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Volume 49 (2005)
- Issue 4 Pages 171-
- Issue 3 Pages 99-
- Issue 2 Pages 51-
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Volume 49, Issue 4
Displaying 1-14 of 14 articles from this issue
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Mini Review
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Tetsuo Saito, Tadashi Miyata2005 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 171-185
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: February 25, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTransgenic insect-resistance cultivars expressing insecticidal toxicants, δ endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis, inhibitors of proteases and lectin, etc., for insect pest control are a new innovation, inspiring scientists and farmers to combat agricultural pests. Use of transgenic plants to combat pests is a modified application of classical host plant resistance. However, there are many problems and risks concerning food safety and environmental conservation. Transgenic technologies, protoplast transformation, particle bombardment and Agrobacterium methods have been established and successfully used for producing transgenic plants. However, non-target genes or unnecessary DNA fragments are often introduced to the crop. For instance, marker genes such as antibiotics or fungicidal resistant genes are also introduced and their behaviors and environmental effects are unknown. Generating marker-free transgenic plant is very important, as was reported by Sugita et al. (1999). On the other hand, the use of gene transformation in insects can contribute to the development of new natural enemies, as well as a better understanding of insect genetics, biochemistry, development and behavior. Further studies on the effects on transgenic plants for food safety and environmental conservation are needed. The technologies for pesticide, safety evaluation, which have been long studied, should contribute to the safety studies of transgenic crops.View full abstractDownload PDF (510K)
Regular Papers
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Akira Otuka, Tomonari Watanabe, Yoshito Suzuki, Masaya Matsumura2005 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 187-194
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: February 25, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA 3-dimensional backward trajectory analysis was applied for estimating the migration source of the white-backed planthopper that immigrated into Kyushu, western Japan in June from 1987 to 2001. The results showed that the coastal regions of Fujian province in China and Taiwan were found to be possible sources. The migration duration taken to travel between the sources and Kyushu was estimated to be about 36 or 48 h. The comparison between 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional analyses indicated that the former method had a bias toward the southwest in estimating the source.View full abstractDownload PDF (949K) -
Masahiko Morishita2005 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 195-203
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: February 25, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe western flower thrips, Flankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci (Lindeman), cause serious damage to fruits of the ‘Tonewase’ persimmon when the fruit color turns yellow in early September. I investigated the seasonal abundance of the two thrips species on the various weed hosts in persimmon and mandarin orange orchards. Both F. occidentalis and T. tabaci overwintered on the biennial weeds such as chickweed, Lamium amplexicaule, and henbit, Stellaria neglecta. F. occidentalis showed two peaks in population density on weeds of orchards: one in May–June with the growth of biennial weeds and the other in July–August with the growth of annual weeds. Thus, the F. occidentalis population was shown to increase in association with the growth of wild plants. T. tabaci, on the other hand, had only one population peak in May, following the population continued to decrease toward the winter.View full abstractDownload PDF (321K) -
Takuhiro Yamaguchi, Katuhiko Miyaji, Osamu Setokuchi2005 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 205-213
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: February 25, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe investigated the winter-time mating and oviposition of Cylas formicarius (Fabricius) on Amami-Oshima Island and Kikai Island, Japan. No wild females were found to develop their ovarian follicles or have mature eggs from late November to late January. The ratio of mated females was as low as about 30% from late December to late January. Females began to develop their ovarian follicle after late February, thereby leading to an increased mating ratio. As for the wild males, they seemed to be able to mate even during winter. However, since none of the females seemed to release sex pheromones at this time, winter-time mating hardly occurred in the field. The number of eggs laid by the wild weevil was very low from December to February and then gradually increased in late February. Those females that had emerged during the winter began to lay eggs in late March.View full abstractDownload PDF (729K) -
Katsuo Tsuda, Hiroyuki Ohmura, Yositaka Sakamaki, Hidemi Kamiwada, Kan ...2005 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 215-221
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: February 25, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo develop a mass rearing method for the rice leaffolder, the influences of adult density on oviposition by females, the optimum rearing density of larvae, and the method of collecting pupae were investigated. Although the adult density did not affect the total number of eggs laid by a female, the pattern of egg laying was more concentrated to early adult life at high densities, and thus more eggs were obtained in a day. When 10 pairs of adults were released in a polyethylene bag, more than 200 eggs were collected daily for 4 d after the first oviposition. For rearing larvae, a density of 100 larvae in a rearing container (15×20×5 cm) seemed appropriate for mass rearing. Pleats of paraffin sheets corrugated at 5-mm intervals placed on the food were shown to be suitable as pupation substrates. The pupae could be collected easily by simply spreading the sheet.View full abstractDownload PDF (633K) -
Masayuki Okitsu, Toru Taniwaki, Ikuo Oota, Yoichi Kishi2005 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 223-230
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: February 25, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMonochamus alternatus adults emerging from pine logs to which non-woven fabric strips with Beauveria bassiana were applied were reared individually under field or laboratory conditions, and their mortality was investigated. Under field conditions in 2001 and 2002, accumulated mortality on the 15th day after emergence was 95 to 99% of adults emerging from logs with strips, and 68 to 90% of adults emerging from logs with no strips. Under laboratory conditions in 2001 to 2003, the mortality was 84 to 97% for adults emerging from logs with strips and 22 to 30% for adults emerging from logs with no strips. Since the adults emerging from logs with strips died quickly under field conditions, their total area of maturation feeding within 30 days after emergence was 42–51% that of adults emerging from logs with no strips, and most females died before their ovaries matured. Even though adults emerged from logs with strips, B. bassiana was not detected in 34–43% of dead adults under field conditions and in 12–34% of dead adults under laboratory conditions. However, the death was suggested to be influenced by the application of B. bassiana.View full abstractDownload PDF (715K) -
Natsuko Saito, Takeshi Shimoda, Chie Goto, Masashi Nomura, Eizi Yano2005 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 231-236
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: February 25, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of plants on the foraging behavior of polyphagous natural enemies Piocoris varius (Uhler) and Geocoris proteus Distant were examined in the laboratory. We first examined the prey consumption rates of the two predator species, using Ephestia kuehniella Zeller eggs as the model prey on four different plant species: green pepper, strawberry, kidney bean and tomato. P. varius consumed significantly more prey eggs on green pepper and strawberry than they did on tomato, with the prey consumption rate on kidney bean intermediate among these plant species. Similarly, G. proteus consumed significantly more prey eggs on green pepper and strawberry than they did on tomato and kidney bean. These results suggest that both predators prefer green pepper and strawberry to tomato as suitable plants. Subsequent experiments using strawberry seedlings and prey eggs showed differences in feeding site preference between the two predators: G. proteus consumed prey eggs equally on both upper and lower compound leaves, whereas P. varius consumed prey eggs almost entirely on the upper compound leaves of the strawberry seedlings.View full abstractDownload PDF (525K) -
Hiroaki Takeuchi, Tomonari Watanabe, Mami Ishizaki, Shintaro Oku, Tets ...2005 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 237-243
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: February 25, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe population dynamics of two major rice bug species in the fields of Italian ryegrass and gramineous weeds were compared in southern Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan from 2002 to 2004. Overwintered adults of Leptocorisa chinensis appeared in grass fields from late June to early July. Their progeny appeared soon, and the population fluctuation until October was bimodal. In contrast, overwintered adults of Cletus punctiger appeared much earlier, in early May, while the next-generation nymphs were seldom detected until late June. Based on the immigration dates of overwintered adults and the cumulative effective temperature for development and ovarian maturation, it was confirmed that L. chinensis is bivoltine in the study area. The first appearance date of first-generation adults of L. chinensis in grass fields did not coincide with the heading date of mid-season rice cultivated most widely in southern Ibaraki Prefecture. This reveals that current rice cultivation practices in this area are suitable to prevent the massive invasion of L. chinensis.View full abstractDownload PDF (392K) -
Kenichi Komeda, Masateru Inoue, Hiroshi Ichinose, Akio Takafuji2005 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 245-250
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: February 25, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn mountainous regions of Japan, some people grow grapes for personal consumption. Damage to grapes caused by birds is serious in many such areas. At present, the only effective method against bird damage is to install physical barriers, such as nets, around or over vineyards. To install nets easily and safely, we designed a new grape cultivation method: the trellis height is equal to the width of a simple commercially available net (1×50 m, 12 g/m2). Using the new cultivation method, we evaluated its bird damage prevention effect and working efficiency. Results showed that: 1) net installation was easy and safe; 2) nets installed only on the lower edges of the trellis reduced bird damage effectively because brown-eared bulbuls (Hypsipetes amaurotis), a main bird that damages grapes, tended to invade the vineyard from under the trellis; 3) nets installed both on upper and lower sides of the trellis perfectly prevented bird damage. These results suggest that this is applicable as an effective method against bird damage to grapes in these areas.View full abstractDownload PDF (1140K) -
Masatoshi Hori, Yuko Araki, Wataru Sugeno, Yoshitaka Usui, Kazuhiro Ma ...2005 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 251-254
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: February 25, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHozuki, Physalis alkekengi, is one of the host plants of the twenty eight-spotted ladybird, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata. We investigated feeding stimulants for E. vigintioctopunctata in hozuki leaves. The methanol extract of hozuki leaves and its chloroform-soluble fraction stimulated feeding of the adult beetle. Although the butanol-soluble and water-soluble fractions were inactive by themselves, the butanol-soluble fraction or the deposit formed during concentration of this fraction acted synergistically with the water-soluble fraction. The deposit was identified as luteolin 7-O-glucoside. This compound is considered to be one of the factors in hozuki that induce feeding in E. vigintioctopunctata.View full abstractDownload PDF (367K) -
Suguru Ohno, Tomonori Sasaki, Tsuguo Kohama2005 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 255-258
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: February 25, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the artificial rearing of the West Indian sweet potato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus, dead eggs should be screened before egg-seeding on an artificial diet because they could become sources of bacterial or fungal contamination of the diet. We tested whether the dead eggs of the weevil could be removed using the brine-flotation technique. When the eggs were mixed with 14% saltwater in a glass a few days before hatching and freshwater was gently added to the glass, we were able to recognize three categories of eggs: (1) Eggs floating on the surface of the freshwater, (2) eggs suspended at the boundary between the saltwater and freshwater, and (3) eggs that had sunk to the bottom of the saltwater. The hatchability of (1) and (2) did not differ significantly, while the hatchability of (3) was extremely low (<11%) and significantly lower than that of (1) and (2). Therefore, the number of dead eggs to be planted on a diet can be reduced by discarding the (3) eggs. Saltwater submersion of the eggs, per se, did not produce any undesirable effect on hatching. However, the mean hatchability of (1) and (2) was 72%, indicating that dead eggs could not be thoroughly excluded by the brine-flotation technique.View full abstractDownload PDF (270K)
Notes
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Hiroya Higuchi2005 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 259-261
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: February 25, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDamage to soybeans infested by larvae of the bean webworm, Pleuroptya ruralis (Scopoli), was evaluated. In the soybean plants whose leaves had a >80% infestation rate at the early pod-development stage, the stems became thin in contrast to those whose leaves had a <10% infestation rate. Moreover, in the former, the numbers of pods and seeds per plant and the weight of seeds decreased, resulting in the yields of about half of the latter.View full abstractDownload PDF (175K) -
Masaji Morishima, Ken Tabuchi, Kenji Ito, Nobuo Mizutani, Seiichi Mori ...2005 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 262-265
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: February 25, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe investigated the effect of the feeding conditions of Riptortus clavatus (Thunberg) males on their attractiveness to conspecific individuals as part of a preliminary study to clarify the adaptive significance of the attraction. Males allowed to take food were found to attract a significantly larger number of conspecific adults than those not allowed. Moreover, males allowed to take food were found to have a significantly more developed fat bodies than those not allowed. The close relationship between the feeding conditions of Riptortus clavatus males and their release of attractants suggests that the attractants might play a key role in the food exploitation strategy of the bugs.View full abstractDownload PDF (300K) -
Ken Funayama2005 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 265-268
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: February 25, 2006
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe sexual maturation of adults and development of the larvae of Halyomorpha halys reared on Japanese cedar cones were investigated in Akita Prefecture, in the northern part of Japan in 2002 and 2003. Adult females reared on cones in the laboratory and in the field laid no eggs, and died shortly thereafter. Second-instar larvae reared on the cones never developed into the 3rd-instar both in the field and in the laboratory, except for only a few individuals in the field. All 3rd-instar and most 4th-instar larvae reared on the cones died without further development, although some 4th-instar larvae reared on cones collected after late July developed into the 5th-instar. In contrast, many 2nd-instar larvae fed the seeds that were taken out of cones collected after late July developed into the 3rd-instar. These results suggest that the mature seeds of cones are suitable for the development of H. halys larvae, but that indehiscent cones are not. Because most cones do not dehisce until October in Akita Prefecture, it is considered that most H. halys in this area cannot lay eggs and develop into adults by feeding on Japanese cedar cones.View full abstractDownload PDF (392K)
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