscape in many types of erection. So this study made the landscape evaluation experiment with the photos of 12 typical erections, which were selected based on landscape analysis in three national parks (JOSHINETSU KOGEN N. P., CHICHIBU-TAMAN. P., NIKKO N. P.).
The results were as follows: 1) The values of naturalness of landscape are identified and then, classified to 4 groups. The foot path influence on naturalness of landcape is the least evaluated and the village influence is the most evaluated. 2) The images of erections are ranked. 3) As a case study, Shiobara area in Nikko National Park was investigated using mesh analysis based on these values of naturalness of landscape.
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Tadaaki IIJIMA, Asako ABE, Tositarou MINOMO, Ken-ichi CHO, Yong-jo KAN ...
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
209-214
Published: March 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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In this study, which was related to a planning to conservate wooded land in the urban area with the viewpoint of the perception of the scenary, the authors attempted to clarify the points of the conservation of the important scene by understanding common characteristics among dwellers' images of the scenary.
Firstly we collected their own images of the native scene and its objects corresponded to the images through the questionnaire. Secondly we considered the meaning and the formation of the perceived scene to be a common characteristics of images of the scenery showing the regional identity.
Based on the characteristics, we comprehended the location of the scene objects, and classified the local landscape to the three landscape types;(1) valley type, (2) tableland type and (3) lowland type. Each type was recognized to be composed of spreaded or clustered scenery ellements, or a single ellement. Finally, by examining the changes in the formation of the scenery ellments in the cases of three types, we showed the value of the scenery and the measure of sustaining the regionality.
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Akio SIMOMURA
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
215-220
Published: March 30, 1990
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The aime of this paper is to clear the relation between configuration of the ground and space-structure of hot-spring resorts in Meiji era by means of refering sketch maps, the other documents and field survey on 31 historical hot-spring resort.As the result of this work, it was ascertained that the location of shrines, temples and main street of hot-spring resort in Meiji era had good relation with the direction of ground.
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Takeo KAWAKITA
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
221-226
Published: March 30, 1990
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The garden of Entsuji-Temple is well known for its landscape technique of borrowed scenery. This paper investigates the relationships between the image of the entire landscape and the images of the elements (moss-covered ground, rocks, shrubbery, hedge, trees, bamboo grove, and mountains) which constitute the whole landscape.
A series of photographs are used to analyze and evaluate these images: one photograph showing a typical view of the garden and eight synthetic photographs in which one or two elements have been deleted. Using the semantic differential method, the images of these synthetic photographs and the images of the elements in the original photograph are evaluated. The influences of these elements on the different landscapes as represented by the synthetic photographs are examined using the factor analysis method.
As a result of this examination, it is confirmed that, in most cases, the image of an element directly influences the entire image of the landscape which contains it. In some cases however it is clarified that the influence of an element in different landscapes varies depending upon the presence or absence of other elements. The possible causes of the variance are also discussed.
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Kunie SUGIO
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
227-232
Published: March 30, 1990
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This study clarifies the different images New Zealanders and Japanese have of home gardens using the evaluation test and factor analysis by SD method. The study results show remarkable differences between New Zealanders and Japanese images of home gardens. One major difference is that Japanese tend to associate colorfulness with fussiness; however, New Zealanders tend not to associatecolorfulness with fussiness. The study also clarifies that the evaluation of colorful gardens varies depending upon the volume and quality of colors.
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Yoritaka TASIRO, Sadatoshi TABATA, Hisato IDE, Keiichi NAKAYAMA, Kohei ...
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
233-238
Published: March 30, 1990
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This study was conducted by authors who took part in the survey program organized for [An ecological study on the urbanization and greenery eveluation in arid and semi-arid region in Punjab and Gilgit, Pakistan] sponsored by the Ministry of Education during from 1988 to 1989. Main fruites of this study can be summarised as that peoples desire to have much more greenery around their living environments, and the degree of their demand will follow the extent of aridness caused by low precipitation and high bright sunshine duration. This observation will reach to the goal of making clear the findings for general preferance of greenery in wider range of living environments.
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Hisako MAKIMURA
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
239-244
Published: March 30, 1990
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The progress of industrial structure increases the movement of population. I study the relation of movement about the grave and family type, the occupation, the habitation, through three case historys. As a result, they are divided into four model types. The first is the type of living in urban area, the second is the type of moving within the same metropolitan area, the third is the type of living in urban moved from rural area, the forth is the type of moving from city to city. Their graves were moved by the movement of their habitation, without a family living in urban area since the age of Meiji. The third generations are all white-collar workers, and their next generations will be white-collar worker. So the graves will be moved in the future.
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Shori YAMAMOTO
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
245-250
Published: March 30, 1990
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This study discuss about the distribution of forests in urban fringe in Southen Ibaraki Pref 11 forest types were divided by thier physiognomy.
Rate of forest types, which have species composition looking like natural forest and distribute in steep slopes or by the rural residence, are similar to each area. Rate of forest types, which are secondary and plain forest, example
Pinus forest, are different because of urbanization, succession and damage of
Pinus forest by insects. These result were grasped from analyses about relation of each forest type's distribution and inclination, distance from residentinal area, urbanizaision.
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Bum-Soo KIM, Daishu ABE, Noboru MASUDA, Yasuhiko SHIMOMURA
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
251-256
Published: March 30, 1990
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This study attempt to evaluate the recreational value of various open spaces (waterfront space, forest and free-play lawn) located in the large park based on clarifying the relationship between the physical conditions of these open spaces and human responses (users' activity pattern and users' cognitive evaluation). On this standing Point, it was proceeded analyses using the informations which were collected by interviews to users who were on these open spaces at the large park of Osaka Prefecture.
Through this study, the following findings were obtained; 1) The recreational values of waterfront space and free-play lawn are higher than those of forest. On this occasion, the waterfront space is used more statically and the wide and flat free-play lawn is used more dynamically. 2) In the forest, the recreational value is low but the feeling of release is high according to the type of the forest.
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Keechan WUN, Daishu ABE, Noboru MASUDA, Yasuhiko SHIMOMURA
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
257-262
Published: March 30, 1990
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This study intends to obtain the knowledges regarding the utilizing of the conserved forest in New Town in future, based on clarifying the relationship beween the physical conditions of the conserved forest and the human cognitive evaluation. It is investigated how the physical conditions such as a topography, vegetation and affect the human cognitive evaluation. As a result, it is clear that the important factors on evaluation of forest-scape (seen out of the forest) are high natural properties that have midium level of a slope degree, variety of trees constitution and multi-layer forest. And, the important factors on evaluation of inner forest (seen in the forest) are high utilization such as high cover dregees of arbors layer, single-layer forest, simple of trees constitution and high utilized location.
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Byung-Chul KIM, Masami SUGIMOTO, Hiroyuki KANEKIYO, Kazutoshi HUJIMOTO ...
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
263-268
Published: March 30, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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This study intends to grasp from the relationship between soundscape and physical urban space. Asastudy-area, thenorth-western area in Hakata-Ku which is a historical urban space and is located in center of Fukuoka-City was selected. As the result of this study, the new study-program on production (practicaluse) of the sounds should be established for the creation of a comfortable and identical urban space.
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Yasuhiko SHIMOMURA, Noboru MASUDA, Daishu ABE, Hiroki KUTSUNA
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
269-274
Published: March 30, 1990
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The aim of this study is to clarify the characteristics of the evaluation structure of the streetscape in the daytime and nighttime. It becomes clear as follows;
1) As the evaluations of the streetscape in the daytime are comfort, and activity, and those in the nighttime are safety and composure, there is difference between the characteristics of the streetscape in the daytime and those in the nighttime.
2) The green effects the evaluation of streetscape in the daytime and nighttime, and road surface effects the evaluation of it in the nighttime.
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Noboru MASUDA, Makoto IWHSAKI, Yasuhiko SHIMOMURA, Daishu ABE
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
275-280
Published: March 30, 1990
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In recent years, rivefront space have come to be viewed as a precious amenity. Adjusting a high-quality riverfront space is considered to be part of developing a highquality living environment.
This study intends to clarify the effect of adjustment of riverfront space, based on comparing human behavioral responses (activity pattern, recognitive evaluation) to adjusted riverfront space (Ashiya River) with those to unadjusted riverfront space (Miya River).
Viewing from distance dimension, analyses were proceeded using the informations which were collected by questionnaire to households who lived nearby Ashiya River and Miya River.
Through this study, the following findings were obtained; 1) The utilization values were elevated by adjusting a high-quality riverfront space and these values extended regional area. 2) The existing values were also elevated by adjusting a high-quality riverfront space and these values extended within 250m area.
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Kazuhiro KATOH, Kazuhiko TAKEUCHI
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
281-286
Published: March 30, 1990
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For the river environmental management, it is important to consider both water quality and other environmental conditions affecting ecological communities. Ecological methods are effective to analyze and to evaluate river environment totally. Most previous studies of biological indicators, however, aimed at only the evaluation of water quality. Therefore, I propose a new methodology using ecological technique for analysis and evaluation of river environment.
The method is as below:
1) Classification of study site using ecological data. Cluster analysis using Bray-Curtis similarity is recomended.
2) Finding of the major environmental factors affecting ecological communities.
3) Translation of the factors into some mappable variables such as landuse and geographycal classification.
4) Segmentation of the rivers using the mappable data.
5) Environmental evaluation using biological indicators. Note that each indicator has unique characteristics. For example, the indicators using diatoms indicate water quality, those using benthic invertebrates indicate both water quality and river bed conditions.
To test the validity of the method proposed in this paper, the ecological data of diatom flora, benthic fauna and fish communities in the rivers in Tokyo Metropolis were analyzed. Based on the result of multivariate analysis of ecological data, the rivers were divided into eight section within which diatom flora and aquatic fauna were almost homogeneous. Each section was evaluated using four kind of biological indicators and some guidances to manage the environment were produced.
It can be said that the use of ecological analysis is effective in planning river environmental management.
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Masafumi SHIMADA, Tetsuo TAKAHASHI, Yorikazu MARUTA
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
287-292
Published: March 30, 1990
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It is particulary important to be concerned with inhabitant insects, which are important members of the food chain, in planning parks and open spaces of the urban area. This reseach study focused on the relation between the land insects, the use, the maintenance and the planting in a park. Mizumoto Park in Katsushika Ward was selected for this study.
The results are summarized as follows;(1) 24 species of insects were caught with bait-traps for investigation.(2) Environmental conditions in the park which are planting, maintenance and use, affect to inhabitants of some species.(3) It is suitable to plant with high density and to aboid unnecessary human works for inhabitants of insects.
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Yoshimitsu OMI, Yorikazu MARUTA
1990 Volume 54 Issue 5 Pages
293-298
Published: March 30, 1990
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In this study, the characteristics of the distribution of tall trees at the housing site were investigated at Kugenuma, the residential area, in Fujisawa city. The results are as follows;
1) There is a correlation between the width of open space and the number of tall trees, especially at the southern and northern open space.
Y
N=0.116X
N+0.0971 r=0.342
X
N; the width of the northern open space (m)
Y
N; the number of tall trees at the northern open space
Y
S=0.130X
S+0.251 r=0.407
X
S; the width of the southern open space (m)
Y
S; the number of tall trees at the southern open space
2) There is a correlation between the area of open space and the number of tall trees, especially at the southern open space.
Y=0.00630X+0.488 r=0.423
X; the area of the southern open space (m
2)
Y; the number of tall trees at the southern open space
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