In this Investigation, we tried to calculate the difference in temperature and humidity between areas with the single-grown tree and the lawn area, and the artificially surfaced area.
The results of the measurement may be summarized as follows:
1) Comparing the micro-climate under the tree with that of the open ground, under the tree the atmospheric temperature is an avarage 0.2°C lower and the humidity is an average 1.0% higher than that of the open ground through a seven month period (June-December). In the daytime of summer, the difference of these are the most remarkable, under the tree the temperature is 1.0°C lower and the humidity is 3.0% higher than than that of the open ground.
2) During the daytime of summer, the surface temperature of the shade created by the tree was 4.5°C to 16.5r lower than that of the adjacent open ground.
3) The surface temperature of the canopy of the tree is some little higher than the atmospheric temperature even in summer, and the difference of the temperature between different tree species is below 3.0°C, but the surface temperature of the canopy is 16. 2°C to 17.0°C much lower than that of the artificial covering objects such as a roof of the structure or an asphalt pavement.
4) During the daytime of summer, the surface temperature of the lawn area is about 19.0°C lower on the average and 22, 0°C lower on a maximum than that of the asphalt pavement, and it is also about 16.0°C lower on the average and 18.6°C lower on a maximum than that of the bare ground. On the one hand, during the daytime of winter, the surface temperature of the lawn area is 6.0°C higher on the average and 14.4r higher on a maximum than that of the asphalt pavement, and it is also 3.0°C higher on the average and 6.5 °C higher on a maximum than than that of the bare ground. A disparity in the surface temperature between summer and winter was 19.3°C on the lawn, 39.6°C on the asphalt pavement and 37.1°C on the bare ground.
5) The date showed that the surface temperature of the lawn withered by trampling, disease or drought became 1.5°C to 13.2°C higher than that of lively one during the daytime of summer
6) Regardless of the seasons, the surface temperature of an artificial lawn rise extremely high in sunny day. During the daytime of summer, a maximum surface temperature of the artificial lawn rise up to 73.0°C, it is rare that the surface temperature of artificial lawn rise up to more than twice as high as that of the lawn. The surface temperature of the artificial lawn don't fall in the night and it never fall down to below 30.0°C in summer.
7) The difference on the surface material of the ground not only influence considerably the difference of the surface temperature but also the temperature and the humidity at height of 30 to 50cm from the ground surface.

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This study is concerned with the differences of views from the gardens located in Nara district;“The Heijo-kyo, Sa-kyo, 3-jo, 2-bo, 6-no-tsubo, Palace Garden, ”“The Jiko-in Garden, ”“The Isui-en Garden.” Each specific character of these views are as follows.
1. The Heijo-kyo, Sa-kyo, 3-jo, 2-bo, 6-no-tsubo, Palace Garden. The circulation system from the outside the residential land to the main structure faced to the garden, is continually opened in terms of viewing activity. View from this garden is therefore not specialized from the familiar scenery in Nara district, and has only secondary function as the ornamental background for the ceremonies held in this garden.
2. The Jiko-in Garden.
View is specialized as the garden landscape by means of making closed space laid in the circulation system. Outgoing view which functions only for appreciation is the most important element of the garden landscape composition.
3. The Isui-en Garden.
Views, specialized as the garden landscape composes one part of the garden landscape.

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Open space management has increasingly played an important role in proportion to the rapid increase of newly constructed open spaces. The purpose of this study is to consider how to classify such open spaces according to their types of actual management situation in order to present the basic knowledge for the planning of optimal future management form.
The authors apply here the method of Quantification Theory III to the classification of 27 open spaces distributed on the sites of research organizations in the Tsukuba Science City, about 60 km north of Tokyo, as a case to discuss. Quantification Theory III seems to be useful for the comprehensive and objective classification of open spaces according to their management types by using the data obtained from the questionnaire survey since they contain a lot of different management forms and factors including both qualitative and quantitative aspects and they can be hardly classified without such multivariable analysis.
Result of the analysis suggests that the combination of Axes I and II are useful for the classification of open spaces. Items showing the opposition of categories on Axis I generally indicate“the characters of management objects”, while those on Axis II indicate“the characters of management activities”
Classification of open spaces according to their management types can be performed through the adjacency of sample scores on Axes I and II taking the ordination of categories in each open space into account. As a result of this study 6 groups are classified under the consideration of management types as shown in Fig. 2 and Table 4.
Such kind of groups will be used as a fundamental information for the planning of optimal open space management.

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In this research the modern transformation of historical urban landscape is comprehended in residential site use.
In the castle town Yamatokoriyama the traditional features of townscape have been extinguished in the process of postwar urbanization, and the main points of those spatial changes are as follows:
Spatial changes upon the residential site scale have been occured by individual users to cope with extention of building or established spaces. They were observed concretely as formal changes of nonbuilding space in residential site and as an increase of site for secondary or supporting uses.
In order to continuously hold the land as a property the number of site for temporary uses has increased especially in recent years.
The transformation of residential environment on the regional scale has mainly resulted from horizontal accumulation of both spatial phenomena mentioned above.
Then the changes of landownership and management in the district were examined as one of the social factors which have relation with such spatial changes. And as a result it is pointed out that they have indirectly expendited those spatial changes.

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The purpose of this study is to elucidate the origin and the change of Nanshuji Garden which is situated at Sakai City in Osaka Prefecture.
It is said that this garden was made in about 1619 when Nanshuji Temple was reconstructed, and changed in 1679 when Toshogu Shrine was built near Hojo (a main building of the temple).
The remarkable points in this study are as follows.
1) The old document of Kotoin Temple in Kyoto explains that this garden was made between 1650 and 1666.
2) This garden was changed in about 1816 when Toshogu Shrine was built. At this time the stone bridge of the garden was made to harmonize with Toshogu Shrine.

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The urban landscape generally consists of many artificial, few natural, and some rural elements. Each element should be investigated on the landscape that the citizens can be seen from road, square, channel, railway, and open building. This paper states the method of landscape investigation on the streets, streetfurnitures, outdoor advertisements, green, waterfronts and viewpoints.
It is necessary for the standard in making value judgements on the elements to obtain the support of citizens. Judging from the results of public opinion survey to the citizens of Kitakyushu, the landscape of clean orderly city with a lot greenery is worth adopting as a model of the urban landscape. A method of valuing each element is proposed too in this paper.

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This paper follows in the matters of the academic circles, the goverment circles and socialc onditions and the requisites for the Promulgation of the Urban Park Act, and analyze the background of its proclamation.

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