Lack of reality of the plant shape has been a problem in the area of landscape prediction by using computer graphics. Recent progress in the plant shape modeling is solving this problem. In this study, methods and theories of plant modeling presented by many researchers are reviewed from the point of view of landscape prediction. Performance of a landscape prediction system and application of a virtual reality system are investigated. Possibility of applications of the landscape prediction system is discussed and graphic examples of these applications are shown.

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The aime of this study is to clear mechanisms and structure of urban recreationspace in EDO era by means of refering sketch-maps and the other documennts on Play streets and Licennsed quarters.It had had excellent mechanisms to entertain visitors. As the result of this work, it was ascertained that recreation-space had had mechanisms and structure to heighten image-abilityand to dispose visitors playing, and to make finebusy space.

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We investigated the direction of house, the locations of gate and front entrance, the formation of approach to an entrance, the location of pond, and the plantings of a garden in six readjusted residential areas to analyze the composition and plantings of the garden of the urban residences in Pusan, Korea. The residents have a preferance for a house facing south or east south, however the direction of house set due to the form of house site. The gate is mostly located in front of house. The formation of approach to an entrance are divided into several types, and the gate and the front entrance do not locate on the straight line. Then, we divided the plantings in a garden into several types and analyzed the characteristics of plantings. The plantings surround a front yard and make an outdoor room in the center, and the outdoor space and the indoor space are clearly seperated.

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We investigated the characheristics of the location and the spatial composition of rural settlements in Korea and Japan. The surveyed sites were 5 villages in Chungdo region, Kyungsangbuk-do and 4 villages in Kimje, Gheonranam-do. There are many factors determining the location and spatial composition of rural settlements in Korea. The first is natural conditions such as geographical features, rainfall and humidity, the second is socio-economic conditions such as land use, cultivation, fuel gathering and tomb, the third is cultural back-grounds such as Feg-shui, ancient civilian religion and Confucianism. The shape of rural settlement in Korea are symbolized by Dang-namu, Dang-san, and tombs, and on the other hand Japanese rural settlements are characterlized by the forest of village shrine, temples, and residential shelter forests.

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The postwar agricultural revolution and incresing urbanization have together much influenced the British countryside, with major impacts upon traditional landscapes and wildlife habitats. Within this context, the Trust (BTCV: the early name is the conservation corps) was formed in 1959 in order to involve volunteers in practical conservation work. The aim of this article is to introduce this well-organised body and its activities to Japan, which has been suffering from similar environmental problems.
1. The organization, finance and activities
It employs 207 staff, and organizes 75 field bases and 629 local conservation groups which make up the volunteer force. BTCV's operation and work is assisted by central government and local authorities. Furthermore, BTCV has close working links with the park authorities, the Nature Conservancy Council, the Countryside Commission, and also other conservation bodies, including the Woodland Trust and the National Trust. They have provided both projects and financial support, as well as funds donated by private companies. In fact, majority of BTCV's income is covered by grant or donation from central government (30 % in 1990), local and statutory authorities (13%) and other Trust and industry (29%). BTCV's Natural Break programme of conservation working holidays provides volunteers various practical opportunities such as woodland management, dry stone walling, hedge management, footpath improvement, habitat protection, etc., annually in over 500 sites.
2. Case study of the activities in woodland habitat restoration
To assess the BTCV's conservation working holidays, the author participated in a coppice management course for habitat restoration on a National Nature Reserve. Since coppice management has been overthrown by we spread of oil and gas as fuel, wildflowers and other wildlife have been stunted by the over-growth coppice. With the volunteers staying in the nearby village hall, the weekly work was coordinated by a trained volunteer leader in friendly manner. Not only was the work effective for conservation, but it also promoted a wider environmental understanding, and a partnership and friendship between participants.

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This research aims to clarity the changes of environmental evaluation by residents and the factor of them by using data of the questionnaire concerning the environmentalindices of amenity in Tokyo Metropolitan Government in 1984 and 1991.
The results obtained from this study are summarised as follows;
1) The differences of the evaluation function between two times was trivial.
2) The significant relationship between the changes of physical environment and environmental evaluation could not be identified.
3) The environmental evaluation was affected by the input of environmental policy and the removal of residents.

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The Kyoto citizens' level of consciousness of greenery was surveyed using a questionnaire to which 2, 193 completed answers were received. The survey is a part of the process to develop a future greenery plan. We analyzed the relation between physical green coverage and the degree of citizen satisfaction, and also between their feelings regarding the amount of greenery and their degree of satisfaction.
In general, an average degree of satisfaction was reached when physical green coverage was about 20%. However, in areas with many rice fields, it required a green coverage of 40% to achieve an average degree of satisfaction. Average satisfaction in the northern Wards is higher than in the central or southern ones. Greenery in the surrounding areas has a positive effect on satisfaction (i.e. the existence of mountains and green spaces, either open or closed).
Awareness of the large amount of greenery present, especially hedges led to higher satisfaction levels among the citizens. Public greenery has a strong effect on the degree of satisfaction regarding overall greenery within Kyoto city.

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Yokohama City Office has one of the pioneering project named ‘Simin no Mori (The City Forest)’, which land owners suffers from less restriction of their property right. Our purpose is to investigate why this project could involve many forest owners, from the view point of managementlabors, high municipal tax, high inheritance tax. The result is as follows. 1) According to our estimation of municipal and urban planning tax amount, land owners receive enough pecuniary benefits from tax exemption, and also from bounty. 2) This system involves not only land owners themselves, but also their neighbors, who are the members of their communities and work together, and city office subsidizes its cost. 3) The city office buys land if necessary, especially in Sigaika-kuiki.

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In this paper we examined the relationship between air temperature distribution and the ratio of open space in Shouwa, Saitama pref., Japan.
We examined several methods of research techniques and got several type regression equations.
From the regression equations we estimated the cooling ratio of each coverage elements.
The results of the cooling ratio, °C/(10% coverage of each elements) are as follows;
At noon (14h00m):-0.19°C/10%(green coverage), -0.28°C/10%(grassland),
-0.18°C/10%(paddy field), -0.43°C/10%(water surface).
Atearly morning (4h00m):-0.06°C/10%(green coverage), -0.16°C/10%(forest),
-0.10°C/10%(grassland), -0.06°C/10%(paddy field).

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The objective of this paper is to investigate empirically the fire preventing functions expected in the urban open space of Edo era through a simulation study of fire insulation effects calculated for the hypothetical fire based on the old maps of Edo and related historic documents. It was made clear that the urban open space of Edo era were arranged with the forms adaptable respectively to the functions of preventing either growth of the fire size or spread of conflagration, and of protecting bridges and gateways to secure the evacuation routes.

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In this study, we have researched characteristics of distributions of hedges at residential areas of 6 rural areas and 2 new residential areas in Toride city.
The results are as follows;
1) At rural areas, there are many hedges made of Quercus myrsina efolia and Eurya japonica Thunb. They are tall hedges more than 220 an height. And these facts show the localism of Toride city.
2) At new residential areas, there are a few hedges made of Chamaecyparis pisifera Sieb. et Zucc. var. plumosa Beissn. and Juniperus chinensis Linn. var. kaizuka Hort.
3) At rural areas, urbanization goes on, rates of artificial enclosures of concrete blocks and fences are more increasing.

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Yufuin Town, Which is adjacente to well-known Beppu City, has formed itself dramatically from a tiny rural spa spot to a new-tipe resort after the opening of TransKyushu Highway in 1964. Yufuin became a famous spa resort with more than 3 million tourists, while it showed the unique success of “Development Within” type community development. This reseach is to examine carefully the process of development of Yufuin and to clarify the fundamental conditions for making a long-lasting tourist resort.

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This study tries to clear the locational feature of villas and the factors of the establishment process in Musashino (1910'-40').
For this purpose, historical records on each area in Tokyo and owners of villas, locations and plans of villas are analyzed.
The results are as follows:
1) The characteristics of their site locations were that many villas were located in “MUSAS INO” by DOKUHO KUNIKIDA, and built on “HAKE”.
2) There were the various styles of using the villas, such as Base for recreating, Study Room, and Farm House, etc.
3) Such development were caused by the development of transportation, the popularization of the cure by changing of air, and new view of landscape.

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