Nagoya Protocol is in force on August 20, 2017 in Japan. Researchers using genetic resources must comply with the Nagoya Protocol and its user measures in Japan. Three basic measures are set in the Protocol, i.e. permit, consent and agreement. Academic measures to comply the Protocol will be foreseen among government funding agencies, publishing papers, and collection centers. The academic society may develop its own principles and code of conduct to comply with the Protocol for member users of genetic resources.

A new artificial arena was developed for efficient toxicological tests of generalist phytoseiid species. The toxicity of 22 insecticides and 7 acaricides was tested against four native species, Amblyseius eharai Amitai and Swirski, Amblyseius tsugawai Ehara, Euseius sojaensis（Ehara）, and Typhlodromus vulgaris Ehara, which are abundantly found in fruit orchards in Japan. Flubendiamide, chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, diflubenzuron, teflubenzuron, flonicamid, and pyrifluquinazon were harmless or slightly harmful to the survival and fecundity of adult females and immature individuals in all four species tested in this study. Buprofezin and Bacillus thuringiensis were also slightly toxic to adult females and immature individuals except those of E. sojaensis. All neonicotinoids had little effect on the survival of adult females but they reduced the fecundity. Although the effects of neonicotinoids on the fecundity and survival of immature individuals varied among the different chemicals and phytoseiid species, thiacloprid and dinotefuran were moderately toxic to all four species. Thiamethoxam was also moderately toxic for all species except E. sojaensis. Fenitrothion, permethrin, bifenthrin, silafluofen, spinosad, and spinetoram were toxic to all four species. Among acaricides, cyflumetofen and pyflubumide were nontoxic or slightly toxic to all four species. Furthermore, cyenopyrafen was nontoxic or slightly toxic to adult females and immature individuals except immature E. sojaensis.

Effects of high temperatures on development and fecundity were examined using Aulacorthum solani（Kaltenbach）and Aphis glycines Matsumura clones. Nymphs of all A. solani clones showed 100% mortality at 30°C. By contrast, all nymphs of three A. glycines clones out of four survived and became adults at 30°C. The numbers of nymphs produced by adult females of A. solani clones were higher at 20°C than at 28°C. Adult females of A. glycines clones produced more nymphs at 28°C than at 20°C. These results suggest that A. solani is more susceptible to high temperatures rather than A. glycines.

For 2 years we investigated the occurrence of Panonychus citri and its natural enemies in 30 citrus fields in eastern, central, and western Shizuoka Prefecture. Panonychus citri female abundance increased in fields with low frequencies of petroleum oil application or high frequencies of insecticide application. The main natural enemy species were Stethorus spp., Oligota spp., and Neoseiulus californicus. Stethorus spp. dominated in the east and increased in abundance in fields with higher densities of P. citri, but it was rarely observed in central or western Shizuoka Prefecture; notably, the application frequency of insecticides harmful to Stethorus spp. was lower in the east than in the other two areas. Neoseiulus californicus and Oligota spp. were observed in all three areas, and N. californicus abundance increased in fields with higher densities of P. citri. The density of N. californicus per P. citri was highest in the west, where Stethorus spp. were rarely found, and lowest in the east. Our findings suggest that the species composition of natural enemies was affected by insecticide application. Panonychus citri density was lower in the east than in the other two areas, suggesting that Stethorus spp. was a more effective predator than N. californicus at low prey densities.

Borers Sesamia inferens（Walker）and Tetramoera schistaceana（Snellen）cause severe damage to sugarcane shoots, known as dead hearts, and affect sugarcane tillering. We examined the roles of these insects in causing dead hearts in summer-planting and ratoon sugarcane fields on Miyako Island, Okinawa, Japan, by dissecting and investigating damaged shoots. Most of the dead heart shoots were considered to have been caused by infestation of these two borers. The number of dead hearts increased gradually from fall to winter in summer-planting fields, whereas in the ratoon fields it peaked in the spring. In S. inferens, the number of trap catches of adults caught with sex-pheromone were significantly correlated with the ratio of dead hearts of shoots, excluding those under suppression with insecticide at summer planting. Fipronil bait applied in furrows at the time of planting of sugarcane stalks in summer was more effective in reducing the incidence of dead hearts than benfracarb or carbosulfan granules applied in the same way. In the tillering stage, chlorantraniliprole flowable was effective in preventing dead heart shoots. In ratoon fields, no significant difference was observed in the incidence of dead hearts treated with two insecticides, fipronil bait and benfracarb granules, irrespective of whether they were mixed with soil by a machine or placed in furrows. Our results indicated effective control of borer damage with fipronil bait treatment at the time of planting and chlorantraniliprole flowable at the time of tillering, and the possibility of adopting cheaper insecticides in ratoon fields.

Blue and yellow sticky traps are often used for the monitoring of thrips（Thripidae）and whitefly（Aleyrodidae）, respectively, in tomato greenhouses. Little is known, however, about the appropriate number of traps that would facilitate monitoring of these pests using statistical methods. We analyzed the mean density and sample variance of thrips and whiteflies per trap, and it was revealed that both the trapped thrips and whiteflies were distributed contagiously. To monitor these pests with less effort, the precise density estimation method using a relative density index was considered. In this method, the mean density and sample variance of the low-density block are estimated from those of the high-density block. The distributed pattern of whiteflies did not change between the measured and estimated values, and the estimated proper number of traps was reduced with the estimation method. In contrast, that of thrips differed between the measured and estimated values, and the necessary number of traps should be calculated from the measured values. In this greenhouse, where a mass trapping with colored traps（each 200 sheets/10 a）was carried out, the estimation method was useful in monitoring whitefly. To expand the versatility of this method, further validation of different numbers of installed traps, types of cultivation, and greenhouses will be required.

A re-invasion of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis complex（Diptera: Tephritidae）, occurred on Amamioshima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan in 2015, 35 years after the eradication of this pest in the prefecture was confirmed in 1980. To investigate the sources of possible wind-borne immigrations, trajectory analysis was performed. Based on monitoring data, a sample of the first trapping on the island was collected on June 30, 2015. Backward trajectories beginning over the trap location starting on June 29 reached over the northwestern part of Taiwan within 24 h. Forward trajectories from the northwestern part of Taiwan arrived over Amamioshima Island continuously throughout the period from June 25 to 29. Backward trajectories from Kumejima Island, an island near Amamioshima Island, where a male adult was caught on July 3, also passed over Taiwan. Backward trajectory analysis for Amamioshima Island from July to September was conducted to search for other possible immigrations, and the analysis suggested that air currents from Taiwan and the Philippines arrived over the island on August 15 and 25, respectively. These results, therefore, suggest that Taiwan is a possible source for wind-borne immigrations occurring before mid-August.