It is said that the court ladies in the Heian period played an important roll in politics and culture in the era. This study analyzed 85 descriptions of 15 gardens which are expressed their 5 diaries and clarified three facts as follows:
(1) There was no large difference basicaly in the garden life of the Imperial family, the upper and the lower nobilities.
(2) The descriptions of the garden life as it was in the diaries agreed with those of the novels such as “GENJI MONOGATARI”, therefore it was ascertained that both of them were reliable.
(3) Concerning landscape design; they admired garden detailes such as garden pond, Yarimizu (garden stream), artificial hill and planting connecting deeply with Setsu-Getsu-Ka (snow, moon, and flower) and weather. Concerning common-use; the knowledge of various garden enjoyment such as annual garden events, playing with snow balls, moonlight party, gifting a blooming-branch and enjoying the singing of birds and insects was obtained. Concerning maintenance; the realities of cleaning gardens, transplanting, division of plants, maintenance of garden trees, and garden lighting were understood.

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Shoin style is an important and fundamental style of Japanese house, and a shoin garden would have been developed corresponding with the development of the shoin style. We considered the changing process of several elements relating with the development of shoin garden using historical materials like a picture scroll of Honenshonin-eden and a folding screen of Rakutshu-rakugai-byobu.

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Jihei Ogawa designed and constructed many gardens of villas in Kyoto including Murin-an garden from the middle of the Meiji era until the beginning of the Showa era.
Tairyu-sanso, which was constructed from 1902 to 1906, is one of the most typical gardens designed by him. From the article about this garden of “Keika-Rinsen-cho (Notebook of Gardens in Kyoto, 1909)” and “Nihon-Bijutsu-to-Kogei (Art and Craft in Japan, 1912)”, the following were revealed:
(1) Tairyu-sanso had been admired from the beginning of the construction.
(2) Jihei Ogawa included not only Higashiyama mountain-range but also the old building of Konchi-in temple as the part of borrowing scenery.
(3) Jihei Ogawa had generally thought that each trees and stones used in gardens had to be expressive.

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The retreat-life of Kaho Inatsuka and his family in Horeki-Tenmei Period, the late 18th century, is discussed in this paper. Kaho Inatsuka was a typical newly-risen merchant at that transitional period when merchants who had made a fortune by themselves replaced those merchants from a good old stock. His retreat was built in order to elevate his family status, by following the retreat-life tradition among town celebrities. Thus he used his retreat for many recreational activities such as dinnar, tea ceremony, flower viewing, and the autumnal lunar festival, enjoying with his guests and his family.

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This study is about the changes of Goten-yama in Shinagawa from the viewpoint of the life history. Goten-yama was constructed on a seaside lawn hill with a fine prospect by Tokugawa Ietsuna and Yoshimune in the mid-seventeenth to the mid-eighteenth century as a “planed public openspace” for the people of Edo placing it at the service of their recreations in spring and autumn seasons. It is evident that this place was widely known as a noted place of Edo from various Ukiyoe described noted places. This study confirmed that its changes in natural conditions from various albums of noted places and maps. The concrete changes were destruction caused by soil supply for constructing Daiba, land supply for railroad and housing site, and city development.

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This essey is historical approach to [UEKIYA] or [WEKI-BUGYO] ages in Japanese gardening and sometimes connected with Chinese-side. That kye-points are as follows (1) The name of [WEKIYA] appeares in TOKUGAWA period (2) Garden material (tree or stone) is preferable to garden designing.

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The change of landscape in course of time is an essential characteristic of landscape architecture. In this study, firstly the former studies on the relationship between landscape architecture and time were considered from the viewpoint of the principles of landscape design and then those were arranged. Secondly, the visual methods of recording of garden landscape in the old days were reviewed and examined, then the usage of photographs was pointed out as an effectual method to compare the same garden scenary in the old and nowdays. Thirdly, on the basis of the garden photographs taken in the early years of the Showa period (40-50 years ago), the writer took the photographs of the same scenary to compare those in the days gone by and in now days. Through this examination, the changing elements in garden landscape were ascertained visualy. Furthermore the effectiveness of using photographs to design or manage garden landscape was confirmed.

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The expropriation of land act was proclaimed in 1889 in Japan. It was the first time that the extention of a public park was carried out in 1892 by the application of this act. After it was revised in 1900, its application was increasing in extention and newlyestablishment of public parks. From late Meiji era to early Taisyo era, we can count twenty examples. Some of them were needed as facilities in order to activiate local economy.
The city planning act, legislated in 1919 to cope with urbanization, included special provisions of land expropriation. After the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, the land expropriation act was applied to newly-established parks as the undertaking of city planning in Tokyo and Yokohama.
After that, along with the outbreak of the China Incident, some of public parks and green tracts of land were established as air defenses by the land expropriation act.

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On the highway under the feudal government, the local inhabitants kepted in repair tree for a longtime. In Meiji period, the maintenance on the highway was continued under the administration of local government. After the protection of tree was defined clearly in the regulation of prefecture, the tree bed on highway was located in a part of road administration as official land.
Prefectural claims for the tree bed was not recognized to use the land in the categoly of official road. But the tree beds in private land on country road make necessary for public interests. The interpretation for the problem was the results to use official land in road administration.

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In der Industriezeit des 19 Jhts. erhöht sich so stark das ökonomische Interesse am Baden, den Landesverschönerungsgedanken nicht weiter entwickeln zu können. Jedoch setzte man damals den Versuch der Landesverschönerung bis zum Anfang des 20. Jhts. fort, indem man jeweils die derzeitige gartenk ü nstlerische Forderung and Tendenz annahm. Infolgedessen gab diese Bestrebung (Verwicklung and Uber-inden) für die Landesverschönerung der nächsten Entwicklungsphase der Gartenkunst die neuzeitliche theoretische Grund-lage. Im Schwung der Erneuerungsbewegung, zumal der Heimatschutzbewegung urn die Jahrhundertwende trat das Motiv des Erhaltens and Konservierens der Naturschönheit zutage auch in der Landesverschönerung.

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In this period, Nikko experienced the most dramatical changes in utilization of field recreational area.
Since way of transportation and excursion was improved, the number of tourists in Nikko increased 7 million in 26 years. In 1973, it recorded 36.6 times more than in 1947. The number of travellers using railways decreased remarkably, on the other hand the number of ownerdrivers rapidly increased.
These changes caused some problems in protection of landscape and space cacity had to be examined.

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This study aims to develop a method of image data base for plants and landscape by the aid of personal computer. Image data of plants and landscape are recorded in video-disk. Character and numeric data are saved in magnetic disk. These are controled by personal computer. From a landscape architectural point of view, we need the visual image of space and shape for planning, design, construction, mainterance, manage, study, and education. This system is the most primary style that can process thesedata.

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In the urban area of Kyoto city, we can see the remnant woods and trees of Ulmaceae frequently at the foot of the mountains. As the model case, the relationships between the remnant forms or the structure of Ulmaceae woods and land use were studied in Maruyama park and the surroundings, which stand at the foot of the mountains.
Author investigated the distribution and diameters of Ulmaceae trees, and studied the changes of the land use with topographical maps, base maps for city planning, and papers on the establishment of Maruyama park.
The relationships between the remnant forms or the structure of Ulmaceae woods and land use suggested that Aphanathe aspera and Celtis sinensis regenerated and were left under the coarse management, and the residents kept these trees actively in more urbanized area. For these reasons, Maruyama park and the surroundings have many remnant woods and trees of Ulmaceae.

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The remnant forms of Ulmaceae woods and trees in the north-eastern part of Kyoto city area had been reported last year by authors. In this time, authors investigated the distribution and tree size of Ulmaceae in the broader area in Kyoto city and studied the relationships between the remnant forms or processes of Ulmaceae and the land use.
The results were obtained as follows; Ulmaceae woods and trees have been left at the sites of old temples or shrines, and the Ulmaceae tree landscape has simbolized such a historical area. Some classifications of the process of remnant were obtained, such as the cases in which
(1) Ulmaceae woods at the sites of temples decreased into isolated trees,
(2) Ulmaceae invaded into bamboo forest and left dominantly as an isolated tree.

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The seasonal activity of rhizomes of the bamboo species, Sasa Veitchii and Shibataea kumasaca, was investigated in order to get a method to control their growth.
The elongation of the rhizomes of Sasa Veitchii showed to be weak in August. They elongated prosperously in June and September. Especially in September the elongation showed very prosperous for this species.
The rhizomes of Shibataea kumasaca elongated for only five months (from July to November). Their elongation showed to be prosperous in summer and early autumn. The period from the latter half of July to the first half of August proved to be the most prominent time of activity for this bamboo.

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With respect to the Hedera rhombea, Ficus pumila and Bignonia capreolatathat are three of the main evergreen adhesive climbers in Japan, a test was performed concerning the speed of initial growth that is an important factor when walls are to covered. The environmental factors and their levels control the speed of initial growth of climbers were set as follows: the amount of rhizosphere soil; a) planting to ground and b) planting to pot, the amount of insolation; a) south side and b) north side of wooden wall. During the course of the test, careful management was performed so that no harmful diseases and insects were introduced.
The result of the test was that the Bignonia capreolata had the fastest speed of initial growth, followed by the Ficus pumila and Hedera rhombea in order. The amount of initial growth was greater for the direct planting than the pot planting, and those against the north side showed a greater growth than those against the south. Eurthermore, the Hedera rhombeaand the Ficus pumila indicated that the insolation factor was more important than the soil factor but the opposite appeared for the Bignonia capleolata.

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From the result of the experiments for the growth of ground cover plants under various sunlight condition, most of the 20 types of model plants proved that they could grow very well in 10% to 50% of relative light intensity.
Details are follows:
1) Ophiopogon planiscapus Nakaiwas superior thanOphiopogon japonicus Ker-Gawler. in shade tolerance.
2) Shibataea Kumasaca Makinowas superior toSasa veitchii Rehd. andSasa veichii f. minor Rehd.in shade tolerance.
3) Dryopteris erythrosora Kuntze. was superior toPolystichopsis Standishii TagawaandAdiantum pedatum L. in shade tolerance.
4) The limit of the relative light intensity for survival was under 0.1% forReineckia carnea Kunth, Sarcococca humilis Rehd et Wils., andRuscus aculeatus L., and 0.1% forAdiantum pedatum L., Dryopteris erythrosora Kuntze., Ophiopogon planiscapus Nakai, Ophiopogon japonicus Ker. forma nanus hort., Ophiopogon japonicus Ker-Gawl., Euonymus japonica Thumb., andPachysandra terminalis Sieb. et Zucc., and 0.1% to 1% forPolystichopsis standishii Tagawa, and 1 % for Shibataea Kumasaca Makino, Sasa veitchii Rehd., andSasa veitchii f. minor Rehd., and 1 % to 10% forAjuga reptans L., Hypericum calycium L., Vinca minor L., Hedera canariensis Willd., andHedera herix L., and 10% to 50% forPhlox subulata L.

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Secondary forests distributed in suburbs were maintained for agricultural producing purposes, but recent change of their reason for existence to recreational purposes brought the necessity of establishment of the new management system from the view point of conservation. Therefore it is needed to grasp dynamics of plant community owing to the management practice on every natural sites as fundamental for the vegetation management
The case study was carried out to grasp relationship among soil types, degree of management and composition of species in the Musashi National Government Park and its outskirts. Tab. 4 shows composition of species on every site classified by dominant species, soil types and degree of management. Ardisia Japonica, Quercus myrsinaefolia and Castania crenata are considered to decrease, Pinus densiflora and Albizia Julibrissin increase with increase of weeding degree irrespective of natural sites. But some species appear and disappear according to not only weeding condition but also the soil types and/or dominant species. For example, Miscanthus sinensis appears on the yellow brown forest soils or the Low humic Andosols with relatively highly weeded stands. And “adaptability to soils” and “germination types” of each species are considered to have relation with these difference of species composition according to the natural sites and management condition.

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An annual festive event was held at Ooizumi-Ryokuchi Park during May 1985. The turf vegetation was investigated by belt transect method three times: before, just after, and one month after the event.
Just after the event, some areas of the grassland were almost entirely denuded of vegetation due to trampling. One month after, many perennial plants such as Trifolium repens, Paspalum dilatutum, and Hybrid Bermuda grass had regrown to pre-event status. Annual winter grass had not regrown due to the seasonal conditions.
The number of days which were necessary to regain the pre-event coverage, were simulated using a growth model and measured growth rate. The result differed from four to fifty days, depending on the pre-event coverage (Cb) and the pre-event (Cb) to worn coverage (Ca) ratio Ca/Cb. When trampled by the same intensity, it was found that pre-event, lower grassland could more rapidly recover to its pre-event coverage, as compared to pre-event higher coverage grassland.
When a festive event is planned in such a place the positionning of facilities should consider this finding, i.e. that lower-coverage grassland recovers more rapidly than higher-coverage grassland.

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We investigated on damage to plants for landscaping by acid rain. We made some experiments on the damage to difference in hydrogen ion concentration of manmade acid rain, in the organs of plants and in the life stages of the leaves.
From the results, it is assumed that the leaves of trees and shurbs do not receive the damage visibly by acid rain in Japan. But, it is feared that the petals of some kinds of plants receive the damage by acid rain. So, investigations on plants susceptible to acid rain are necessary for the indication.

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This study attempts to consider the planting distribution of evergreen broadleaved trees and climatic factors affecting their zonal arrangements in Tohoku District located mainly on the cool-temperate deciduous forest zone. Data on 41 cities and 32 tree the planting agreement can be carried.
The results obtained from this study are as follows; 1) planting distribution depends mainly on thermal factors, in particular on winter coldness, which can be explained by the results of factor analysis and Spearman's rank-order correlation analysis. 2) Each city and tree can be classified into 5 groups by using monthly mean temperature of January (most cold month), obtained from the results of rearrangement of the planting-situtation table drawn throuth the analysis of Quantification Theory (3) and cluster analysis. 3) Potential zoning map for landscape planting of evergreen broad-leaved trees was drawn based on the monthly mean temperature of January.

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Since the 1960's, large-scale residential developments have concentrated on suburban hills covered mostly with secondary forests which, consisting ofQuercus serrata and other deciduous and evergreen trees, had been used as coppice until the so-called fuel revolution of the 1950's.
Land characteristics of the hills and their modification history was outlined in this paper. Field study was carried out in the selected hills in Sendai, Tokyo and Osaka in order to measure the natural potential of conserved lands and developed lands which were made by cut and fill operations. Cut depth and fill thickness exceed 20m in parts of every develeped lands. The tree vitality of conserved and plantedQuercus serrata was used as a biological index of natural potential and its change caused by land transformation. Here low tree vitality point shows good tree growth and suggests high land potentiality, while high point shows poor tree growth and low potentiality. The range of point is between 1.00 and 5.00.
Followings are the main results obtained from the field study;
1) Mean tree vitality points are low in conserved lands. The lowest-point area is in the Tomiya Hills in Sendai, probably because the hills are located near the distribution center ofQuercus serrataforests and the soil condition of the hills is rather good particularly in physical property. On the other hand, the Senboku Hills in Osaka show relatively high points, which suggest the poorness of inherent natural land potentiality of the hills.
2) Mean tree vitality points and variances remarkably increase in developed lands in every surveyed hills, suggesting the lowering of land potentiality through land transformation. However, uneven distribution of points can be observed according to the differences of site characteristics. For example, in the Tama Hills in Tokyo, tree vitality points on artificial fill are higher than those on cut which was made through the compaction of weathered volcanic ash by heavy machinery and provides worse plant growing condition.

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In suburbs of large cities, hill areas have been developed for new towns. These developments, however, brought some problems such as the destruction of eco-system and the increased risk of disasters caused by a large scale of earth work and by unsuitable constructions.
The purpose of this research is to establish housing planning methods adaptable to the natural environment in hilly areas. With those methods, it is expected that impacts of building construction on the natural environment are minimized.
The research consists of two parts as following;
1) Surveys of the ecological environment in the developed housing communities.
2) Impacts analysis of construction on the ecological environment with the indicator of tree vitality.

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The present reserch has two main objectives. One of them is to aid in the reviewof procedure and methodology of space design by using the sequential image gained throughthe modelscope system.
The second objective is to determine the psychological effect with the factors such as planting interval, size of tree crown, and height of the trees which comprise the street tree-planting pattern have on the pedestrians by applying the present system of space design function.
The results of the experiment carried out with a 1: 100 scaled down model are:(1) there is a direct relationship between the street tree planting interval and the size of tree crown, the most desirable distance being that interval which allows for the tips of the branches of adjacent trees to barely touch each other, and (2) the effect of the above factors to the whole is most evident when the trees are either tall or the size of tree crown small.

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The aim of this study is to develope a surveying method that can be effectively used at the sites of landscaping work which generally involves by far the many more kinds and stages of work as compared to ordinary civil engineering works. It particularly attempts to search for an algorithm capable of determining, without involving the setting of a surveying instrument and distance measuring, the coordinates of any point where a transit is placed. This paper reports the cases in which the algorithm derived from the study has been applied on an experimental basis to the surveying of works done.

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Shoot elongation of Acer buergerianum Miq. was investigated for four yearsafter the planting of the two-year-old seedlings. The tree form of A. buergerianum is largely determined by the two types of shoot elongation. The first one is a normal monopodial branching of the tree with a decussate phylotaxis, and the second one is a monopodial branching with a hampered main axis. The second year elongations of primary branches of the two types are different with each other, but the elongation characterics on and after the third year are mostly same between the two, i. e. the longer branches have the longer elongation, and the characteristics don't change with the height of branch. These characteristics make the shrub-like tree form A. buergerianum.

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With a view to elcidating the relations between no-water-supply (days) and soil water content (%) and survival rate (%) in trees for landscaping, the present study was conducted in 1984 by pot experiment, Eurya emaginate and Rhododendron indicum being selected as materials. Soil used, subsoil of Andosol. Fifteen levels of no-water-supply (days), in Eurya, 0, 18 (1) 22, 24 (2) 40days, in Rhododendron, 0, 25 (1) 29, 32 (3) 56 days.
In regard to changes in soil water content (%) in the pot by no-water-supply (days), fitting of modified exponential equation curve was done.
The model in Eurya.
YE=15.01+24.60e^-0.0599xx: no-water-supply (days)
Themodel in Rhodod6ndron.YR=24.85+18.68e-0.0546xx: no-water-supply (days)
With regard to changes in the regression equation (Ootsuka's type-8 method-A) survivalrate (%) by no-water-supply (days), fitting of Ootsuka's by intersecting straight lines was done inbothapecies.
As for Eurya, the following regression equation by intersecting straight lines was obtained, the first (I₁) and second (I₂) intersecting points being 19.000 and 37.000days, respectively.
As for Rhododendron, the following regression equation by intersecting straight lines was obtained, I1 and I2 being 41.000 and 44.750days respectively.
YE=2.0475X₀-0.55312_x1YR=11.370_X0-0.25092_X1
xo, x₁: values obtained from data matrix of minimum error variance
It was seen the experiment that Rhododendron survived for longer a time than Eurya nuder field conditions or in to conduct experiments in other soils.

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We surveyed the number of dispersed seeds and seedlings of Sophora japonica on the forest island to analyze the pattern of seed dispersal by frugivorous birds from street trees into the forest island in rural area. Seedlings of Sophora japonica were mainly present under the crown of Pinus densiflora and Cryptomeria japonica (Tl), and also under the crown of Eurya japonica (T2). But they were rarely present under the coppice (T2), regardless of the distance from the edge of the forest. We thought that these pattern reflected seed dispersal of Sophora japonica.

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In order to study the methods of establishing the evergreen broadleaved forest, which is a relatively developed vegetation in the plant succession series on artificial slopes of poor sites, we tested the dense planting of Quercus glauca and mixed planting of fertilizer tree (Alnus Sieboldiana). Seven years after planting, tree canopy is almost closed in each plot, and results at present are as follows.
(1) Dense planting of small nursery trees is more profitable than sparse planting of big ones.(2) Effects of fertilizer tree on the growth of Quercus glauca are not clear. but mix planting on the fill-in slopes resulted in a great deal of standing mass.(3) Land treatment (cut or fill) is the most effective factor for the size of Quercus glauca, and initial plant size is less effective.

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The growth of planted Alnus Sieboldiana and Pinus densiflora trees in 15 sample plots in the Kitaikoma area was surveyed for the purpose of studying the process of vegetation recovery in sites greatly disturbed by quarrying of ‘masa-soil, ’ a soil made by the weathering of granite rock. The growth of Alnus trees exceeded that of pine trees in a few years after the 1:1 mixed planting of very young trees, which resulted in the extinction of pine trees from the stand.
The number of plant species in the forest floor, including tree species such as Cornus macrophylla, Callicarpa japonica, Neolitsea sericea, etc., increased as the stand age increased.
The total nitrogen content in the top soil of Alnus stands has apparently increased with the passing of time, though the content was less than one-tenth of that of a near-by undisturbed Charnecyparis obtusa stand.

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In the urban renewal of Tottori city, we made green area in front of the Tottorirailway station. The area should be made up the polite with harmony of the environment and then the intensive degree of maintenance wanted for The 40th National Athletic Meeting in Tottori of five years later. We had attained to such purposes, however, all the while, sevral problems in this area were site modification, soil, atmosphere, management of fertilizer, planting design and so on. In case of very circumstances, the problems required of some special techniques. As the problems, attain to the initial aims, we will to give its figure and solution of questions.

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1) Shiretoko National Park, located in Shiretoko Peninsula, the north-eastern end of Hokkaido, is the wildest national park in Japan. It covers an area of 38.633ha, 94% of which belongs to a national forest and 6% privately-owned. According to the national park protection plan, 50.1% of the park is designated as a special protection area and 49.9% as a special area.
2) Shiretoko National Park is known for its volcanic range, lakes, sea cliffs, primeval forests, alpine flowers, and wild animals. Especially attractive are such endangered birds as Ketupa blakistoni, Haliaeetus albicilla, and Dryocopus martins. Japan's largest animals, Ursus arctos, live in this region.
3) Part of the privately-owned land in this park has been conserved by the Japanese version of the National Trust Movement since 1977. However, timber cutting has been allowed in the surrounding national forests. Therefore, the local national forest office planned selection cutting there. In 1986, people started a campaign against the plan and succeeded in freezing the program for a time.
4) The administration of Japanese national park is based on “zoning and adjusting land use, ” which is considered to be one of the weaknsses. But, in terms of land ownership, landuse, and residents' occupation, Shiretoko National Park has much more favorable conditions for the conservation of nature than any other park in Japan. In future we should make more efforts to further national park protection plans, and try to reach the international standerd of “National Park” in its real meaning, which will pave the way for “to prevent or to elminate as soon as possible exploitation or occupation in the whole area”(Definition of National Park in IUCN, 1969).

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In dieser Forschung haben wir das charakteristische Merkmal der Hofgehoelze im Ballungsgebiet ins Klare gebracht: In Kanto-Ebene gibt es heute nur wenige schoene Bauernhoefe and Hofgehoelze. Diese Hofgehoelze sind das sehr wichtige Gruen, urn das alle Lebewesen zu ordnen and die typische Agrallandschaft zu schutzen. Bis heute hat man aber noch nicht genau die Rolle and das Merkmal der Hofgehoelze erklaert.
So haben wir den Charakter der Baumarten (Hoehe der Baeume, Baumschicht and Groesse der Baumkrone) and die der Hecken herausgefunden; die Baumarten bestehen hauptsaechlich aus der natuerlichen Vegetation, besonders aus “Zelkova serrata” and “Quercus myrsinaeforia”.
Wir bemerken die sechs Typen der Hofgehoelze. Die typischen Hofgehoelze liegen meistens in den drei Richtungen des Hofs (Ost, West, and Nord), and die hoechste Baumschicht ist 25-30m hoch. Die Heckenlaenge ist insgesamt 5.8km. Die Hecke spielt eine grosse Rolle bei dem Naturschutz and der Landschaftspflege im Ballungsgebiet. Bei der Gruen-und Landschaftsplanung soll man also die Notwendigkeit dieser Hofgehoelze einrechnen.

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The technologies are progressing very rapidly in each professional field of our society.
In this study, new markets and techniques in the field of landscape architecture were discussed based upon the data collected from the responses to the questions which were answered by 74 landscape architects living in Kansai region.
It has become clear from the analysis of markets data that the private marckets will be important as well as the public markets which have been the main markets.
Landscape architects have an image about their new techniques that the traditional techni-“soil conditioning” techniques are the new techniques which landscape architects should understand.

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The avifauna in conserved open space, like a green island in developed residential site, was surveyed in the surburban hill land of Tokyo metropolitan area.
The change of avifauna by developing work at natural land and the influence to avifauna by size and structure of open space were analized.
In results, the diversity of species was affected by the distance from the reserved surrounding forest, the condition of forest edge in open space and the management and maintenance of forest floor.
Specially in breeding season, the difference of land use around the green island had a ecological meaning for the avifauna.

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There are 11 society for nature conservation which have the observation of nature in Kanagawa Prefecture.
We asked these society where and how many time the observation was done. These society have done the observation at 118 place. Those place was classify into 9 type by the land use. The suitable distance for the observation was about 1km to 4km.

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Recreational function is one of the most important functions of forest. But there are only a few researches in which that function is evaluated, because there are few base data for evaluation.
In this study, evaluation method is investigated through a case study using forest environment and stand condition data files. Though those data files are for the forest environment management and timber production management, it is found that those data files are available for evaluation of recreational function of forest to some extent.

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About 100 years have passed since Japan introduced European style parks. Before that time, the outer areas and green spaces of Shinto Shrines and Buddhist temples played the role of parks. While most funeral services were held in temples, festivals were held in the precincts of shrines. It is to be noted that Kaguras and Nohs were also played in shrine precincts.
There are many artistic gardens dedicated to meditation in temples, whereas parts of the shrine precincts are uniquely spaces for performance and enjoyment, and are occasionally used as market places. The investigation of such spaces and to compare them with open-air theaters and public squares in Europe would have a different meaning than to compare the classical gardens of the East and West, but would be useful in the study of new open-air theaters. Creating a new open space can mean the induction of new dramas. It would be extremely meaningful in devising the styles of open spaces, parks and open-air markets for performances and enjoyment.
This study was started by examining spaces in Japan and Europe where performances, dances and music are presented and collecting data there. I then chose Noh performance spaces in representative areas of Japan and made a detailed surveys of them. These spaces are mainly in Honshu, and include the Hakusanjinja Shrine in Hiraizumi in th Tohoku district, the Kamakuragu Shrine in the Kanto district, the Ujijinja Shrine in the Kansai district, and the Iminomiyajinja Shrine in Shimonoseki-city in the Chugoku district.
On the side of Japan Sea, I paid special attention to Sado Island where 40% of the Noh performance space is located. On this island, I chose the Daizenjinja Shrine and the Honma family as they are most representative.
In my research I used aerial photographs (1/1000 to 1/2000) and made rough sketches of buildings, trees, etc. and measured them on the spot for correction. Regarding the trees which surround the performance spaces, I checked their species names locations and sizes and prepared a list and drawings to determine their effect of the spaces.
All the Noh performance spaces surveyed are surrounded by trees. The space structure of open-air theaters in Japan, where there was no law of perspective, is small in scale when compared with those of Greece and Rome. It is difficult to see distant views from Japanese theaters as is the case with Greek theaters, and also they have no magnificent walls as do Roman theaters. Since these comparatively small spaces are surrounded by trees, Japanese open-air theaters are best suited to the Noh atmosphere. The stage is designed in such a way that it is slightly looked up at, rather than looked down at.
As regards the layout of buildings, there is something like an axis, but it is freely related with the performance space. This is where Japanese open-air theaters differ from their European counterparts where, after the Renaissance, the law of perspective was applied.
Regarding trees, Cryptomeria japonicas and Pinus densifloras are symbolic in the north, and Cinnamomum camphoras are symbolic or spaces are surrounded by mixed forest in the southwest. At any rate, they do not plant trees in formal design.
I would like to recognize the differences between the Japanese and European traditional spaces and wish to use it as material for new creation.

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Hamarikyu and Koishikawa-korakuen have a similarity as a stroll style garden along a pond and stream constructed in the Edo period, though their topographical conditions are quite different with each other. Then, the compositional techniques of waterscape in the two gardens are analyzed and compared. Hamarikyu is characterized by the changing waterscape with the ebb and flow, and by its compositional techniques of the interface areas between the land and water. Contrary, Koishikawa-korakuen is characterized by a secluded waterscape composed by its complicated landform and steep banking.

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The design of the urban park holds one of behaviors to give physical components in the park (public spaces, playing instruments, benches and etc.) functional and aesthetic disciplines.
Through questionaires from users of parks, the study was undertaken to analyze their opinions for the functional roles of physical components in parks.
Questionary surveys were performed in four children's parks in Setagaya, Tokyo. The survey was resulted to obtain 1498 questionaires filled out.

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In this study conducted in Sapporo, two attempts were made to investigate the actual condition of facilities in neighborhood parks, and to analyze the attitude of residents in the vicinity of the parks toward facilities at three typical neighborhood parks using a questionnaire survey.
The results obtained are summarized as follows.
The mean size of the neighborhood parks is about 1.5ha, three quarters of the Japanese national standard. The amount of parks smaller than 1.2ha is forty per cent. And parks smaller than 1.2ha have a tendency to degrade the condition of spatial facilities.
The assessed scales of park functions have a relation with the assessed scales of park facilities, particulary, park size has a reralation with the practical functions of “useability for recreation and social benefits”, and the aethetic attributes have a connection with“natural condition and beauty”.
Most requests for any amelioration of parks are related with facilities concerning both “useability for recreation and social benefits” and “natural condition and beauty”.

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The purpose of this paper is to consider the distinction of user of parking-lot in public parks. The points of view for the analysis are the zoning of park-area, the number of park-user by car, and the route to the park.
In conclusion, we have understood the necessity of private cars accessing to parks, through the analyses of;(1) the number of park-user, (2) the age-constitution of user, (3) the length of their staying, (4) the connection with another visiting spots, and (5) the things carried by the user.

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The aim of this study is to examine the relation between the purpose of parksdistribution and the elements of parksystem.
Through that case study of “Westchester County Parksystem in 1922-1932”, the results are follows;
1) The paper traces the planning stage of parksystem from 1922 to 1932 in Westchester County.
2) The purpose of park-distribution have not only recreational aspect but also the effect of local-development.
3) The most important element of this parksystem is parkway, and when the ratio of parkway-areas per all parksystem-areas is about 50 percentage.

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The aim of this paper is to consider the role of horticultural activites in the spaces surrounding flats.
Horticultural activities are found more or less in most collective housing areas. Mani important problems are included in the activities for which common spaces are used private ly. While horticultural activities themselves are useful from the view point of self-aid, the: often conflict with other activities from the view point of teritoriarity. Active communica tion among inhabitants and the development of leadership overcome the conflict. It is sun that these are the important factors to create the better conditions of spaces surroundin) flats.

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Japanese people have perceived and appreciated the changeful scenery according to some factors, i. e. time, seasons and weaters. This study is conducted by defining the nature of changeful scenery after analysis of changing image appeared in Words, Waka, Ukiyoe.
The results are as follows: 1) Japanese people have classified the effects of the changing scenery in detail. 2) The factors of the changing scenery have been a help to the appreciation of the scenic beauty. 3) These facts have been preserved and handed down over the time

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The purpose of this study is to examine the application of knowledge engineering (Feigenbaum: 1977) to landscape planning. Through development of Expert system for natural landscape planning with MICCS (MICrocomputer-based Consultation System: Kozai, et, a: 1985), it has tured out that knowledge enginerring is useful to describe landscape planning knowledge.

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The object of this article is to recognize the characteristics of Urban Open Spaces based upon the Human Behavioral Approach. The five different features of Urban Open Spaces in the Tenjin area were chosen as case studies. A video was taken of these areas and used as a medium for the evaluation.
The methods used in recognizing the characteristics in this study were method of Successive Categories and the Chi-square test. By these two methods, the conparative indicators between the five Urban Open Spaces were derived.
The result of this analysis was that each Urban Open Space was clearly identified. In the future this may be used in the development of conceptual guidelines for urban landscape planning and design.

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Due to urbanization waterpollution of inland hydrosphere, especially lakes and marshs has become one of the most serious ploblems in recent years. The object area of this study is Tega marsh in Chiba prefecture. It was investigated the changes in landuse due to urbanization, and the relationship between the ratio of greenary and waterquality. Moreover, this study was intended to sum up the effects of natural purgation capacity with waterfront green space due to the treatment system of household wastewater disposition. According to the correlation analysis, it was made clear that the relation of population density and the rate of urbanized area with BOD or COD was very tight. The rate of urbanized area which satisfy the hydroenvironmental criterion by BOD should be 25 %. Question paper analysis shows that the inhabitants of high urbanized area are highly interested in the problem of waterpollution and they desire the stablishment of waterquality purgation planning. Finally, authors proposed that the setting of green area with waterfront plants as one of the successive method has considerable effect in purgation of waterquality.

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This study attempts to consider the possibilities and the limitations of the area greening method in the residential area under the present laws. The outline of the results considered in this study are as follows, as to the control of the site and the building, certain possibilities can be thought with some limitations, but as to greening, it is difficult to increase greenery, unless the planting agreement can be carried.

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The status quo of the greening policies and the fundamental properties of the municipalities within the sphere of the capital area are investigated by questionaires, and the following results are obtained:
1. Many municipalities consolidate the systems for promoting landscape planting.
2. The value of excuted greening policies is determined most by the population and the structure of the employment population.
3. Three dimensions which control the total structure of properties and greening policies, namely, “population”, “degree of urbanization”, and“greening capacity” are abstracted from the municipalities responding pattern to each questioned greening policy.

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