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Makoto AKASAKA
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
1-6
Published: March 31, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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Es gelang LENNÉ, bis 1840 eine Reihe von bedeutenden öffentliche Anlagen, Parks and Stadtplätzen, während er mit dem Architekten SCHINKEL seit der gemeinsamen Tätigkeit im Dienst des Kronprinzen FRIEDRICH WILHELM immer wieder zusammentraf, wobei er einen kongenialen Partner bei seinen städtebaulichen Arbeiten fand. Seit der Zeit von FRIEDRICH WILHELM IV. hatte er für Berlin vor, Bebauungspläne, große öffentliche Grünanlagen and Kanalbauten zu umfassen. Nach dem Tod von FRIEDRICH WILHELM IV.(1861) wurde die Ausführung seiner Plänen abgesehen von einigen unterbrochen, weil im zweiten Hälfte des 19. Pubs. der Stadt Berlin schon verschiedene städtebauliche Widersprüche wegen der Stadtspolitik hervorkam, die durch den vergangenen Gedanken der Zeit des Hofbeamten, wie LENNÉ nicht mehr gelöst werden konnte.
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Yozaburo SHIRAHATA
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
7-12
Published: March 31, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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Am Anfang des 19. Jhs. entstanden die städtische Parkanlage in Deutschland. Es gab schon Parkidee als öffentliche Anlage. Eine davon war die von Hirschfelds. Er war einer, der sich über die Wichtigkeit des öffentlichen Parks sowohl für den Geist als auch für das Körper des Volks ausserte. Der Verfasser versuchte es durch die Untersuchung seiner Kritik über englischen Landschaftsgarten and französischen geometrischen Garten zu erleuchten, was für eine Gartenanlage seines Ideales war.
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Goro YANAGI
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
13-18
Published: March 31, 1985
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This open firebreak was called “Hiyokechi”, and changed to the prevention lot in Meiji period. This lot on the seat of prefectural office is not issued circular notice to the prefecture for demand. It was brought under government ownership from private land. Still more, the lot was attached to the security police station with clamp of domestic control. But the maintenance was a matter for people's mutual consent without general account of local government, although the character of this lot were more official use than public use as park.
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Hiroshi MARUYAMA
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
19-24
Published: March 31, 1985
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The legislation of parks started in 1873 by the notification of the government. Since then many parks had been made in each prefecture.
The city planning act was legislated in 1919 so as to cope with the urbanization. After that, the city planning became to contain parks as city facilities.
In the same year the Department of the Interior first carried out the nationwide factfinding of parks. After two years the secondary fact-finding was done in full detail. Especially it had the effect to inspire each prefecture with the park concept.
According to these fact-findings in Kyoto prefecture, we can find out that many parks were set up in order to commemorate the Russo-Japanese War and the coronation of the Emperor Taisho.
In a sense we can understand that the parks became to be symbolic existence.
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Masanobu NAGASHIMA
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
25-30
Published: March 31, 1985
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After national parks were set by law, the Ministry of Home Affairs ordered each prefecture to systematize national parks and to undertake establishment of prefectural parks. However it could not be accomplished until 1957.
In 20 years (1931-1950), two periods were considered to be serious with regard to landscape protection. One was from 1931 when National Park Law was established to 1934 when national parks were appointed. The other was from 1937 to 1945. In both years no administrative activities for natural parks were conducted. However in Nikko, the former period is considered to be not from 1931, but from 1911 to 1934. In this period the number of tourists from foreign countries increased and the Japanese travel income reached record high and people were getting more and more concerned with development for the travel business. Sightseeing flights in Chuzenzi-lake started its operation, in Kinsei toge roads were planned to be constructed and its survey was conducted. Various means of transportation achieved remarkable improvement, there was a direct way from Asakusa to Nikkoyumoto. However still development was strictly limited and natural protection was voluntarily performed. 1937-1945, as it was after establishment of national parks, utilization of Nikko was making progress. But on the other hand, the wartime political vacuum for managing natural parks caused obstacles in landscape protection. The improvement in transportation promoted popularization of utilizing landscape and winter sports, and the people in the district put great emphasis on the development for profitable travel related business.
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Seiroku Ota
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
31-36
Published: March 31, 1985
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Iwakura and Iwasaka are primary stone arrangement in the ancient age. They have pure natural forms as the rocks and show orderly space arrangement, so that they give the origin and operational principles to the stones in later gardens. The control model of state landscape can be took out from the events occurred in primary stone arrangement. The control model, which organizes the behavior of state space in its process, leads environmental gardening plan. INRC group model is set up as the control model in this paper.
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Ataru SOTOMURA
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
37-42
Published: March 31, 1985
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In Asuka, Nara Prefecture, the remains of a square pond were excavated from 1971-73. The design of this pond discovered close to the architectual remains of a villa supposed to have been owned by Soga no Umako (?-626AD.), known for his actions to bring empress Suiko on the throne and ruling the country for Shotoku taishi. Soga no Umako had been instrumental in building several Buddhist temples and establishing Buddhism as a major religion. For this reason previous authors tried to explain the square design of the pond with Buddhist sources, for example, the square ponds in Amida Western Paradise. The earliest extant mention of Amida in Japan is dated to 640AD.(Nihonshoki). Depictions of the Western Paradise developed in Japan in Tempyo and Heian Periods (722-). For this reason it seems unlikely that this pond was planned in imitation of the Western Paradise Mandara type painting. Buddhism having been transmitted via Korea from China, other than Buddhist elements might have found their way to Japan at the same time or even earlier. This applies to philosophical or religious thought as well as objects, for example, mirrors with Taoist design as they were buried in Kofun as early as the Kofun Period (3rd-7th ct.). Taoist landscape principles have nothing in common with this square pond. A re-creation of nature would have been more appropriate in this context. The Kofun and their architecture suggest inspiration by Chinese architectual elements and use of Chinese tools as well. Therefore, I try to establish a connection between the square pond and Kofun built during the same period, and then, a connection to the Chinese architectual principles of Heaven (depicted as a circle) and Earth (square). The earliest examples for this are reconstructions of the Han Dynasty Ming T'ang, the latest extant on the Altar of Heaven in Peking.
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Sawako ONO
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
43-48
Published: March 31, 1985
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Garden trees in a wealthy farmer-merchant retreat in the Edo period were surveyed by means of their family diary. The species of trees, the planting period, the maintenance, the means of tree aquisition, the planting plan, and the utilities have been shown in this paper. And we concluded that the family enjoyed the beauty of the garden plants, utilized the trees for building materials and fuel, sold the fruits, and observed the flowering time to find out the weather which determined the rice crop.
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Kenkichi ONO
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
49-54
Published: March 31, 1985
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Sekka Kamisaka was the artist who played an important role in the artistic field in and around Kyoto from the middle of the Meiji Period to the early of the Showa Period. And he was interested in gardens. Mujin-an garden, which he designed, show the characteristics of his garden. At that time famous artist Seihoh Takeuchi, Kansetsu Hashimoto and so on were also interested in gardens and designed their own gardens. These artists' interest in gardens was one of the factors which raised the level of gardens of this period in Kyoto.
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Taketoshi KAWAHARA
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
55-60
Published: March 31, 1985
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The garden ponds in the period of Heian through Kamakura have been already described in the two traditional text books of gradening. And also we could know about them through some garden remains which featured garden ponds in the period. Besides these evidence the purpose of this study is to complete Japanese garden history especially about the garden ponds in the period by analyzing forty-three scenes in fifteen painting scrools. The results are as follows:
1) Forty percent of the description about garden ponds in the traditional books of gardening was observed in the painting scrools, and most of them were in the SHINDEN style gardens.
2) The ponds in temples and shrines had comparatively simple structure.
3) The ponds in residential gardens in the period were partialy influenced by and developed from the SHINDEN style gardens.
4) Three cases of the ponds in places of natural scenery were considered as ideal style in the period.
5) Through the study it was taken that they enjoyed their life in gardens through the description of boating, music playing on a boat, TURIDONO, IZUMIDONO, birds and fishes, man-made features, and plantings related to the garden ponds.
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Jiro ASANO, Takahiro NAKA, Toshihiko ANBIRU, Eijiro FUJII
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
61-66
Published: March 31, 1985
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The developing process of tea gardens and the changes of their plantings are historically analyzed using literatures from Sen no Rikyu to Kobori Enshu through Furuta Oribe. At the beginning of tea ceremony (wabicha), a tea ceremony was held in a shoin, and there was no special garden for the tea ceremony. The outdoor space especially for the tea ceremony (tsubo-no-uchi) appeared with the establishment of the special room for the tea ceremony at the Joo (Takeno Joo) period, and the plantings were denied in this space as a general to exclude the obstructive attractions for the tea ceremony. The tea house, or the building of special style for tea ceremony, was developed at the early stage of Rikyu period, and the change of outdoor space from the tsubo-no-uchi to the tea graden (roji) resulted from the change of the building. Then, the tea ceremonial masters' posture became positive to the plantings with the establishment of tea garden style at the mature stage of Rikyu. Furuta Oribe succeeded the Rikyu's philosophy of a tea ceremony held in a tea house, and then he developed a new style, the so-called the tea ceremony of a buke or military class. His style fundamentally pursued to receive the guests with the tea in the hospitable settings of a room and a garden, and he developed the futaeroji style tea gardens and discussed about the selection of plants in the gardens. Kobori Enshu, as the most outstanding tea ceremonial master of that period promoted the Oribe's style, and as a result he modified the tea ceremonial houses and gardens in the way of the shoin style.
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Saburo KIMURA
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
67-72
Published: March 31, 1985
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Seung-hwan KIM, Rei ITOGA
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
73-78
Published: March 31, 1985
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This study put in practiced a survey of public opinion on the conservation of natural environment. The questionnaire was distributed to the residents of 5 cities in Korea. Those 5 cities are Seoul, Chungju, Daejon, Cheju and Daegu. 2, 737 persons answered to this questionnaire.
This study finds:
1) More than 69% of people had an experience of participation to the natural conservation movement, but many of them were passive in their action.
2) Above 80% of people answered they will participate in the natural conservation movement and 39% of people had a good image to the policy of natural conservation by the government.
3) They emphasized the necessity of education and enlightment for enhancing consciousness rather than improvement of policy and institution concerning conservation of natural environment.
4) More than half of people approved cultivating forest as farm, pasture, orchard and recreational area rather than reserving it.
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Makoto SUZUKI, Isoya SHINJI, Keikichi KIHARA, Yasuyuki IGARASHI
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
79-84
Published: March 31, 1985
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Through the survey on the policy concerned with landscapes for municipalities some observations are gained. There are a lot of various policies going on the whole country. And the policy is considered to be getting on an important problem by which the municipality is confronted. A reason for it consists in the change of peoples' values from landscape as itself to landscape as an important element of our environment. Besides them some difficulties on the municipal landscape policy are observed. They are problems on the civil consensus and the municipal inside-system concerned with the landscape policies.
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Takuro MASUDA, Yukiteru WATANABE, Shigeyuki YOSHIDA
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
85-89
Published: March 31, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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The experiment was carried out to clarify the effects of some soil conditioners on the improvement of water retentivity of Masa-soil (decomposed granite soil). The soil conditioners used in the experiment were bark compost, sawdust compost and perlite. Seven experimental plots were set up and young Camphor trees were planted in each plot on April 18, 1984. The trees were cut off water after August 23 until died. Soil moisture content of each plot was measured every day. The results were as follows;
1) A close correlation was found between the days before beginning to wilt and available moisture content of soil.
2) Perlite retained more available moisture than the other two soil conditioners.
3) Bark compost showed almost no effects of the improvement of water retentivity of Masa-soil.
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Tadaaki OKAMOTO
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
90-95
Published: March 31, 1985
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It is the purpose of this paper to report the effects of two kinds of soil conditioners mixed with the Masa-soil on the growth and increase in cover degree of six species of ground cover plants. Two soil conditioners, bark compost mixed with cow excrement and expanded perlite, were adopted, and three kinds of soil conditioning were prepared;(1) 85: 10: 5, (2) 70: 20: 10 and (3) 40: 40: 20, in the ratio of Masa-soil, perlite and bark compost by volume. The six experimental plants were Vinca major, Hedera helix “Pittsburgh”, Ficus pumila, Hypericum calycinum, Juniperus horizontalis and Ophiopogon japonicus f. nanus. The results of the study were as follows:
1. The plant growth and cover degree of the six ground cover plants were greatest in soil in which maximum additions were used, thus suggesting the higher additions for best plant growth and cover degree.
2. Two coverage patterns of these plants were recognized;(1) a gradual but steady increase pattern (Vinca major, Ficus pumila, Ophiopogon japonicus f. nanus and Juniperus horizontalis), and (2) a pattern of slow increase during the first year and vigorous increase during the second year (Hedera helix “Pittsburgh” and Hypericum calycinum).
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Shingo YABASHI, Tatsutaro KONKO
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
96-101
Published: March 31, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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For the purpose of clarifying the mechanism of water movement in the decomposed granite soil (Masa) slope, change of soil moisture tension and groundwater level has been investigated by making use of the tensiometer and groundwater surveying pipe. The characteristics of mechanical strength of root mat of surface layer of the slope have been examined through the vane shear test and the direct shear test.
The conclusions obtained are summarized as follows:
1) The soil moisture tension and groundwater level change remarkably with time.
2) The soil moisture gathers and strages at the boundary layer between ground surface and banking layer as well as at the lower part the slope.
3) There are many cases of collapse in the boundary layer and the lower part of slope.
4) The strength constant of the root mat with many roots and stems is larger than that of the soil mat (ground surface).
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Kyozo CHIBA
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
102-107
Published: March 31, 1985
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The physiological investigations on the water relations of trees have been desired to be done especially in the cases which a considerable portion of leaves as well as roots are removed from a tree, that are very common treatments in the landscape planting. In the papers a discussion was done on the influences of the defoliation as well as the rootcutting with various soil conditions on the several characteristics of the water relations, such as the sap flow velocity, the xylem water potential, the leaf diffusive resistance and the transpiration rate. The experiments elucidated that the root-cutting more severely affected the water relations, particularly on the transpiration rate, than the defoliation though each treatment influenced it unfavorably. It was also clarified that the irrigation might not be so sufficient to the water relations of a tree as the physical property of the soil. It was showed that the transpiration rate or sap flow velocity would be the most suitable measurement to check the water relations of a tree because of its stability as well as sensitivity.
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Yukihiro MORIMOTO
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
108-113
Published: March 31, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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Soil respiration activity of EXPO'70 Commemorative Park forest, which is a large scale reclamation work of about ten years ago, and an evergreen broad-leaved forest, which is considered to be a control, was measured by the alkali absorption method and the CO
2 meter method to diagnose the pedogenic process after reclamation. And results are as follows:(1) Recovering status of EXPO forest soils was roughly estimated to be 50 to 70%(by measurements
in situ) or 40 to 50%(by soil core measurements in the laboratory) of matured control soil, (2) Significant relationships between soil respiration rate and stand growth characteristics, such as total basal area per ha or cover percentage, were recognized, (3) Newly designed method using CO
2 meter, which has a glass electrode sensor, was useful to determine soil respiration rate quickly in summer.
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Mitsuo KONDO, Chieko FUKUZAWA, Shinpei TAKAHASHI
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
114-119
Published: March 31, 1985
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An experiment was made to decide resistance to overhead flooding under turbid running water condition, using 40 kinds of plant for greening as experimental material, in order to find out plant suitable for greening in space likely susceptible to overhead flood phenomenon. The result showed that Ophiopogon japonicus Ker. forma nanus hort., Acros gramineus Soland. and Equisetum hiemale L. survive under overhead flood condition for as long as several months, and Zoisia japonica Steud., Zoisia matrella Merr., Cynodon dactylon L. Pers., Paspalum notatum Flugge., Stenotaphrum secundatum Kuntze., Agrostis palustris Sibth., and Pharalis arundinacea L. for turf grass, Eurya emarginata Makino., Raphiloepis umbellata Makino.var mertensii Makino., Buxus microphylla S et Z.var japonica Rehd et Wils., and Buxus microphylla S et Z.var Sinica Rehd et Wils. for shrubs, still Juncus effusus L.var decipiens Buch., Typha latifolia L. and Phragmites communis Trinius. for aquatic plant, survive for as long as 65-85 days, high in resistance to overhead flood, goodly enough to be regarded as plant for greening, effective in overhead flood areas.
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Yoshito ASANO
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
120-124
Published: March 31, 1985
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In 13 pine species wintering in the cold district, the change of water content of leaves, the critical water content to damage, etc. were examined to find any difference between desiccation damage-resistant and nonresistant species and to find a possible indicator to estimate the desiccation damage-resistance of species. It was shown that nonresistant species tend to have higher water contents in the early and late winter, but more rapidly lower toward mid-winter than resistant species. Also, the percentage of available water content (minimum level-critical level) in mid-winter is smaller in the nonresistant species. The water content in October may be an indicator to estimate the desiccation damage-resistance of species.
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Akira MISAWA, Chizuru MACHIDA
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
125-130
Published: March 31, 1985
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The purpose of this paper was to study on atmospheric purification as a function of buffer-planting belts on roadsides. We investigated the relationship between shapes of leaves and volumes of particle adsorption and absorption by the leaves. So, we analyzed quantitatively particles, Pb, Zn of the leaves. And we observed particle adsorption on the leaves by a scanning electromicroscope. Consequently, it was found that the volumes of trapping particles by leaves were different by shapes of the leaves.
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Keiji SAKAMOTO, Hironobu YOSHIDA
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
131-136
Published: March 31, 1985
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The remnant forms and changes of
Ulmaceae woods and trees in an urban area were studied. The study area was located in the plain along the Kamo River in Kyoto.
Authors investigated the distribution and diameters of
Ulmaceae trees, and studied the changes of woods with historical sources, which were old sketches, photographs and topographical maps.
From the results, it was assumed that woods and trees of
Ulmaceae have been left dominantly for a long time. The remnant forms were classified into woods, the row of trees and isolated trees according to the land ownership and land use.
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Shinobu YABU, Toshinori SHIGEMATHU, Rikio TAKAHASHI
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
137-142
Published: March 31, 1985
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In order to develop an attractive floorscape by the introduction of
Lycoris sanguinea, one of native flowering plants, in the recreational forest, ecological studies of its population were carried out in hilly countries of Kanto and Kinki regions.
Results are as follows.
(1) Site conditions suitable for formation of
Lycoris s. population
1 Orientation of slope: Irrespective of orientation
2 Topography: Lower part of slope or valley and slope gradient below 30°
3 Physiognomic vegetation: Deciduous broadleaved forest or short stem grassland, including orchard such as chestnut and persimmon.
4 Plant group as indicator:
Kerria japonica, Orixa japonica, Anemone flaccida, Hemerocallis fulva, Frythronium japonicum, Liriope platyphylla, Ophiopogon japonicus, etc.
(2) Maintenance procedure
1 Light condition: Keeping more than 50% and about 10% in relative light intensity on the forest floor in spring and summer, respectively.
2 Regulation of competitive plants: Brush cutting once a year at the beginning of July before flower scapes elongate.
3 Control of soil hardness: Recommending the preparation of nature trial to avoid serious compaction (keeping soil hardness below 10mm by YAMANAKA corn penetrometer) which results from excess human trampling. However, in the chestnut or persimmon orchard, some wear and tear by trampling with harvesting and maintaining in the dormant seasons does not cause substantial deterioration of
Lycoris s. population.
4 Fertilizing, watering and pesticide spray are hardly required.
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Hisayuki MAENAKA, Kumiko OKUBO
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
143-148
Published: March 31, 1985
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The purpose of this study was to examine the present conditions of amenity grassland especially the relationship between vegetation and recreational density.
1. The vegetation surveys were carried out twice, summer and autumn, at the seven parks in Osaka Prefecture, the campus of Osaka Prefectural University, and other sites. We made five plots (1m × 1m) for each examined area and recorded all species and cover found in 394 plots.
A G-test revealed a complementary association between two groupings of species. One consisted of six species, Poa annua, Digitaria violascens, Paspalum distichum, Eragrostis ferruginea, Cynodon dactylon and Trifolium repens which occurred under the condition of heavy trampling. The other consisted of Andoropogon virginicus, Miscanthus sinensis, and other species.
2. The average number of staying visitors on the grassland in the seven parks was 50 persons per hectare on holidays in October.
3. An ordination analysis of the grassland communities was done by using the species number of the combination as an indicator of the recreational density. It revealed that the tolerances to trampling were progressively high for Oxalis corniculata, Sisyrinchium atlanticum, Taraxacum officinale and Trifolium repens. Only Trifolium repens could be tolerant to the existing recreational density on the amenity grassland of urban parks.
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Hitoshi UCHIDA
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
149-154
Published: March 31, 1985
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Systematic grasping of cultivation control in house garden has been designed to achieve by means of questionnaires. As a result, actual condition of dweller's satisfaction for cost and expenses put to cultivation control of house garden, working frequency classified in controls, managerial staff carring out labor control, and for state of control, as well as variety of finding such as influencial factors of that have been achieved. And such interesting finding was obtained as that: satisfaction of dweller for state of control is high if work of controlling comprising 2 prunings of tree in a year, 6 mowings of turf, about 8 weedings of turf is carried out, or if cost of management per 1m
2 comes higher than 600 Yen.
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Masaaki KISHIZUKA, Koreaki KUMAGAI, Tadashi KANAI
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
155-160
Published: March 31, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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This study intends to develop a method of numerically analysing footpath alignments by the aid of hand-held computer. For this purpose, several alternative methods of numerical computation, designed to solve a set of non-linear equations proposed as a model solution of horizontal footpath alignments, were programmed, and these programmes were further elaborated in order to reduce the computation time requirement. As is empirically known, the frequency of loop operation increases in geometric progression when the initial interval is made smaller. Hence, in order to reduce the computation time requirement (i. e., to enlarge the interval), an algorithm was invented that allows detailed examination on a partial basis in accordance with the behavior of the function. The accuracy of the hand-held computer operation was verified by way of comparing it with the double precision analytical result derived from the operation of a large-capacity computer.
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Kanemichi MIZOGUCHI
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
161-166
Published: March 31, 1985
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Nature survey of Japan provides nation-wide natural environmental data. But they have some problems in data-making process to be used as database for various purposes of many kinds of workings concerning natural environment. The author treats those problems through a case study and results that those problems are due to little consideration of various kinds of natural environment analysis methods in data-making process.
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Hiroshi ISHII, Masaaki YUI, Atsushi HAYAMIZU
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
167-172
Published: March 31, 1985
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This paper describes the approach developed in Europe for selection, establishment, size and system of national parks and protected areas, identifying and comparing the important features to each countries.
As the result: 1) Since the 1945 of post war, there had been real and unique progress in the establishment of national parks most countries except a few countries as Sweden and Spain etc. in Europe.
2) There were a few national parks on the whole for the densely populated and the high developed countries with limited choices except some countries in Europe.
3) But the other side, there had been many protected areas with small size and its system in every countries with the traditional activity of volunteer bodies.
4) It may be needed to the protected areas with small size and the conservation of wildlife in Japan.
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Megumi ASOU, Tadayoshi SUZUKI, Masayuki KOBAYASHI
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
173-178
Published: March 31, 1985
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This study aims to develop a method of landscape design utilizing a model. As techniques of landscape simulation, which serve as the basis for the proposed landscape design, computer graphics, color video system, and photomontage designs have been developed up to now. In the present study, a system combining camera, camera rig, V. T. R. and other forms of lighting centered on a model scope that enables the operator to look at the model at the eye level was developed on an experimental basis, and a comparison was made with other techniques of simulation to examine the features (both positive and negative) of this system. In addition, the scale most appropriate for this system and the features of its landscape reproductivity were clarified by creating a model of a part of the Shinjuku Imperial Garden on scales of 1/200 and 1/500 and conducting a psychological experiment involving a comparison of simulated images taken with this system and real images at the site.
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Kaoru SAITO, Katsunori FURUYA, Shigeyasu SUBASHIRI
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
179-184
Published: March 31, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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The purpose of this study is to examine the validity and effectiveness of video images used in landscape evaluations. This paper reviews previous studies with video image, and carried out the following case study. A cascade in the Inage Artificial Shore Park has been chosen as the object of the evaluation. The same questionnaires have been carried out at site and indoors (using video images and slide projections) for five different visual distances. As a result, it has turned out that the evaluations based on video images agree with those at site to a high degree, in the cases that the object is seen from the distance in which visual informations are prevalent, provided that the terms for evaluation have close relationshis to visual informations.
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Hideto NAKANO, Shinkichi KISHI, Rei ITOGA
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
185-190
Published: March 31, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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The change of the vitality of vegetation in Miyake Island by the eruption of 1983 was investigated using LANDSAT MSS data. The study was conducted as follows.
1. Classification of the vegetation ahead of the eruption based upon the seasonal change of vegetation.
2. Detection of the area covered by the volcanic products.
3. Detection of the area of vegetation affected by the eruption.
Finally, overlaying them, the area of vegetation affected by the eruption was measured in ach area covered by the respective volcanic products.
The result is considered to be useful as the elementary data for National Park Planning in Miyake Island and as the method finding the change of environment rapidly and continuously.
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Yoshihiro NAGAMATHU
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
191-196
Published: March 31, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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On the basis of our investigation of the park only for the blind, which has been carrying out till now, the study on the design of the park which can be used by both the nonand the blind is made from every point of view.
As the result, it is concluded that, when it is performed, the things to be made much of are as follows: 1) making the most of the sense organs, such as the auditory sensation, the sense of smell and that of touch, 2) giving many landmarks to the blind to be able to walk safely and to get the position, 3) setting up the safety playing equipment for the bind, 4) building the sports and the amusement facilities.
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Kee-Cheol LEE
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
197-202
Published: March 31, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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This study attempts to find valuation standard concerning some relation between natural condition, use and maintenance of existing forests. For this, we performed image valuation of red pine tree by spot inquiry. Number of shrub and height of herb affected to the image of forests. Density of shrub and height of herb regulated the degree of maintenance prescribed the factor of recreational valuation. And also, the forests which is low density of tree and high level of maintenance were valuated highly for active and passive recreational use.
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Tadashi KUBO, Noboru MASUDA, Daishu ABE, Isao NAKASE, Yasuhiko SHIMOMU ...
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
203-208
Published: March 31, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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It is very important that a human behavioral approach to landscape planning in a neighborhood level have a time dimension. Time dimension means at what time and for how long are various daily activities performed by the resident. Households within urban, suburban and rural residential districts were chosen in this study. We tried to assess their daily behavioral pattern from the viewpoint of a time dimension and to analyze the relationship between human behavior and the total landscape. The study produced the following findings: 1) Peoples leisure and outdoor activities are the best means through which contact with the green landscape. 2) The entire landscape influences human behavior. 3) Households who have members over fifty years old should be the target for landscape planning on a neighborhood level.
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Tadashi KUBO, Isao NAKASE, Daishu ABE, Noboru MASUDA, Yasuhiko SHIMOMU ...
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
209-214
Published: March 31, 1985
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Using the Dual Scaling Method, several types of green were arranged depending on their private/public status and related to resident's opinions regarding how much they wished to be involved in greens. The results of this Methods showed who should be responsible, and to what degree they should be responsible for the maintenance of each green type.
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Kazuo SAITO, Rei ITOGA, Eijiro FUJII
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
215-220
Published: March 31, 1985
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Our living spaces would be defined as a compound of several different spaces of various kinds of anthropocentric level, and quite many kinds of interface areas exist among them. These interface areas have a role of framework defining a space and also of conjunction with the adjacent spaces. The morphological characters and the meanings of an interface area have drastically changed with the modernization and the urbanization. Some of the problems which we are facing today come from an unbalance between the morphological changes of interface areas and the traditional feelings for the spaces. Therefore, we can say that those problems are a result of the confiict between the tradition and the modernization, or the urbanization. Then, we must identify the spatial tradition among the enormous kinds of historical changes.
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Eijiro FUJII
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
221-226
Published: March 31, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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The interface areas of the traditional rural spaces are multi-functional, and flexibly structured and permeable space, and also have meanings as a sign and a symbol. These characteristics could be realized only in the stable situation of a rural community, in which each family frequently and deeply communicate with each other, and has a similar sense of value. Moreover, the residents are required to know the social and psychological boundaries. In this situation, the community is nearly like a big family as a whole, and the community area including the private and the public lands have a character of common space. The common space encloses the each home, and psychologically separate it from the outer spaces of strangers. The existence of the common space, which is psychologically owned by the residents, is a reason for the permeable interface areas between the outer and the inner spaces of the each home. But, the rural communities have been changed and destroyed with the modernization and the urbanization, and the community areas have lost the characteristics as a common space. Then, the each home directly faces to the strangers' spaces, and the interface areas become closer and harder. As a result, each home has been isolated from the spatial and the social points of view.
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Rei ITOGA
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
227-232
Published: March 31, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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Various system conflict have been appeared on the inter-face area between urban and rural area in the Tsukuba Academic New Town. We should think about symbolization and activation of the green spaces which connect the urban and rural area while it divide the area.
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Haruo SATO, Mariko OKAMOTO
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
233-238
Published: March 31, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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In determining the needed quality and quantity of natural environments in urbanized areas, the intensity of people's desire of having natural elements in their living circumstances should be taken into account. People's desire will be influenced by their experiences of contact with nature in the past.
For the purpose of glimpsing the change of people's interest in contact with nature, we questioned about 2000 Osaka people from various age groups about their history of doing or not-doing 31 kinds of directly or indirectly nature-related sports, children's play activities, etc. We obtained 1073 responses.
People's experiences in their childhood of collecting insects or wild plants as fire-flies, wort-weeds, mugworts, etc., decreased drastically in younger generations. Keeping chickens revealed the same tendency. We think that these are reflections of rapid disappearance of natural environments from Osaka.
There have been no significant change in nature-related children's play activities such as playing in swings, blowing soap bubbles, etc. Unlike other nature-related activities, collecting beetles belonged to this category. Skiing and playing tennis increased in all age groups except very old people.
Although people's experiences of contact with nature have considerably decreased in younger generations, we think it is important to furnish natural environments in urbanized areas, because the pleasure which people can obtain from contact with nature is immesurable.
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Makiko SUGA, Sadatoshi TABATA
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
239-244
Published: March 31, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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In this study, we researched children's natural play to get a means of the conservation and practical use of open space. We chose case study areas which are differences of natural condition and stage of urbanization.
As a result, children's natural play were decreased according to changing age. And some kinds of natural play were diminished. Also, there were some differences of natural plays owing to changing the elements and spaces of natural play. Especially there were much differences of children's plays by the use of natural elements among the case study areas.
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Takashi SATO, Osamu NAKAMURA
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
245-250
Published: March 31, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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In this study, we observed two elements;(1) Children's outdoor play in a school district.(2) The relationship between children's outdoor play and typical spaces of such activities.(parks, roads, riversides, shrines and temples, etc.).
The results of the study showed that;(1) Children's tendency to play outdoor has been on the decline.(2) Children's outdoor play activity throughout the year is constant.(3) In regard to outdoor play spaces; parks don't provide enough spaces to satisfy the demand for various play activities, while other spaces such as roads and riversides have the potential to provide such spaces.
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Shoichiro ASAKAWA, Masaki HONGO
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
251-256
Published: March 31, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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The main objects of this paper were to clarify the characteristics of behavior on outings by urban elementary schools and to know what green spaces were used by the purpose and how. Places for outings used in the year 1983 were suggested by elementary schools in 32 cities of Hokkaido.
Usually the schools went on outings twice a year (in spring and autumn) and the most common number in the group was between 100 and 199. Although usually the outings were on foot, about half of the outings in the large cities were by reserved bus or other means of transportation.
Based on the analysis in Sapporo, the mean distance from the schools to the places used for outings when on foot was about 3km, and when using other transportation was about 10km.
Classifying the places used for outings, we showed that urban parks were popularly used and that there were a lot of differences according to natural environment of the cities.
From the results, we can point out that it is important to consider behavior on outings when planning urban green spaces.
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Yorikazu MARUTA, Masafumi SHIMADA, Kazunari FUKUHARA, Taeko YOSHIMURA, ...
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
257-262
Published: March 31, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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The necessity for comprehensive Landscape Planning about the central business district has been requested from research works in Ote-machi, Tokyo.
The problem resolves itself into the following:
1) The set back areas from buildings to footpaths on roads are 14.0% for whole area except roads, otherwise buildings with set back area are 67.5% for whole buildings.
2) The average rate of planting space in these set back area is 23.0%, but this shows 3.2% for whole area except road.
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Tadakazu KANEKO
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
263-268
Published: March 31, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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The purpose of this paper is to analyze physical conditions of green concerning the greenspace management and the resident's consciousness by the surveys in Daita, Kasuya, Fukazawa, Seijo and Denenchofu of Tokyo. The results are as follows:
1) The greens of residential-lots faced on street made contributions to organize the comfortable environment. 2) Therefore, such greens have to be managed by not only owners but also people of districts. 3) For the management planning of residential green, it is necessary to examine the purpose, scale, organization and process.
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Tadashi KUBO, Yasuhiko SHIMOMURA, Daishu ABE, Isao NAKASE, Noboru MASU ...
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
269-274
Published: March 31, 1985
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The aim of this study was to observe and relate the level of appreciation of greens, and the level of use of open space by business peopel in the Osaka downtown areas during different times of the day. Using the Dual Scaling Method, several types of green were arranged depending on their nature and location, and this was related to the level of each type green by business people. The results showed to what degree each greentype was appreciated for each time dimension. Next, using the Dual Scaling Method, several types of open space were arranged depending on their character, and related to the level of use of each type of open space by business people. The results showed to what degree each open space type was used for each time dimension.
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Noboru KURAMOTO
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
275-280
Published: March 31, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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A watershed ecological study of the Shinobazu Pond was performed with special attention to the land-use changes.
The land-use type which was dominant in each mesh (100×100 m) was derived from the topographical maps surveyed in 1880, 1909, 1937 and 1982. The landform classification followed the land-condition map surveyed in 1978.
No correlation was detected between the land-use diversity and the stability in the watershed. The land-use types were associated with the landform types significantly, though the watershed has been located in the suburban or urban area of Tokyo.
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Atsushi TSUNEKAWA, Tomoaki UENO, Katsumi MIYAMOTO
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
281-286
Published: March 31, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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In order to conserve valuable open spaces in the urban area, it is necessary to explicate the process of their transition and continuation, and the factors afffecting them.
It is possible to grasp the open spaces' transitions in relation to the land use's transition of the surrounding area and it is assumed that there are two different kinds of transition. One is a large transition which changes even the land use category of the area and the other is a small one which varies within one land use category. Hence, this study attempts to investigate and analyze the open spaces' transitions in views of both cases-large and small transitions-to explicate the process.
In conclusion, through these investigations and analysis in Minato-ku which is located at the center of Tokyo, this paper maintains that urban open spaces should be conserved by means below, 1) Creation of public open spaces by enlargement of public spaces, 2) Preservation of non-public open spaces by restraint of the housing lot subdivision and 3) Promotion of public and common use.
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Sadatoshi TABATA, Konomi IKEBE
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
287-292
Published: March 31, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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In urban-fringe changes from green space to urban land-use are generally and rapidly. For example, most fields change to housing site and lignosa change to fields or urban facilities. Some changes are going on under the blind. In other words, a change on land-use map have some changes in the process. The structure of green space in urban fringe based upon not only agricultural use but also urban use. The transfigulation of green space come about by land ownship, control and conditions. This casestudy makes clear the process of transfigulation of the structure of green space in urban-fringe.
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Toshitaro MINOMO, Toshiaki FUNABA
1985 Volume 49 Issue 5 Pages
293-298
Published: March 31, 1985
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The aim of this article is to clarify the possibility of the urban-green networking basis on the method of urban planting in the densely build-up area. Through the survey of Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, the followings are clarified.
1) In this study, within the urbanized area the “special lot such as school or public facility” is the most important objective space for urban planting.
2) On the each site-use-lot, the relation between the lot-scale and the ratio of woodedland is found to have correction.
3) As a general rule, the relation between the ratio of space capacity for the planting and the ratio of lot boundary line faced on street is found to have correlation.
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