Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology
Online ISSN : 1347-6068
Print ISSN : 0021-4914
ISSN-L : 0021-4914
Volume 3, Issue 1
Displaying 1-10 of 10 articles from this issue
  • II. On the Growth of the Second Generation Larvae on Various Stages of Host Rice Plants and Difference of Larval Growth in the First and the Second Generation
    Toshikazu IWATA
    1959 Volume 3 Issue 1 Pages 1-6
    Published: March 31, 1959
    Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In the zone of three generations of rice stem maggot, Chlorops oryzae M., the first generation maggots feed several developing leaves and pupate before the formation of young ears of host rice plants, but the second generation maggots feed the developing leaves and young ears, then they pupate after heading of host plants.
    Therefore, in the first generation the maggots grow under homogeneous condition on all varieties of rice plants, but in the second generation they grow under various conditions on host plants since the dates of heading vary in different varieties.
    Author investigated the larval growth of the second generation on various varieties and on hosts sawed on various dates. And he considered the difference of the larval growth of the first and the second generations.
    The results obtained are summarized as follows.
    1. The maggots of the second generation were reared on the same young stage of rice plants as in the first generation, but the larval growth in the second was later than in the first.
    2. In the second generation, the larval growth in the eary stage was closely related to development of the young ears. Therefore, the growing processes of larvae were varied with heading dates of host varieties.
    3. Dates of pupation and fly emergence were, too, varied with heading dates of host plants, but the duration from heading to pupation becomes gradually shorter as the heading dates becomes later.
    4. In Norin no.1, early variety, about 20 per cent of maggots pupated on the nineth day after heading date, but thereafter the pupation almost stoped till the beginning of September when the maggots in the middle varieties began to pupate. From this fact, it is reasonably considered that the pupation might be inhibited in the middle and late of August.
    5. Shirogane, the susceptible variety to this maggot, was sawed on various dates from early to late, and the maggots of the second generation were reared on those rice plants.
    The growth of larvae was closely related ot the date of sawing the seeds, that is, the date of heading, and the larval growth and pupation became later as the date of sawing became later, but, as written in III, on the rice plants sawed on the last date, 3rd of July, the larvae grew to the third instar without feeding the young ears.
    From this fact, author inferenced that the growth of the early stage of larvae might be inhibited in a certain stage of host rice plant.
    6. Author discussed that inhibition of growth in the early stage of larvae and inhibition of pupation after larvae have riped in eary varieties were considered to be the main reasons why the second generation maggots in the fields require a longer duration for their development than the first generation.
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  • VI. The Influences of Climatic Factors on the Crawling Activity of Adults
    Minoru OUCHI
    1959 Volume 3 Issue 1 Pages 7-15
    Published: March 31, 1959
    Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The influences of air temperature and relative humidity on the crawling activity were studied at intervals of 2 hours from 5 to 23 in the summer of 1951, and also the influence of light intensity was observed at sunrise, sunset and during the daytime at intervals of 1 or 2 hours in the summer of 1957.
    1. The rate of crawling activity was expressed by the percentage of crawling insects at each inspection time. During the hours from 5 to 17, the rate of crawling activity varied from 0 to 60% with averages of 14.0% in male and 8.6% in female. And from 19 to 23, under the illumination of a lamp, the above rate varied from 0 to 100% with averages of 52.4% in male and 46.1% in female. In the former, the relative frequencies of the rate lower than 30% were 84% in male and 95% in female. In the latter, the relative frequencies of the rate from 30 to 90% were 75% in both sexes.
    2. The influence of varying intensity of light on the crawling activity is observed at intensities lower than 0.5lux before sunrise and lower than 30.0lux at sunset and during the former half of the night. The peaks of the rate of crawling activity appeares about one hour before sunrise at intensities below 0.5lux, immediately after sunset at 2.0lux and below, and presumably at a certain later time at much lower intensities than the former. And these peaks are considered to occur as the results of light-adaptation and dark-adaptation respectively. In the daytime, even a high intensity as 84, 000lux did not suppress activity absolutely and remarkable change in intensity did not affect the rate of crawling activity. But as the rate of crawling activity was lower than that of night and all the inactive insects began to crawl when the intensity was dropped from 800lux to 2 and 15lux, the intensity of light in the daytime seems to suppress the crawling activity to some extent.
    3. In winter, adults begin normal crawling at a room temperature of about 16°C in the daytime. In summer, however, the range of normal crawling activity lie between the temperatures of about 22°C and 30°C in paddy fields. The rate of crawling activity increases as air temperature rises up to 26∼27°C from 9 to 13 and up to 27∼28°C from 15 to 17 respectively. These air temperatures are considered as the optimums. And above these temperatures, the rate of crawling activity decreases with the rise of temperature. The coefficients of correlation between crawling activity and air temperature varies with the lapse of time. They are higher from 9 to 15 below the optimums, showing values from 0.81 to 0.95 in male and 0.88 to 0.99 in female, and lower during the other times, especially at night. From 9 to 15, the air temperature rises up higher than the optimum and becomes negative showing highest values at 13 in both sexes. The variability of the optimum air temperature is supposed to be caused by the difference between the temperature of insect body and that of air, which is greater in the morning than in the afternoon.
    4. From 7 to 23, the coefficients of correlation between crawling activity and relative humidity are negative and low varying with the lapse of time from 0.61 to 0.76 in male and from 0.53 to 0.66 in female. They are relatively higher from 7 to 11. From 7 to 19, air temperatures are more influencial than relative humidities on the crawling activity. But from 19 to 23 the case becomes reverse. At 5 or 7, the higher relative humidity above 90% seems to inhibit crawling activity to some extent.
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  • II. Growth of the Larvae on the Rice Plants Cultured in Nutrient Solutions of Different Nitrogen Level
    Shoziro ISHII, Chisato HIRANO
    1959 Volume 3 Issue 1 Pages 16-22
    Published: March 31, 1959
    Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis, is a major pest of the rice plant in Japan, and a large amout of insecticides is consumed every year for control of it. Recently, considerable interest attaches to the effect of chemical composition in host plants on development and fecundity of phytophagous insects, and in consequence, to the possibility of insect control through application of fertilizers. In view of some recent observations that the borer damage in the rice plants may be greatly affected by application of a large amount of fertilizers to paddy fields, the experiments were carried out to prove the effect of the nitrogenous fertilizer on the larval growth of the larvae.
    A rice plant variety, Norin No.29, was cultured in nutrient solutions at two levels of nitrogen content, then larvae were allowed to feed on them. Two feeding experiments were performed, one of them was on the living rice plants in a greenhouse and the other was with the sterilized rice plant stem (borer zone) under aseptic conditions.
    Rearing on the living rice plant. From the end of August to the beginning of September, the rice stem borer eggs just before hatching were placed on the rice leaf, and larvae hatched were allowed to feed on the living rice plants for 30 days. The results obtained are as follows:
    Rearing with the sterilized rice stem. On 30th August, the rice plants growing in the nutrient solutions were reaped, and roots, leaves and ears were removed. 30g each of remaining stems (borer zone) chopped to 3 to 4cm in length was put in 300ml Erlenmeyer flasks with 6ml of water, and plugged with cotton, then sterilized at 18lbs per sq. inch for 15 minutes. With those rice stem diet the borer larvae were reared aseptically for 20 days at 28°C. The results are as follows:
    Chemical composition of the rice plant stems. Chemical analyses on the rice plant stems samples on 30th August were performed to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer. The results are given in the text in detail.
    Under these conditions, significant superior growth of the larvae, as measured by their weights, is introduced by feeding on the rice plant cultured in high nitrogen solution. These rice plants contain a high level of nitro genous compounds and a rather small amount of carbohydrates to compare with the plants cultured in low nitrogen solution. The data from the previous (ISHII & HIRANO, 1958) and the present experiments clearly show a close correlation between chemical composition of the rice plant stems (borer zone) and the growth of the rice stem borer larvae.
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  • V. On the Histological Observation of the Dermal Gland during Pupal Moulting
    Masatoshi KOBAYASHI
    1959 Volume 3 Issue 1 Pages 23-28_2
    Published: March 31, 1959
    Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The author has performed anatomical and histological observations on the morphological changes of the dermal glands during pupal moulting. For the histological observation the glands were fixed in GILSON'S and BOUIN'S fluids and sectioned by ordinary paraffin method for MALLORY'S triple stain. For the histochemical observation they were fixed in 95 per cent alcohol for UNNA-PAPPENHEIM'S pyronin-methyl green stain and in CARNOY'S fluid for FEULGEN reaction, and for the detections of PNA and DNA POLLISTER & RIS'S (1947), and SHIBATANI'S (1949) methods were employed.
    1. The alveolar type dermal glands are observed in the 5th instar larvae as well as in the 4th instar larvae. Each cytoplasm in the secretory cells in the dermal glands locating from the first thoracic segment to sixth abdominal segment is filled with plenty of alveoli in the pre-pupal stage (PL. I, 7, 8. PL. II, 1, 2).
    2. The granular type dermal glands in the 4th instar larvae locate in each segment, from the seventh abdominal to the ninth. During the 5th instar larvae, degeneration of the glands, in which the blood cells are concerned, is observed. They disappear from the end of the first about quarter of the per-pupal stage (PL. II, 3∼6).
    3. The alveolar type dermal glands in the 5th instar larvae can be distinguished into two types, coloured and non-coloured. The former is yellow in colour, acidphile and shows a strong positive reaction of protein and contains agglutinate substances in each alveolus (PL. II, 1). The latter is opaque, non-coloured, basophile and shows a weak positive reaction of protein and contains a few agglutinate substances in each alveolus (PL. II, 2). The glands located in all thoracic segments and the first abdominal segment belong to the coloured type, while those located in each segment from the second abdominal to the sixth belong to the non-coloured type. In the 4th instar larvae, the glands of alveolar type located from the first thoracic segment to the sixth abdominal one are colourles, while those of the granular type are yellow in colour. These facts appear to show that glands of the coloured type in the 5th instar larvae have the same characters, i.e., the colour, the stainability and the positive protein reactions of the secretory cell, as those of the granular type in the 4th instar larvae.
    4. The alveoli in the secretory cell grow in number step by step with age (PL. I, 1∼8). The contents in those alveoli are secreted in the space between the old and new layers of cuticle at the pupal moulting.
    5. The histochemical changes with age of PNA and DNA in the dermal glands during the 5th instar larvae are the same as in those during the 4th instar larvae.
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  • Syunro UTIDA, Hukiko KAKEMI
    1959 Volume 3 Issue 1 Pages 29-33
    Published: March 31, 1959
    Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Four geographical strains of the cowpea weevil Callosobruchus quadrimaculatus were reared under the constant condition of temperature and humidity. Head width of the larvae was measured in each successive day and the number of larval instar was determined as four. The growth ratio between two successive instars does not take a constant value and decreases gradually with advancing the instar. The growth of head width can be precisely described by the formula, logY=a+bx+cX2 (Y is the measurement of each successive instar, X and a, b and c are the constants) which was intended of its validity by GAINES and CAMPBELL. The strain of the largest size of adult weevil is smallest in its size at the hatching of the egg, and vice versa. This strain shows also high rate of initial growth of larvae and low rate in its later stages of larvae. Namely, he compensating relation is shown between the initial size of larvae and their growth rate. This relation can also be seen in the numerical relations between the constants a, b and c in the formula of GAINES and CAMPBELL. As shown in Fig. 2, the constant a, which is the index of the size of embryo, is inversely proportional to the growth ratio, b, which is also inversely proportional to c, the modifying factor of the growth in old stage. The duration of each larval stage was determined, but any clear relation could not be seen.
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  • II. The Effect of Population Density on the Induction of Diapause
    Hideakira TSUJI
    1959 Volume 3 Issue 1 Pages 34-40
    Published: March 31, 1959
    Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Investigations have been made of the occurrence of diapause in the fully grown larvae of the Indian-meal Moth, Plodia interpunctella HÜBNER reared in various larval densities under a constant temperature condition of 30°C, using rice bran as a food of the larvae.
    No larvae enter diapause when they are reared in the condition of low larval densities (50 eggs per 30g rice bran) under this temperature condition.
    On the other hand, when they are reared in high larval densities (100-400 eggs per 30g rice bran) even under this temperature condition, some individuals wander out of the food at the fully grown stage.
    The pupation of the wandering fully grown larvae is not interrupted at 30°C. The wandering fully grown larvae, however, show characteristics such as the interruption of pupation at about 20°C, the resistance to cold, the chilling effect of low temperature (10°C) condition upon their pupation at 20°C, the increased body weight and decreased water content, and the lowered rate of development at their young larval stage.
    The characteristics described above are just the same as that of the diapausing larvae of this species, as previously reported as a new type of diapause, so the wandering fully grown larvae must be the individuals which have entered diapause depending upon the high larval densities but have no actual diapausing period as they are under the higher temperature.
    Increase of mortality within this range of density (50-400 eggs per 30g rice bran) is not so remarkable, whereas the diapausing larvae appear and their occurrence apparently depends upon the density.
    Some of the larvae enter diapause when 2 or more individuals are reared together in a tube with a very small amount of food, whereas the solitary culture never results in diapause.
    In other solitary culture in which the rice bran contaminated by the larval excrement is used, and also in the 35°C culture, no larvae enter diapause.
    Rise of temperature and increase of water content of rice bran in these experiments of higher larval densities are not so great.
    In view of the results described above, it can be suggested that the occurrence of wandering fully grown larvae, the diapausing larvae at 30°C, in this case, may be mainly due to the mutual stimulation between the larvae.
    It seems to be important that the pattern of influence of larval density upon the population of the insects having this type of diapause may show that the density effect on occurrence of diapause does not necessarily lead the population to elapse a long period of arrested development but only to show other physiological and behaviouristic changes such as mentioned above.
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  • I. Separative Experiment of the Insecticidal Principle and Free Amino Acids
    Tomijiro OYA
    1959 Volume 3 Issue 1 Pages 41-43
    Published: March 31, 1959
    Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Tricholoma muscarium KAWAMURA has been used as a fly catcher not only in farmers but also in store houses in Tohoku districts. On the other hand it is of interest that this mash-room is edible.
    An attempt was made to extract the insecticidal principle contained in this mushroom.
    This principle is easily soluble in water, not in organic solvents, and is absorbed by Amberlite IR 120 (H type) from its water solution together with amino acids. The absorbed principle can be eluted with aqueous 1% NH4OH.
    Two dimension paper chromatography (phenol: H2O, 4:1 added with 0.04% oxine, n-BuOH: AcOH H2O, 4:1:1v/v) was employed to detect amino acids contained in the concentrate of the elute.
    Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, alanine, valine, glycine, serine and threonine were detected, and one spot seemed to be glucosamine or glutamine. Another 9 spots were developed, but unable to be determined.
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  • Yasuo TAKAHASHI
    1959 Volume 3 Issue 1 Pages 44-48
    Published: March 31, 1959
    Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In both the larvae of Hemerophila atrilineata BUTLER and Cnidocampa flavescens WALKER, there are changes in histological structure of the cuticle in passing from one sclerite to the next behind. They are clearly shown after staining with HEIDENHAIN'S iron haematoxylin and with MALLORY'S triple stain. In the larva of Hemerophila atrilineata, the sclerites (tergites) are colored by the presence of an exocuticle, the outer layer of which, is yellowish brown or amber. The inner layer resembling the outer in being homogeneous and refracticle, however, is colorless. At the anterior and posterior margins of the sclerite the colored as well as the colorless exocuticles progressively decrease in thickness and disappear as the arthrodial membrane is approached. In the larva of Cnidocampa flavescens, the whole regions of the cuticle are colorless, although the cuticular structure is specialized in the different regions. Four distinct layers are readily recognizable in the sclerites, while only two in the arthrodial membranes. The median two layers in the sclerite may be regarded as parts of the endocuticle, because they are neither haematoxylinophilic nor fuchsinophilic indicating that tanned protein and lipid are not impregnated. At the anterior and posterior margins of the sclerite, the median two endocuticles become thinner and disappear as approaching the arthrodial membrane.
    In both the larvae of Barathra brassicae LINNÉ and Euxoa segetis SCHIFFERMÜLLER, the cuticles present an uniform structure over whole regions. They consist of the epicuticle, the exocuticle and the endocuticle.
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  • II. Arrest of Development in the Fourth and Fifth Larval Stage Induced by Short Photoperiod in the Green Rice Leafhopper, Nephotettix bipunctatus cincticeps UHLER
    Ryôiti KISIMOTO
    1959 Volume 3 Issue 1 Pages 49-55
    Published: March 31, 1959
    Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The green rice leafhopper, a pest of the rice plant, Nephotettix bipunctatus cincticeps UHLER, was reared under a long photoperiod and a short photoperiod at 20°C and 30°C, and the following results were obtained.
    1. At 20°C a clear elongation of the duration of the 4th and the 5th larval stages was found under a short photoperiod of 8hr, while under a long photopeeriod of ca. 14hr 30min a normal development was found.
    2. At 30°C no effect of the photoperiod on the development was found.
    3. At alternating temperature between 10°C for 16hr and 30°C for 8hr per day, much clear elongation of the developmental period was found if the larvae were kept in darkness at the phase of 10°C. On the other hand, normal development was obtained under permanent illumination.
    4. The larvae in the arrest of development were induced to develop promptly if they were put in a long photoperiod even at the same temperature of 20°C. High temperature, such as 30°C is also effective without regard to the photoperiod in which the larvae are to be put, though it is more effective under a long photoperiod than under a short one.
    5. The development of the larvae in the state of arrest is induced to normal if the larvae are chilled at 10°C for more than 50 days.
    6. It was discussed whether or not the arrest of development can be considered as a diapause. As affirmative characters the followings are concerned, that is, the arrest of development is induced by a short photoperiod and the arrest is completed by chilling for appropriate durations. As negative characters, larvae in the arresting state need succulent food without which they soon die and coldhardiness at 0°C is low compared with those characters in the small brown planthopper.
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  • Tetsusaburo TACHIKAWA
    1959 Volume 3 Issue 1 Pages 56
    Published: March 31, 1959
    Released on J-STAGE: February 12, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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