[in Japanese]

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This report is first one about the study of “KYOKUSUI”.“KYOKUSUI”, is regarded to have appeared at the“Chin”period in China, and then it was transmitted to Korea and Japan. In Japan, from ancient times to the middle ages and modern times, “KYOKUSUI” was treated as an annual event. It was held at the court by nobilities and generals on the 3rd of March.
We can get many documents about the event of “KYOKUSUI”, but cannot know the style of garden where the event was held. Only an imaginaly picture was drawn in the middle ages or in the modern times about “RANTEI-KYOKUSUI-EN” that was a famous feast of “KYOKUSUI” in China. These records and other evidence have suggested that man sat in front of winding stream at the feast of“KYOKUSUI”.
Last year, I observed the ruins of“KYOKUSUI”at the“Tang”, “Sung”and“Ming”period in China, and the“Sinra”period in Keishe, Korea. So I could study the character of “KYOKUSUI”by the comparison with“RYUTEN”, the ruins of the“Edo”period at “KOURAKUEN” in Okayama. It is concluded that“KYOKUSUI” has a character of independent facility.

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Although golf is supposedly played in the natural setting, a large volume of engineering earth work is usually involved in the construction of golf course in Japan where the land available for such development is found mostly in the hilly terrain. This study tries to elucidate the relation between the man-made earth form of the golf course and human responses in terms of players' behaviour and judgment. Characteristic features of golf courses in the hilly terrain are firstly analysed. They can be categorised into two groups; visual and physical forms which can be studied statically by photos and engineering drawings, and their dynamic sequential relationships which can be experienced only by players. Those features in the first category are primarily dealt with in this paper. Basic physical elements of a golf course and their requirements are then identified.
To get first-hand data on the players' evaluation of course features, a questionnaire survey was conducted among veteran golfers at T. Country Club in suburban Tokyo. A respondent was requested to evaluate in three point scale nine items for each of its eighteen holes on the basis of his remembered impression. For example, a view from the teeing ground is evaluated as good, medium or bad. The average score is then regressed upon both quantitative and qualitative variables objectively measured from visual and physical features of a course of interest by using Hayashi's Quantification Method #1. For example, a view from the teeing ground is evaluated good if a player can command a view of the fairway reaching to the green, if there is a view of the club house, and if there is a lesser amount of man-made slope. In this case, three items statistically explain eighty-nine percent of respondents' variation.
Through the analysis of questionnaire data, some meaningful conclusions relating earth work form and players' evaluation have been drawn. Further study along this line should be conducted in other places to confirm these findings.

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The Korean traditional gardens reveal the characteristics of harmony with nature. Especially, Byeol-Soe Style is assumed to be a typical garden style in oriental garden styles. This style was developed in Koryo Dynasty (935-1392) and then flourished in Choson Dynasty (1392-1910).
In the development of Byeol-Soe style, two developmental elements are classified; the one is natural environmental elements and the other is socio-political elements. Combination of these two elements might have created a typical style. Confucian ideas, Taoism ideas, Retirement ideas, filial piety, assimilation of nature etc. are basic ideas of this style. Revealed characteristics by reseach and analysis of historical literatures are as follows;
1. A structure of Byeol-Soe may be strongly related to the architectural treatment of building site or elements. Byeol-Soe extracts and intensifies the native power of the site.
2. Social standing of Byeol-Soe operationer is various from brothers of King to jobless nobleman (Yang-ban).
3. Traditional Korean nobilities were very fond of strolling within the nature, writing and reciting a poems in the oriental pavillion, discussing literature and philosophy etc.(except a political issue). These behavioral aspects accord with Byoel-Soe style very well.
4. Behavioral investigations by the historical literatures will be helpful for the future survey of a place of Byeol-Soe relics. Byeol-Soe contains various behaviors; that is, strolling, reading, meditations, relaxation, boating and fishing, writing and reciting a poem, drinking, give a banquet with foreign mission requester and visitors, take care of parents tomb, etc.
5. In general, sites were selected on hills with very good scenery, containing for example, panoramic view, a far-off green mountains, bright sands and white birds (gull), bright moon, blue sky and white cloud, strolling river, steep cliff with rock outcrop etc.
6. Byeol-Soe may be classified into three different types. They are (1) live with nature, (2), flial piety for a remnant life such as a take care of parents tomb and (3) western villa styles.

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