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Jisoung BAIK, Eijiro FUJII, Takahiro NAKA, Jiro ASANO
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
1-6
Published: March 31, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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This study has a purpose to study the spatial organization and plantings in the Yeonjo or the royal private living space of Changdok palace of Choson Dynasty (A. D. 1392-1910). The spatial composition and the garden plantings in the Yeonjo of Changdok Palace have a kind of symbolic character like a lotus in pond near the Chijo or the governmental area. And the plantings in more detached area from the governmental space increase in number and have more pleasant character.
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Shin-Yong KANG
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
7-12
Published: March 31, 1991
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In 1876, Korea opened herself to Japan and other foreign countries, not by her own will but due to foreign force. Since then, her government has sent missions abroad. Some of them put on record information about foreign parks.
They thought that urban parks were an essential facility in modern industrial cities. Rarely, were parks thought of as a kind of facility for the enlightenment of the people.
The necessity for building parks and planting trees in both cities and the country side was hotly debated not by the Korean Government but by the Independence Club, a private organization established on July 2nd 1896. They thought building parks and planting trees were beneficial in building a healthy urban environment, and were also a way to beautify the city and producing places for recreation and amusement.
Japanese settlers in Korea had wanted to reshape the their settlement into another Japan. So first, when sites were acquired they built shrines. After that, they decorated the shrine compounds with trees and facilities such as benches, pavilions etc. These served as parks for the settlers.
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Taegab SONG, Hikoe SHIRAI
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
13-18
Published: March 31, 1991
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In comparison of the development of urban parks, Japan is in a more advanced state with regard to the concept and system than Korea.
The difference is mainly attriebutable to a repid industrial development in Japan which took place since the Meiji period, whereas in Korea the the colonization of the country by Japan kept its industry stagnated for 36 years. The latter situation resulted in c. a. so year delay in the appearance of urban parks as as well as c. a. 25 year delay in the enactment
The present development of urban parks in Korea, however, incorporating experiences and knowledges accumulated in Japan, is diminishing the lag between the two countries in the concept and system.
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Osamu ISHIDA, Akira KAMEYAMA, Atusi TAKAYANAGI, Kenji WAKO
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
19-24
Published: March 31, 1991
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This study aims to identify types of Japanese attitudes toward animals. At first, Kellert's attitude types were inspected and hypothetical concepts of each attitudial types were established.
These concepts were refined through interview and pre-questionaire to 32 people who were involved in activities or jobs about animals. After this pre-research, new concepts about Japanese attitudes toward animals determined. Most of the new concepts weren't so much different from those of Kellert's. But small changes were made. The humanistic attitude was classified as the familiar attitudes to animals. The basic concept of aesthetic attitude was shifted from emphasizing beauty of animals to tasting their beautifulness in natural habitat. The new questionaire was made to idetify individual attitude type objectively and sent to people who were interviewed. This question aire has 65 questions about attitudes toward animals. Using 48 questions among them, the attitudinal scales was made to know the intensity of each attitudes of answerers with score range of 0 to 8. The results gotton from this questionaire fitted with the results of pre-research.
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Atsushi TAKAYANAGI, Kenji WAKAO, Osamu ISHIDA, Akira KAMEYAMA
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
25-30
Published: March 31, 1991
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This study aims to reveal Japanese attitudes toward animals in modern society. To know the types of Japanese attitudes toward animals and their relation to attributes and activities, the national survey was done by questionnaire. The results show that the aesthetic attitude is the strongest, the theistic is the second and the moralistic is the third in modern Japanese society, while the scientistic and the dominionistic attitudes are rare. This suggests that Japanese are more psychologically and emotionally oriented to animals than logically and scientifically, and that they scarcely recognize animals as things only to utilize and control. The fact that Japanese attitudes toward animals is characterized by domination of psychological and emotional reaction is originated from Japanese passive manner to nature, which is in a striking contrast to American's active manner to it. In future researches, the international comparison of attitudes toward animals should be made under the consideration of these differences of basic mentality of each society.
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Kenji WAKAO
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
31-36
Published: March 31, 1991
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This study aims to reveal the historical process of zoological parks in the United States and to make clear the forming process of ecological exhibit recently developped in the United States. Historical process was divided into 8 stages. Development of the ecological exhibit that was originated by the Hargenbeck Vista has been restricted under the influence of zoogeographical arrangement concept and modernism. Recently, using the Biome concept it has been able to develop the habitat arrangement and its origin was the Diorama at the American Museum of Natural History.
As a view to zoological park in the United States was strongly influenced by the circus at an earlier stage, view that identified zoo with the show for entertainment had been formed for a long time.
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Junichi OGURA
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
37-42
Published: March 31, 1991
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The vegetation of the mountainous area around Kyoto in the middle Meiji era was studied mainly through the maps surveyed in late 1880's. The question was that there were some unclear matters about the marks on vegetation in the maps. Literatures and photographs in those days were studied to make clear the question. The results shows that the vegetation there more than a century ago was greatly different from today: there were wide areas of low forests of pines or other trees, and no or little vegetation areas were commonly seen, and relatively good forests, although the areas were small in general, were sometimes seen near special places such as temples and shrines.
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Sawako ONO
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
43-48
Published: March 31, 1991
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This paper deals with mushroom picking documented in a diary by Katsunosuke Watanabe, a low class sordsman lived in Kashiwazaki, a small town in northern Japan, in the middle of the 19 th century. The results are:
1. Both mushroom picking and tasting attracted many towns people.
2. They went to the hills around the town in small groups with their family and friends in autumn. Children also enjoyed mushroom picking.
3. The mushroom was used as food, including preserve for winter, and as gifts to friends and neighbors. The mushroom also played an important role showing off individual skill and luck in mushroom picking.
4. Some mushroom pickings were accompanied with open-air feasts.
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Sachiko SHINKAI, Shigeru HORI, Masaaki YUI
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
49-54
Published: March 31, 1991
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Tani Buncho was an artist who drew Nihon-meizan-zue, which was a collection of mounatain landscape prints.
We analyzed character of mountains which were Buncho's meizan, and criterion for judgement of “meizan”. The results are as follows.
(1) He selected original “meizan” which he saw really.
(2) He valued angle while he evaluated mountains as “meizan”
So his philosophy for “meizan” was to regard mountains as visual landscape.
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Saburo KIMURA
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
55-60
Published: March 31, 1991
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Japanese development phase about Rural Planning Idea have two type.
(1) First stage originate from foreign-side in about 1920 (Post First World War)(2) Second belongs to Japanese-only-side in about 1940 (Post Second World War). Their ideas dependent or Japanese City Planning Act (1919) and Japanese National Planning Act, socalled Multiple-development-Planning Act (1950).
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Gorou YANAGI
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
61-66
Published: March 31, 1991
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The making of forest park begin to the nationalized forest land which occupaied in the ruin precincts and castle land. But, the forests and fields formed the basis of state land in Meiji period. The most suitable character of preservation for forest park is applicable to keep within the limits of the Forest Law. In this respect, the Japan Forestry Bureau recognized to reserve forests and promote the use of public interests in Taisho period. As the result of efforts, the legal control of forest park was symbolized in same terms of public benefits and established under the Law of National Park.
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Hiroshi MARUYAMA
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
67-72
Published: March 31, 1991
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City Planning Act was promulgated in 1919 in order to cope with urbanization and city problems. By the use of land readjustment method (L. R. M.), social overhead capitals have been provided, including getting public park sites. After the Kanto Earthquake, most of planning small parks have been established by L. R. M. in Tokyo. Nagoya, Osaka and other cities used L. R. M. to get small public parks after that. Taking a general view of public park problems in conferences of head city planning officials in 1924 and 1927, the author pointed out concretely the histrical development of the above-mentioned cities' small parks and its problems.
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Kimihiro NISHIMURA
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
73-78
Published: March 31, 1991
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The aim of this study is obtain the character of Landscape Architecture of formulation of the horticultural education at Nara Women's Higher Normal School and so on.
MITSUI Hisae was an assistant professor of horticulture at Nara Women's Higher Normal School. She laid stress on practice hours at the dawning of Horticultural Education for Women.
She taught landscape value of each plant with respect to adaptability to the soil and situation and the use of the plant in design.
Her lecture was about average, and so it was useful for gardening not only on school-yard but also at home.
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Mikiko ISHIKAWA
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
79-84
Published: March 31, 1991
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The municipal park movement in Kansas City Mo. started around 1870's. The first park board was established in 1893 under the powerful leadership of August R. Meyer.The comprehensive plan of the park system was proposed by the landscape architect, George E. Kessler. The planning concept was to create a beautiful park system to induce the high-quality residential development. Parks, boulevards and parkways were laid out systematically, based on the principle to follow nature as closely as possible. The establishment of the special assessment tax provided a continuous, independent source of income, and it became one of the essential factors in a successful implementation of Kansas City park system.
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Taiichi ITO
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
85-90
Published: March 31, 1991
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Hot Springs Reservation in Arkansas was set apart in 1832, and became a national park in 1921. It is the smallest and most urbanized national park in the United States. The reservation was intended to protect the hot springs with curative power from private exploitation. However, any protective measures were not taken by the government until 1877.
The first National Park Service Director, Stephen T. Mather made this area a national park, impressed with the popularity of the hot springs. Nevertheless, the status caused various embarrassment to both managers and visitors. When the boom of hot springs had gone after the Second World War, the historic value of the Bathhouse Row became evaluated. As the result, the National Park Service began to stress the cultural value of the park than the natural resources like springs.
Most visitors do not expect historic value to national parks. This park would be more appropriately managed as a historic park. There existed such a recommendation, but there would be strong local objection to the declassifying attempt.
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Kunie SUGIO
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
91-96
Published: March 31, 1991
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(1) Principle of greenbelt comprises two types, parkbelt and ruralbelt. Cities in New Zealand produced the prototype of those two ideas.(2) Greenbelts in Adelaid and New Zealand separate the urban and the rural by belts of parks which function as parks. The aim of the greenbelts was to control population spread into vast waste land which surround the colonies and eventually to communities.(3) Introduction of park concepts into greenbelt was derectly influenced by Loudon's ideas. It was also related to the increasing social demand for park construction of the era.(4) It was popular during the era to create English picturesque landscape in parkbelts. At prsent, however, the major concern is shifttion to environmental conservation.(5) Lucca, Italy is thought to have had an effect, working as model, on development of parkbelt images.(6) In place of townbelt, Christchurch produced ruralbelt concept which was to become the basis of Garden City idea of Howard. It leads to suggest that permanency of green-belt is realated to a form of land ownership, clear land use regulations and must be reaserved.
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Shunsaku MIYAGI
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
97-102
Published: March 31, 1991
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The works of landscape sculpture, a genre of the environmental art, imply the analogies for technical aspects of the landscape design in their working process of interpreting circumstances of the site and applying the media for spatial expression. In particular, the way the artist manipulate what they interpreted from the site within an identical context the observers might experience and the process through which they sublimate the practical conditions required for a designed space into a higher quality of the work will be worth mentioning. These analogies might well be understood by expanding the frame of reference for interpreting the cirumstances of the assigned site as well as applying media for making those visually and physically perceptible.
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Takahiro NAKA
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
103-108
Published: March 31, 1991
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Shoin-style garden is an important and fundamental style of Japanese house garden. There are two appreciation types in the Shoin-style garden.
Type I: The garden which is appreciated by the man who is remain in the Shoin-style building.
Type II: The garden which is appreciated by the man who moves in the garden
Type I is classfied into 3 groups.
I-A: The garden which is made in front of the room named “Shoin-no-ma”.
I-B 1: The garden which is made in front of some Shoin-style Buildings.
I-B 2: The garden which is made in front of one Shoin-style Building.
I considered the changeing prosess of Shoin-Style Garden from the view point of these appreciation types.
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Makoto MOTNAKA
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
109-114
Published: March 31, 1991
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This study is concerned with the design and composition of Toh-in Garden which was located in the south-east corner of Nara Palace.
The results of four times excavation offers five features of this garden in comparison with another ancient remains of Japanese and Korean gardens. And also I examined the position of this garden in ancient garden making in accordance with these five features.
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Kunihiro SASAKI
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
115-120
Published: March 31, 1991
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Public Park planning was written into Paris' urban remodelling plan, executed in the middle of the 19th century. This plan exerted pressure on the existing landscape world to change. At the same time, the man responsible for the plan, Alphand, advocated a new garden, in short, the modern garden. What the plan involved, what was modern in these gardens and it's characteristics were considered. As a result, 4 main characteristics came to light. The choice between formal and informal gardens made equally according to the area of land, the aim for naturalness, the garden composition with emphasis on actual use, and lastly the systematization of composition skills. These points outline the character of modern gardens of this period.
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Hisako MAKIMURA
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
121-126
Published: March 31, 1991
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Tama Cemetery was planned by Kiyoshi INOSHITA in 1919.
Intention of that cemetery was based on the family system in Japan and the natural & clean scenery in Europ & America. That have influenced public interest, and that styl became very popular in Japan. But that style needs very large space, so these position are very far from city. And the unit of grave space based on “IE” family system and based on the burying custom have needed enormous space. The problem is to mismatch of the park-like style and the family system.
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Yu AMEMIYA, Nam-heyong RYU, Shingo YABASHI
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
127-132
Published: March 31, 1991
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The walkability of wood made garden road is investigated by the gate analysis. The deflection of wood material is interpreted well by the dynamics of materials if the Young's modulus is measured on the same material that be used for deflection test in spite of the variability of materials. Then the mean ratios of landing time interval by both legs to one wave cycle of the knee-bending angle are well corresponding to the difficulty of walking on deflected wood road, depending on the span of wood material. In this case the static relative deflection by human body weight at every step is calculated within 3cm in maximum. On the other hand, gait analysis has executed to the width and height of the wooden road without deflection condition to get the result the maximum landing knee angle difference, or the angle difference between the angle of landing instant and that for the second pulse in minimum is well for the estimation of walkability of material rather than the former index in case of walkability estimation for the height and width of wood made garden road.
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Masaaki KISHIZUKA
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
133-138
Published: March 31, 1991
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The “suikinkutu”, one of the traditional techniques of Japanese gardening, has been attracting renewed attention, and in recent years various ways have been tried out to reproduce it. I performed an FFT analysis to establish the reproduction of this technique. This analysis was carried out by recording the sound produced by an original “suikinkutu” found buried in the ground, and the sound produced by simulating the charactaristics of a “suikinkutu” in the laboratory. Based on the analysis of the spectral composition, the acoustic structure of the “suikinkutu” shows that the sound of water drops hitting the surface of the water induces the air inside the “suikinkutu” to resonate with a normal mode of vibration, it is regarded as a type of resonance phenomenon.
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Ryuji NAKAMURA, Eijiro FUJII
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
139-144
Published: March 31, 1991
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We analyzed the quantity of alpha and beta rhythms inspecting a hedge, a concrete block fence, and intermediate types between the two from the areal point of view. An alpha ratio (=α/(α+ β)) changes at the point of 50% of the areal ratio of the hedge to the concrete block fence, and the ratio is high in case of the objects composed of more hedge than a concrete block fence. Therefore, we could say that a concrete block fence brings a sensory stress, and on the contrary a hedge has a function to soften the stress.
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Seukkoo KOH, Shingo YABASHI, Yu AMEMIYA
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
145-150
Published: March 31, 1991
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In many cases, landscape plants are placed in soils of bad conditions. Therefore, landscape plants suffer from bad drainage or lack of water. Aggregated soils have properties of favorable drainage and water retention ability in low soil water potential. Akadama is a sort of aggregate soil for horticultural use, sold in commercial market. In this paper, physical properties of Akadama as a aggregate body is investigated whether the general knowledge, the compatibility of the conductivity for soil water and gas, is valid or not. Obtained results are as follows;
(1) Inter aggregate pore volume increased 9% more than a single aggregate particle.
(2) Evaporation rate becomes larger in paste body rather than in aggregate body, because the liquid water movement is prominent in paste body.
(3) In aggregate body, liquid water movement is prominent rather than vapor water movement in early stage of the evaporation test. It is after reaching the wilting point that vapour water movement becomes prominent.
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Takashi MUKAI, Yozo USUI, Takeshi OTAKE, Jiro SATO
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
151-156
Published: March 31, 1991
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This study was carried out in order to develop a growing substrate for hydroculture. The substrate which we developped was a light expanded shale aggregate, produced by blending and bloating shale in rotary kiln. The specifications of substrate were as follows:
(1) the bulk specific gravity was 0.71, (2) the unit weight was 0.44kg/
l, (3) the 24hr water absorption was 17.0%, (4) the abrasion resistance and the abrasion loss by I-drum test were 0.99 and 0.79%, respectively. These specifications were approximately similar to those of Leca (Light Expanded Clay Aggregates), the most suitable substrate for hydroculture. In order to evaluate the quality of the substrate we developped,
Doracaena fragrans cv. Massangeana,
Pachira aquatica and
Codiaeum variegatum cv. Akebono were grown in hydroculture in the substrate we developped or Leca. No differences were found between plants grown in the 2 substrate. According to those results, it was proved that the substrate we developped had an excellent quality as planting media for indoor and roof landscape by hydroculture.
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Takayuki SHIMIZU, Tadaaki OKAMOTO
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
157-162
Published: March 31, 1991
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The increase of the rate of paving roads has caused the obstruction to permiate rainwater in soil. As the result, it has prevented growth of street trees. As one of the means that solves this problem, the permeable pavement attracts our attention.
In this reserch, we put soil in a container, made some testing areas setting a board of concrete and of permeable pavement, and made a comparative experiment to investigate how many the permeable pavement had effects on the water content of soil and on the growth of “Kentucky Bluegrass”(
Poa pratensisL.).
As the result, the water content of soil surfaced with permeable pavement increased and the biomass of grass bordering on it increased more than that of grass bordering on concrete pavement. The effect, as mentioned above, was recognized, furthermore, the permeable pavement decreased the amount of evaporation of water from its surface. But it was guessed that soil under it was in danger of the excess of soil water in the rainy seasen of Japan.
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Takashi SHIMOMURA, Fumio KITAMURA
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
163-168
Published: March 31, 1991
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Metro Mix (peat-vermiculite seedling medium, MM) in piug flats, oasis Wedge System (WS), oasis Root-cubes (RC), and rockwool blocks (RB) were used as mediums for cutting of
Ficus pumila L. Sand-peat mix (1:1) in a plastic flat was also used as a conventional system (CS). Five months after cutting, there was no singnificant difference in lateral shoot number per cutting among each medium, although total shoot length per cutting and average shoot length in the CS and in MM were significantly longer than in other mediums. In the other experiment, lateral shoot length of cuttings in RC and MM was significantly longer then in WS, RB, and sand-peat mix in a plug flat; and lateral shoot number in WS was significantly smaller than in other mediums. Cuttings in smaller plug cells containing 15 and 21cm
3 medium gained more lateral shoot number and lateral shoot length than those in larger cells (50cm
3).
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Shozo SHIBATA
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
169-174
Published: March 31, 1991
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The seasonal change of terrestrial parts of Sasa veitchii,
Pleioblastus akebono and
Pseudosasa owatarii f.
nana, which are typical dwarf bamboos frequently utilized as ground cover materials, was investigated for six years from the sprouting to the dying.
From this investigation, the following results about each species were obtained.
S. veitchii did not show active branching, but the seasonal change of leaf number was slight.
Pl. akebono branched actively, and the seasonal change of branch number was markedly dramatic as well as that of leaf number.
Ps. owatarii f.
nana showed comparatively active branching and dramatic change of leaf number. On the second and third year after sprouting, this species produced many new leaves. In addition to these, there were some difference among three species like the culm age that the activity decreased, the longevity of culms and leaves, and so on.
These results gave an important suggestion to consider the method of maintenance, mainly trimming, of planting site of dwarf bamboos.
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Tadaaki OKAMOTO, Kenichiro KATO
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
175-180
Published: March 31, 1991
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An experiment was performed in the growth of five kinds of planting trees for three years at a refuse reclaimed land in the Osaka Bay. These trees were planted in moulding “Masa” soil of 0.5m, 1m and 1.5m thick, and the clasher-run stone layer or the plastic sheet was laid at the bottom of moulded soil for stoping that methane soaked into the soil at a part of the experiment area.
As the result, trees which were planted on 0.5m thick soil grew less than on 1m and 1.5m thick.
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Tsugio EZAKI, Yuhji SAKURAI
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
181-186
Published: March 31, 1991
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In order to investigate, mainly from the viewpoint of disaster prevention, the utility in the face of slopes of banks and roads of
Zoysia japonica Steud.,
Cynodon dactylon Pers.×
Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt-Davy (Tifton 328),
Imperata cylindrica Beauv.,
Miscanthus sinensis Anderss.,
Shibataea kumasaca Nakai, Hedera canariensis Willd.,
Sasaella kogasensis Nakai var.
gracillima S. Suzuki and
Sasa palmata Nakai var.
niijimai S.Suzuki for landscaping, the authors investigated the standing crop and tensil strength of root systems at the growth place. An experimental plot of 50×50cm was established at each growth place. And, root systems were investigated as deep as the point of 40cm. A tension test of root system was made on primary roots.
Shibataea kumasaca Nakai showed the greatest number of standing crop in eight species. It had top of 4, 322g and root of 4, 099g in weight. And,
Zoysia japonica Steud. had total root length of 3, 013m of the longest in eight species. Maximum load of root increased proportinally to the approximate 0.92-1.53 of the daimeter by the tension test of primary root. However, a great difference was not observed between the species of
Zoysia japonica Steud.,
Cynodon dactylon Pers.×
Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt-Davy, and other species in regard to maximum load of root.
The above results indicated that the utility of
Imperata cylindrica Beauv.,
Miscanthus sinensis Anderss.,
Shibataea kumasaca Nakai,
Hedera canariensis Willd.,
Sasaella kogasensis Nakai var.
gracillima S. Suzuki and
Sasa palmata Nakai var.
niijimai S. Suzuki was clearly estimated as high as that of
Zoysia japonica Steud. and
Cynodon dactylon Pers.×
Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt-Davy.
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Satomi WATANABE, Masakazu SUZUKI
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
187-192
Published: March 31, 1991
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The colours of petals of lotus are measured by the colourimeter, and the following results are obtained in the L a b colour-spaces of fifteen cultivers;
1. It is observed that the fifteen cultivers are arranged nearly in the order of red-lotus→nail-red-lotus→spotted-lotus→yellow-red-lotus→yellow-white-lotus→white-lotus→yellow-lotus.
2. It is ascertained that the value of L increases and that of chroma decreases with the laps of the day from the first or second day of their efflorescence.
3. It is proved that the colour of petals differs according to their location, and that the value of a shows a falling tendency toward the abaxial petals.
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Kumiko OKUBO, Hisayuki MAENAKA
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
193-198
Published: March 31, 1991
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(1) We investigated the semi-natural grasslands in Togakushi Plateau, Nagano Prefecture, central Japan, to obtain ecological information of vegetational managemant for conservation of wild-flower-habitat.(2) To clarify to proper time of mowings, we experimented mowing at four different times in the
Sasa senanensis dominanted communities, and we surveyed phenology in this study area.(3) As the result of the diagnosis of plant succession, we found out that
Sasa senanensis was the most strong competitive species for wild flower. The best season of mowing to remove
Sasa senanensis was from early August to about the middle of September.(4) But, when wild flower communities have existed, the best time of mowing was early June or after the middle of September for avoide the flowering and fruiting seasons of wild flowers.
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Noboru KURAMOTO, Akio TAKENAKA, Izumi WASHITANI, Ken INOUE
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
199-204
Published: March 31, 1991
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Perspectives for the conservation biology of
Aster kantoensis growing in the floodplain of the Tama River are presented. In this paper, we report on the studies mainly with regards to its life-history and spatio-temporal distribution pattern. Historical analys is demonstrated that the area of the community containing
A. kantoensis has been greatly reduced. Local extinct and regeneration histories suggest the importance of the availability of seed source for maintenance and recruitment of the populations. The conservation plans on wild populations of
A. kantoensis are proposed.
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Bum Soo KIM, Daishu ABE, Noboru MASUDA, Yasuhiko SHIMOMURA, Satoshi YA ...
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
205-210
Published: March 31, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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This study attempt to evaluate the recreational value of various open spaces (forest, waterfront space, and free open space) located in the natural park based on clarifying the relationship between the physical conditions of these open spaces and human responses (users' activity pattern, users' cognitive evaluation and feeling of satisfaction). On this standing point, it was proceed analyses using the informations which were collected by interviews to users who were in these open spaces at the natural park of Osaka Prefecture. Through this study, the following findings were obtained; 1) In the forest, the evaluation of openess is low but the evaluation of naturalness is high according to the type of forest.On this occation, the forest isused for the nature watching and education. 2) In the free open space, the feeling of openess and comfortable is high. Flat free open space is used more statically and slope below 5°-8°slope is used more restful. 3) The stream of water front space improve the feeling of comfortable and the falls is used more visually.
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Hideki TANINAKA
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
211-216
Published: March 31, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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Recreational carrying capacity on forest footpath is calculated by road density and the density of walkers on forest road. Suburban recreational woods and forest are classified into four types based on the density of forest footpath. Type 1; Large green open spaces near inhabited areas and recreational woodlands in the city with very high mean density 200m/ha of footpath. Type 2; Municipal woods and suburban recreation woods which are mix used for economy and recreation have mean footpath density of 100m /ha. Type 3; Big economical forest on flatland which are on from urban fringe to suburban area with maximum density of 50m/ha of footpath occupied about half of forest road network. Type 4; Mix using woodlands for economy, for environmental conservation and for recreation activities which have very low maximum density 25m/ha of forest footpath.
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Takahide KAGAWA
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
217-222
Published: March 31, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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This study intends to make clear the amenity of coppice and natural forest. The amenity of coppice has been estimated by using an applied method of AHP (Analytic Hiera rchy Process). This is one of the method of decision making in group. And the amenity of natural forest has been estimated by using a questionnaire applicating AHP.
The results of two methods indicate that the most important factor in coppice is environm ent in forest. This is concerned with the sense of smell and tactual, hearing sense. And in natural forest the most important factor is deepness of forest.
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Tetsuya AIKOH, Shoichiro ASAKAWA, Akihiro KOBAYASHI
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
223-228
Published: March 31, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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Increasing recreational use of natural park affects natural resources and visitor satisfaction. Study of carrying capacity in nature parks will be needed for a suitable management.
The purposes of this paper were to explore the relationships among visitor crowding, visitor per-ception of encounters with others and actual use levels and to grasp the effects of personal attributes on visitor crowding. As a case study, Daisetsuzan National Park was chosen for these purposes.
Actual use levels included visitor density, number of parties encountered and number of visitors encountered. Visitor perception of encounters and visitor crowding were gained by questionnaire survey to visitors on a trail segment.
The results showed that visitor crowding was more related to visitor perception of encounters than to actual use levels. It was suggested that the process of visitor perception of encounters and visitor crowding was affected by their previous experience of Daisetsuzan National Park.
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Akihiro KOBAYASHI
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
229-234
Published: March 31, 1991
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In landscape evaluations on Japanese National Park, academic aspects of natural resources and scenic appreciation were mingled. Moreover, the design of method for landscape evaluation was short of the descriptions of landscape meanings and interactions of human and landscapes.
The purposes of this study were to clarify possible relationship between academic aspects and scenic appreciation from a standpoint of landscape meanings, and to examine how experience and information about landscapes had effects on subject's perspecives on landscape perceptions. Kusiro Shitsugen National Park was chosen for these purposes.
Based on the data obtained from 96 subjects and 27 wetland landscape pictures, the effects of variables related ratings were exameind by frequency analysis, t-test and bivariate crosstabulation.
As a result, natural landscapes composed by meandering river, Tancho and wetland were generally higher rated. Higher scenic ratings in the meanings of endemic, conservational and educational values were associated with those natural landscapes.
Recreational value of wetland landscapes was lower rating and dispersed. The lower scenic ratings were associated with implied changes of landscape meanings which included signs of human intervention in wetland ecosystems. Previous visits and prior information about Kusiro marsh provided subjects with important perspectives on landscape perceptions. Persons with more experience and information considered human impact on wetland ecosystems more seriouly and imaged actual on site visual environments more representatively.
In conclusion, we are to gain better understanding about relationship between scenic beauty and natural phenomena of landscapes from a viewpoint of landscape meanings. We should accommodate and require that the unit of analysisinclude the human, the landscape, and transactions between them.
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Kouichi TANIKAWA, Rei ITOGA
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
235-240
Published: March 31, 1991
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Land development requires a plane of conservation corresponding to the land potential.
This study attempts to provide an integrated analysis of the land potential in terms of the vegetation, the geography and the habitat of animal. We focused on the Shirakami mountains, known by social problems caused by imprudent plan of destruction of a primeval forest of beech trees for constructing the road, as the sample area to consider using the mesh method.
In general, since the good environment for plants and animals is also valuable in term of forestry utility. We successfully acquired basic data available for the composite assessment of the natural environment including the preservation of the wild animals in the Shirakami mountains.
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Shigeru HORI, Masumi TATARAZAKO
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
241-246
Published: March 31, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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All of special protected areas in National Parks were examined for underlying conceptions of the National Park planning for protection and its changes.Special protected areas for protection of the most important areas within National Parks' planned by the Environment Agency implies that, 1) the early planning to protect the objects of landscape interests have become less gradually and in recent years become absolutely for the protection of Nature, 2) the standpoint of the protection of Nature has changed from ‘natural history’ to ‘the distribution of plants’ and furthermore to ‘the preservation of the natural environment’, and so on.
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Katsuji BANSHO, Shigeru HORI
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
247-252
Published: March 31, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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All of Developed Areas in National Parks were examined for underlying conceptions of the National Park planning for Recreational Center Sites and its changes. To analyze from type of areas and position, and its changes, it becomes clear that 1) many areas lack the function of Recreational Center Sites and close to natural resouces. Part of deleted areas had important position. 2) Recreational Center Sites has changed from “designated variety areas” to “uniformity”, and almost areas in recent years was new developed, close to natural resouces and isolated from around.
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Yoritaka TASHIRO
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
253-258
Published: March 31, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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This paper touches upon the roles and functions of park district for managing and operating parklands and recretion activities of regional parks. East Bay Regional Park District in California was taken as a case for this study. Results show that the main role of a park district analized is a harmoization of spatial manegement system and recreational district. operation system through multifunctioning process of the manegement of the district.
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Masami SUGIMOTO, Hiroyuki KANEKIYO
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
259-264
Published: March 31, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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Having become necessary to introduce the element of sound, this study, about landscape spaces, intends to explain the concept of conditions of sound production. The study took place in The Fukuoka Botanical Garden. First, we devided the garden into anumber of “Sound programmed zones”. The zones were then carefully evaluated in each of the follwing categories: human behavior, physical characteristics, and soundscape, etc.
As the result of this study, we obtained valuable informations that will assist us in the production of a system of sound production.
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Yoshihiro NAGAMATSU
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
265-270
Published: March 31, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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Nowadays, social interest in utilization of parks by physically handicapped people is increasing, and planning standards is being regulated. But consideration for visually handicapped isn't perfect yet. I researched on leisure time activities of the blind school students for the purpose of taking the cue to design comfortable playing spaces. In the case of club activities of the blind school, male students tend to favor active team sports, and many female students belong to the culture clubs directly concerned with the everyday life. Though they are interested in outdoor activities, they don't go out positivery, and their leisure time activities are't developed well yet.
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Manabu NOGUCHI, Sadatoshi TABATA
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
271-276
Published: March 31, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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In order to formulate the criteria for plannig and desigh of urban parks and parkways that promote all day use, it is necessary to clarify the clarify the pattern of user's activities and their evaluation of the environment in the nighttime. A series of field investigations through direct interview with the users and measurements of the space and facilities on the plans were conducted for Hibiya Park in downtown Tokyo, Yamashita Park in Yokohama, Green Park Pedestrian Way in Musashino City. The result indicated that tree coverage ratio and lighting arrangement are two critical factors that should be considered in the process of planning and desigh.
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Koumei MISHIMA, Eijiro FUJII
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
277-282
Published: March 31, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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We investigated the temporal changes of the electroencephalogram inspecting the color clothes of yellow, green, white, blue, black, red, purple, and gray covering most range of view to analyze the sight-psychological effects of a color. Analyzing the distribution of thirty individuals owing to the relative value of each rhythms of alpha, beta, theta inspecting a color among the eight colors, each color has a peculiar trend within fifteen seconds, and the differences between the sexes are also found. Especially, in the case of female individuals every rhythms of alpha, beta, and theta to yellow tend to be high, and on the contrary, every rhythms to black, blue, and purple tend to be low. And, beta rhythm tends to be equivalent to the value of color in the case of female individuals.
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Daishu ABE, Noboru MASUDA, Yasuhiko SHIMOMURA, Satoshi YAMAMOTO, Ayumi ...
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
283-288
Published: March 31, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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The intention of this study is to develop a methodology for designing riverfront spaces which focus on creating attractiveness and naturalness. The method of this study is a cognitive evaluation of twelve simulation models. The simulation models were made by photomontage using a image processing system three cross-sectional compositions were used and each cross sectional model has several different material composition.
Through this study the following major result was obtained: The model which had a gradually inclined embankment covered with lawn and which has an exposed river bed covered with lawn and its embankment covered with ivy are excellent for creating both attractiveness and naturalness.
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Yasuhiko SHIMOMURA, Noboru MASUDA, Satoshi YAMAMOTO, Daishu ABE, Shoji ...
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
289-294
Published: March 31, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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The aim of this study is to obtain some knowledges about the method of landscape planting of the street using the photomontage method based on relationship between public greenery and semi-public greenery at roadside. It becomes clear as follows; 1) Regarding landscape planting at public space, as the volume of branches becomes bigger, it makes the evaluation of the streetscape higher. Especially this tendency is stronger on the condition of bad facade. And it is more effective to plant at the center of the street. 2) Regarding landscape planting at semi-public space like a roadside, landscape planting is useful to rise the evaluation of the streetscape. And the effect of landscape planting is higher on the condition of good facade than on the condition of bad. Concerning planting formation, it is very interesting that the formations of bushes and high trees are evaluated same on the condition of good facade.
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Kaoru SAITO
1991 Volume 55 Issue 5 Pages
295-300
Published: March 31, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: July 19, 2011
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The purpose of this study is to discuss about the Landscape Information Processing on its methodology of planning, with some cases. Following results were obtained. Visualization method is effective to use an information system of landscape planning. The Landscape Information Processing can be divided three types on its function, regional planning, site design, and an adjustment of those planning and design.
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