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Volume 28 (1984)
- Issue 4 Pages 193-
- Issue 3 Pages 113-
- Issue 2 Pages 43-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 28, Issue 4
Displaying 1-17 of 17 articles from this issue
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Hiroshi NAKAO1984 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages 193-200
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: March 31, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe Rufous Turtle Dove, Streptopelia orientalis, is a summer visitor, occurring from late March to late November in Naganuma, Hokkaido. The population density of doves showed slight fluctuations in the period 1976-1981. The breeding season from the first egg-laying stage to the last fledging stage lasted 7 months, from early April to late October. The incubation period ranged from 14 to 17 days (15.6±0.6 days, n=126; mean±S.D.) and the nestling period from 14 to 19 days (16.6±1.2 days, n=126). The breeding peak coincided with the germination period of soybean in the years 1976 to 1978. At this time, the number of nests with young was larger and the damage to soybean was higher than those in the period 1980-1983. Overall hatching rate of eggs throughout the 8-year period was 54%, fledging out rate 74% and breeding rate (young fledged from the eggs laid) 40%.View full abstractDownload PDF (2955K) -
Yasushi WASHIZUKA, Hidetoshi TANAKA1984 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages 201-208
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDistribution and turnover of phosphorus and BHC in four kinds of pure forest stands (black pine, cryptomeria, white cedar and bamboo) were analyzed in Oita Prefecture from February to August 1983. The contents of total phosphorus (TP) and BHC in each sample were as follows. Phosphorus content (ppm) was 5.7-12.8 in soil, 61.6-192.0 in mushrooms and toadstools, 46.2-86.7 in trees, 72.2-178.0 in insects and 218.7-532.0 in rodents. BHC content (ppb) was 49.9-236.0 in soil, 2.7-8.9 in mushrooms and toadstools, 18.8-243.9 in trees, 20.2-41.8 in insects and 0.7-8.8 in rodents. There were large differences in bioconcentration between phosphorus and BHC. The content of TP increased with the elevation of the position of the ecological niche of the food chain whereas the concentration of BHC residues was high in litter and trees.View full abstractDownload PDF (873K) -
1984 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages 208a
Published: 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (76K) -
1984 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages 208b
Published: 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (76K) -
II. Growth of Tobacco Beetles Fed on Bread CrumbsChikako NIIHO1984 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages 209-216
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of temperature on the growth of Lasioderma serricorne (F.) individually reared on bread crumbs was studied. The insect was kept at 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5 and 30°C, and at a relative humidity of 70% with alternating 16-hr light and 8-hr dark cycles. The mean values for the preadult development period were 217 days at 20°C, 94 days at 22.5°C, 81 days at 25°C, 62 days at 27.5°C and 57 days at 30°C, respectively. At lower temperatures the developmental velocity decreased and the mortality increased. The regression equation between the developmental velocity and temperature was Y=0.0013X-0.0192 in the developmental period. The developmental zero corresponded to 15.0°C and the total effective temperature was estimated to be 781.9 day-degrees. The frequency of larval moulting increased at lower temperatures: four moults were observed mostly between 22.5°C and 30°C, and five moults at 20°C. The head of the final instar larva was wider at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures, and the largest value was found in the larvae reared at temperatures ranging between 22.5°C and 25°C. The mean growth rate of the larval head width was lowest in larvae with five moults (1.34) and highest in larvae with three moults (1.54).View full abstractDownload PDF (1337K) -
Hironori YASUDA1984 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages 217-222
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSeasonal changes in the number and species of scarabaeid dung beetles were investigated at the Experimental Pasture of the Nagoya University, Kitasitara, Aichi Prefecture. Throughout seasons of 1982, 51, 000 beetles belonging to 15 species were collected. Aphodius urostigma, A. rectus, and Onthophagus lenzii were abundant in numbers. Total number of dung beetles was most abundant in period from middle of June to middle of July. The patterns of adult occurrence of 12 relatively abundant species could be devided into four types: (1) A. rectus and A. elegans group: abundant in spring and autumn; (2) A. haroldianus and A. pusillus group: abundant in early summer; (3) A. uniplagiatus, A. sublimbatus, A. urostigma, A. lewisii, Liatongus phanaeoides, and Onthophagus lenzii group: abundant in summer; (4) O. fodiens and O. ater group: appeared throughout seasons, but most abundant in autumn. The pattern and peak of adult occurrence of more abundant species, A. urostigma, A. rectus, A. haroldianus, and O. lenzii, were distinctly different from each other.View full abstractDownload PDF (799K) -
I. Effect of Seed Size on Creeping of Females into the PileNaoshi WATANABE1984 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages 223-228
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA pile of legume seeds (25ml) were placed in a test tube (2.2cm in diameter). Five pairs of the adults were released in the test tube. After all the adults had died, number of eggs deposited on the surface of seeds were counted. This test was done for five kinds of seed of different sizes, (Pisum sativum>large Vigna angularis>V. unguiculata>normal V. angularis>V. radiata) respectively. In P. sativum both species of beetle (C. chinensis and C. maculatus) distributed their eggs evenly on each seed. While in the pulses having relatively smaller size of seed, C. maculatus could deposit their eggs much more deeper than C. chinensis. The measurement of the length, width and thickness of the body indicated that C. maculatus had apparently slimmer and flatter body than C. chinensis. This might enable C. maculatus to creep into the pile more easily than C. chinensis.View full abstractDownload PDF (2441K) -
Eizo KONDO, Nobuyoshi ISHIBASHI1984 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages 229-236
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSInfectivity and multiplication of Steinernema feltiae (=Neoaplectana carpocapsae, str. Mexican) on the adult males, pupae, prepupae and larvae of the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura, were investigated under laboratory conditions. When the infective 3rd stage juveniles (LIIIs) of S. feltiae were inoculated either onto a moist filter paper or in 10% honey as a diet for the adults of S. litura, most of the insects died within 2 days after nematode inoculation. The number of LIIIs harvested per milligram fresh body weight in the cadavers of the adult insects was longer than that in all other developmental stages of the insect with 530 LIIIs in case of contact inoculation on filter paper and 620 in the diet inoculation. Infectivity of S. feltiae to pupae depended largely upon the age of pupae; about half the number of 1-day-old pupae were infected whereas 3-day-old pupae were not infected. In a few 1- to 2-day-old pupae, the nematodes developed to adults but were unable to emerge out of the dead pupae. Most of the infected prepupae developed to abnormally large and fragile ones which died within 2 days after the inoculation. Yields of LIIIs from these pupae were 68, 000 per insect and 280 per milligram body weight. When the newly moulted 5th instar larvae were exposed to a filter paper containing 3, 000 LIIIs per insect, infection took place within 30min. In the last 6th instar larvae, the invading LIIIs developed to adults within 2 days, yielding new LIIIs within 5 days. The peak emergence of LIIIs from the insect cadavers occurred between 9 and 14 days after the inoculation, depending on the size of the larvae. Yields of LIIIs per insect larva were positively correlated with the body weight of the larva.View full abstractDownload PDF (1694K) -
Masae SHIYOMI, Shota HIROSAKI1984 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages 237-243
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSLet us assume that the following 2-stage sampling schedule is carried out to estimate a multiple regression model for pest density prediction in a given region: first, several experimental fieldsto be surveyed are selected at random in the region and, second, several plots (or quadrats) to be surveyed are set at random in each of the selected fields. Under this sampling schedule, a multiple regression of independent variables (factors concerning pest population development), x1, x2, …, xq on dependent variable (pest density) y is to be determined. Here, each of the first p independent variables takes the same value for all plots within each field but takes different value between fields. Each of the residual q-p variables takes different values even among plots in the same field. By selecting a set of r variables from independent variables, x1, x2, …, xp, to minimize the prediction sum of the squares or the residual sum of the squares, the following model is determined: y=β0+β1x(1)+β2x(2)+…+βrx(r)+z, r≤p, (1), where βi's denote partial regression coefficients, x(i)'s indicate r variables selected from x1, x2, …, xp, and z denotes residual which follows a normal distribution of the mean 0 and the variance σ12. In the next step, the following regression is determined by selecting variables from residual q-p variables with the same criterion as in the first step:z=β0'+βr+1x(r+1)+βr+2x(r+2)+…+βr+sx(r+s)+ε, s≤q-p, (2), where ε denotes residual which follows a normal distribution of the mean 0 and the variance σ22. Estimates of Eq. (1) and Eq. (2) are statistically tested by the estimated residual variances of σ12 and σ22, respectively. Predictions can be made by b0+b1x(1)+…+brx(r)+b0'+br+1x(r+1)+…+br+sx(r+s), (3), where b's are estimates of β's. An application of the proposed multiple regression method under a 2-stage sampling schedule for predicting arrowhead scale density is illustrated.View full abstractDownload PDF (859K) -
Kimito FURUTA1984 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages 244-249
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBiology of Cinara todocola was observed in a suburb of Tokyo in the Kanto district. Nymphs emerged from overwintering eggs in March. Winged females dispersed during May-July. Females deposited eggs in December. Thus, the insect had, at the most, nine generations per year in the area. Mean number of egg.s deposited per one female was about seven. Population reached high density levels twice a year; in June-July and September-October. The maximum densities were about 100-150 per each Abies veitchii tree about 25-50cm high. The ant, Lasius niger lived in symbiosis with the aphid from May to September. Several species of natural enemies were observed on the trees, but they did not seem to play an important role in determining the aphid's density at low level.View full abstractDownload PDF (765K) -
Hajimu TAKADA1984 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages 250-253
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFundatrices of Myzus persicae (SULZER) reared on radish showed a wider range in the number of ovarioles (10-18, x=14.7, n=50) than apterous virginoparae of the third generation (fundatrix: first generation; 10 except for an individual with 9, n=50). The total fecundity of fundatrices ranged from 61 to 185 progeny (x=112.8, n=6) at 20±1°C (15L-9D) and 23 to 138 progeny (x=72.1, n=29) under natural conditions. Of these fundatrices, 4 individuals produced a larger number of progeny (133, 134, 138, 185) than anticipated from the projected maximum fecundity of virginoparae (120). The maximum number of progeny produced by a fundatrix during 4 days ranged from 23 to 33 at 20±1°C. The rate of 33 progeny/4 days was higher than the maximum rate in virginoparae (28 progeny/4 days) so far recorded under the same conditions. Thus fundatrices are potentially more fecund and have a higher rate of larviposition than subsequent generation virginoparae, presumably as a result of the larger number of ovarioles.View full abstractDownload PDF (415K) -
Tetsuo GOTOH1984 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages 254-259
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSeasonal trends in population density and diapause attributes in Tetranychus viennensis ZACHER on deciduous oak, Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata (BLUME), were studied in Sapporo, Hokkaido. The mites occurred from early June to mid-October and were estimated to pass four generations per year. This active period corresponded with the phenology of deciduous oak. The number of mites showed a hump-shaped fluction like that of the predacious mite, Amblyseius finlandicus (OUDEMANS), but their occurrences seemed to be independent of each other. The photoperiodic response curve of this species was long-day type, and the critical photoperiod was between 14.0 and 14.5hr at 18°C. Diapause was induced in late August, while corresponded with the timing predicted by the critical photoperiod mentioned above. Diapause females collected after mid-November began oviposition, and the number of days to oviposition after incubation gradually decreased with the progress of collection time. Moreover, the number of females which oviposited gradually increased, although it did not reach 100%. Thus the termination time of diapause could not be determined. These results were compared with the data on apple orchards and on deciduous oak reported by other authors.View full abstractDownload PDF (726K) -
Kouichi INOUE1984 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages 260-268
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo analyze, the phenomenon of amitraz-resistance in the citrus red mite, from the angle of population genetics, the degree of development of resistance to amitraz in a mite population obtained by continuous selection with amitraz and its genetic basis were investigated. There were large differences in amitraz susceptibility between the selected population (R) and the unselected population (S) sampled from a citrus grove which has not been treated with amitraz, and maximum value of the ratio of R to S (158-folds) was recorded for the LC50 value. An amitraz-resistant strain selected from an Ehime population, and a susceptible strain from a Hiratsuka population, were crossed and backcrossed. The results of these tests showed that amitraz-resistance of the eggs in P. citri was mainly due to a single, incompletely dominant major gene. The fitness, i.e., viability, age-specific fecundity and reproduction rate, in the amitraz-resistant (RR, RS) and susceptible (SS) strains of the Ehime population were compared under various environmental conditions. There were no significant differences among the strains, except for the results obtained at the temperature of 25°C. Two mixed populations originally composed of resistant (RR) and susceptible (SS) strains with a ratio of 1:1 or 1:9, were reared without selection for amitraz susceptibility for 32 generations at a daily temperature ranging between 20 and 30°C and tested 5 times for their susceptibility to amitraz. The results of these tests showed that the susceptibility to amitraz of the two mixed populations remained stable for 32 generations. From these results, it was concluded that the values of fitness of the resistant mite populations (RR, RS) were almost equal to those of the susceptible population (SS) in an acaricide-free environment.View full abstractDownload PDF (1199K) -
III. Structure and Composition of the Cocoon in Relation to HardnessShoziro ISHII, Tamio INOKUCHI, Jun KANAZAWA, Chojiro TOMIZAWA1984 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages 269-273
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe Oriental moth, Monema (Cnidocampa) flavescens WALKER, constructs a very hard cocoon shaped as a sparrow-egg. So far as it is known this cocoon is the hardest among the cocoons constructed by Japanese insect species. The cocoon shell is composed of 4 or 5 layers with different characteristics and has a spheroid shape. The percentage of cocoon shell accounts for more than 20% of the cocoon. These characteristics are considered to be the physical factors responsible for the resistance of the cocoon to pressure. The cocoon shell contains about 34% of protein from two different origins: 1) silk protein produced in the silk glands, and 2) protein presumably secreted by the salivary glands. The latter protein is plastered into the silk net and its color changes from pale to dark brown while sclerotizing at the same time during the course of the cocoon construction. The cocoon shell protein contains a high concentration of β-alanine of the same nature as that of the sclerotized protein in the insect cuticle. The cocoon shell contains about 35% of ash. Calcium predominates among the cations, and is mainly localized in white patches on the cocoon as crystals of Ca-oxalate which are produced in the Malpighian tubes and excreted from the anus. It has long been considered that the hardness of the cocoon can be ascribed to a calcification process. The results obtained presently do not support this assumption. Based on chemical data it appears that the hardness of the cocoon is not due to a process of calcification, but to the presence of a fine silk net filled compactly with the sclerotized protein.View full abstractDownload PDF (1881K) -
Jun-ichi KAYUMI, Keizi KIRITANI, Tsugio SHIMOHATA, Hiroyuki YASUDA, Hi ...1984 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages 274-281
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPopulation dynamics of the rice water weevil was studied in paddy fields from 1978 to 1983 in association with some laboratory experiments. Oviposition experiments with potted rice plants indicated that the fecundity decreased with the increase in the density of parthenogenic females above 2 adults per hill. The mean fecundity was 75-78 eggs per female with a maximum of 120 eggs. Key-factor analysis suggested that the mortality rate from egg to young larva was the key factor determining the mortality rate from egg to adult emergence in a generation. On the other hand, the mortality rate from mature larva to cocoon contributed to a lesser extent to the mortality rate in a generation. These mortality rates were density-dependent in relation to the population density in the respective stages. The population density of this weevil, therefore appears to be regulated mainly by density-dependent processes that operate during the time interval from oviposition of adults to the emergence of young larvae. The pattern of population growth can be simulated by a logistic equation. Equilibrium densities of overwintering adults in the paddy fields, however, seemed to be determined by the availability of favorable overwintering sites which depended on the topographical conditions of the area concerned. The equilibrium densities were estimated at 0.38, 1.78 and 2.44 overwintering parthenogenetic females per hill in coastal plain, interior hilly and mountain areas, respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (940K) -
Chikayoshi KITAMURA, Juro KOYAMA1984 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages 282-283
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe mating behavior of Plusia agnata was observed in the laboratory under a 14L-10D photoperiod regime at 25°C. The female protruded her pheromone gland and fanned her wings as she settled on the upper wall of an observation vessel. The male, fanning his wings, came from the lower part of the vessel, stopped behind the female and touched her abdomen with his antennae. After several seconds the male moved alongside the female, then the female curved her abdomen toward the male and copulated with him. Mating was observed most frequently around two hours before light on.View full abstractDownload PDF (244K) -
Keisuke NAKATA1984 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages 284-285
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMean range length and population size on the quadrat increased in the order of three, four, five night trappings. Estimates of population density based on three night trappings were practically reliable since they were not very different from those derived from data of four, or five night trappings.View full abstractDownload PDF (298K)
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