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Volume 50 (2006)
- Issue 4 Pages 283-
- Issue 3 Pages 201-
- Issue 2 Pages 87-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 50, Issue 4
Displaying 1-9 of 9 articles from this issue
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Mini Reviews
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Shoji Asano2006 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 283-296
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: February 06, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBacillus thuringiensis has been utilized widely as one of representative microbial insecticides. The toxic activity of B. thuringiensis to lepidopterous insects has been evaluated based on mortality, feeding amounts or growth rates. The bioassay methods include leaf dip, diet incorporation and oral administration. Each bioassay method has merits and demerits in evaluating biological activity; therefore, it is important to select the most appropriate method depending on the purpose of the bioassay. Measurement of the response of insects such as rate of feeding reduction or growth retardation is also important to evaluate the sublethal activity of B. thuringiensis. The author reviews the bioassay methods and the problems in evaluating the biological activity of B. thuringiensis to lepidopterous insects.View full abstractDownload PDF (303K)
Regular Papers
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I. Effectiveness of Pollination by the European HoneybeeMasaaki Miyamoto, Masato Ono, Masami Sasaki, Haruo Abe, Isao Kenmochi2006 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 297-304
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: February 06, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effectiveness of using the European honeybee Apis mellifera as pollinators of eggplants in greenhouses was examined by analyzing foraging behavior on flowers and the effects of pollination. Foraging honeybees were observed to move the tips of eggplant anthers up and down repeatedly using their forelegs and mouthparts, create pollen loads on their hind legs, and forage on 65% to 82% of the total pollen per flower. Transfer of pollen to the stigma, number of seeds per fruit, and eggplant fruiting were increased significantly by visiting honeybees compared to no visits. Therefore, we conclude that honeybees are effective pollinators of greenhouse eggplants.View full abstractDownload PDF (787K) -
Masuhiro Ishimoto, Hideaki Sato2006 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 305-310
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: February 06, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of supplying grains as supplementary food on nymphal development and the fecundity of adults in the rice leaf bug, Trigonotylus caelestialium (Kirkaldy), were investigated under laboratory conditions. The emergence rate of adults was 3.3% when nymphs were reared on rice seedlings alone, while the rate was 93.1–96.7% when nymphs were reared on rice seedlings with wheat grains or hulled rice. As compared with bugs reared on wheat seedlings alone, the developmental periods of nymphs reared on wheat seedlings with wheat grains or hulled rice were shorter, and the forewing length of the emerged adults was longer. The number of eggs produced by females fed on wheat seedlings with grains was 3.3–5.2-fold that of females fed on wheat seedlings alone. It was concluded that grains are very important food for the rice leaf bug, and that grain feeding raises its reproduction rate. It is suggested that the availability of seeds on the host plant affects the development and fecundity of this bug.View full abstractDownload PDF (367K) -
Masuhiro Ishimoto, Hideaki Sato, Yuichi Muraoka, Yumi Aoki, Masami Tak ...2006 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 311-318
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: February 06, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe efficiency of a pheromone trap was evaluated as an alternative to the “sweeping method” that has been established as a monitoring method of the rice leaf bug, Trigonotylus caelestialium. A sticky trap, a plate with sticky surfaces on both sides, was used and a rubber septum impregnated with 0.01 mg of the synthetic sex pheromone was placed at the center of the upper side of the plate. The sticky traps were installed in paddy fields in Joetsu and Nagaoka, Niigata Prefecture and Toyama, Toyama Prefecture. The most effective trap height was estimated to be near the canopy of rice plants; therefore, the sticky trap was placed by poles at the height of the canopy in the center of a paddy field, and the traps were checked every day throughout the growing season in 2005. Monitoring by means of the sweeping method was also performed in the same fields at approximately five-day intervals. The number of adults captured by sweeping increased from the middle of June to early or mid-July, and then decreased, irrespective of region or rice variety, and the adults increased again at the heading time of each rice variety. The fluctuation pattern of males caught in traps and the number of males captured by sweeping were roughly synchronized in each paddy field. This result suggests that the pheromone trap can be utilized as a monitoring tool for the rice leaf bugs in paddy fields.View full abstractDownload PDF (575K) -
Nobuyuki Endo, Keiichiro Matsukura, Takashi Wada, Rikiya Sasaki2006 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 319-323
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: February 06, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo understand the significance of the cross-attraction of Piezodorus hybneri to Riptortus pedestris pheromone, we investigated the physiological conditions of P. hybneri attracted to the synthetic pheromone of R. pedestris. More than 95% of P. hybneri females caught during the non-diapause period (from August to September) had already been mated. The adults were also attracted by the pheromone in late autumn, when they are likely to be in reproductive diapause. Fat-body development and the appearance of the stomach of the attracted adults varied from season to season, and no clear tendency was found. The function of R. pedestris pheromone for conspecifics has been demonstrated to be communication for food searching. Considering this function in R. pedestris and that nymphs and diapausing adults of P. hybneri are also attracted by the pheromone, P. hybneri possibly utilizes the R. pedestris pheromone for host searching (as a kairomone), rather than for mate finding.View full abstractDownload PDF (227K) -
Tomohiro Ono, Yurika Takagi2006 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 325-330
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: February 06, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe pill bug Armadillidium vulgare shows clear turn alternation behavior. As the mechanism underlying the behavior, the bilateral asymmetrical leg movement (BALM) hypothesis has been proposed. Pill bugs, however, showed a longer following when in a zigzag pathway than in a straight pathway, suggesting the presence of an innate turning pattern in their neural system. On the other hand, they showed clear thigmotaxis: they walked a similar distance along a single side-wall as along a straight pathway. The adaptive significance of this behavior was analyzed in an artificial arena. The turn alternation was more frequent in an escaping situation than in voluntary walking, and also the walking speed was faster when escaping than voluntary walking. These results suggest that the turn alternation of the pill bug functions as a behavior for effective escape from natural enemies.View full abstractDownload PDF (543K) -
Toshiaki Hirai2006 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 331-335
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: February 06, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt was investigated whether the Japanese tree frog, Hyla japonica, uses PVC pipes as refuges and whether the installment of PVC pipes in the banks of rice fields increases the abundance of H. japonica. Hyla japonica used the pipe as a refuge regardless of the internal diameter of the pipes tested and the distance from the water’s edge, and most frogs were concentrated near the pipe refuges. Few frogs were found on banks in which pipes were not installed. From these results, it is suggested that the loss of natural refuges by bank compacting would diminish the populations of this species in rice fields. This is the first report on the effects of bank compacting on frogs.View full abstractDownload PDF (549K)
Notes
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Hiroshi Kitajima, Eiko Kan, Hiroshi Makihara2006 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 337-340
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: February 06, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSLarvae of the swift moth, Endoclita excrescens (Butler) were reared on an artificial diet under a long (16 : 8 h light/dark) or short (10 : 14 h light/dark) stationary photoperiod at 25°C. Larvae were also reared under different photoperiod conditions; second to ninth larval instars were transferred from a long photoperiod condition to a short photoperiod condition. The larvae sporadically pupated at low rates under long (20%) and short (7%) stationary photoperiods. By contrast, the larvae almost synchronously pupated at the highest rate (90%) when they were transferred from the long photoperiod to the short photoperiod at the ninth larval instar. These results show that the pupation of E. excrescens can be accelerated by transferring the larvae from a long photoperiod to a short photoperiod at the ninth larval instar. Adult emergence of E. excrescens in the field is, therefore, thought to occur from late summer to autumn.View full abstractDownload PDF (389K) -
Susumu Tokumaru, Yoshihisa Abe2006 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 341-345
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: February 06, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHymenopterous parasitoids of leafminers, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae), L. trifolii (Burgess), and L. bryoniae (Kaltenbach) infesting commercially grown vegetables and ornamental crops were occasionally surveyed in various locations in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan, in 1998, 2000, 2001, and 2002. The parasitoid that emerged from leafminer larvae or pupae were composed of 22 species: three braconids, four pteromalids, and 15 eulophids. Among them, Opius sp. (relative abundance: 14.5%), Chrysocharis pentheus (Walker) (33.9%) and Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood) (31.5%) were dominant.View full abstractDownload PDF (191K)
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