本研究では, 3才児をとりあげ, 2列の数の多少等判大内・天野:3歳児における数の多少等判断77 断を求めた。特に課題判断での, 多少・等の用語の理解に留意し, はじめに, 実物キャラメル1～3個による予備テストを行い, その成功者のみを本実験の被験者とした。実験Ｉでは, 要素数4, 3の2集合を対応配置に並べた場合, また実験量IIでは, これを非対応配置にした場合を, それぞれカード図形で提示し, 異数・同数の比較判断を求めた。
結果のうち, 主なものを示すと次のようである。
1) 多少・等の用語が予備テスト前からわかっている者は3才児の1/3に過ぎない。また3才児の中でも前半児と後半児に年齢差がみられた。後半児は誤りのない者が多く, 誤りをしても用語理解に達するまでの二次的教示回数が少なかった。前半児の中には, 中用語理解の基準に達せずに終った失敗児もみられた。3才児に多少等判断を求める際は, 事前の用語理解の確認が不可欠である。
2) 予備テストでは, 異数比較よりも同数比較に誤答率が高く, 言葉の理解として試たくさん」よりも試同じ」の方が難しいことが示された。中
3) 年齢差や, 試たくさん」「同じ」の難湯差にかかわらず, 予備テスト中に被験者の9割弱が用語理解に成功し, 3才児における比較用語の教示可能性も示された。
4) 対応配置の実験1では, 異数比較, 同数比較の判断が, ともに確実に行われた。
5) しかし, 実験IIの非対応配置では, 全体として正答率は低くなり, 用語を理解していても, この年齢での数判断が視知覚的なものに頼っていることが示された。非対応配置の判断基準の一貫性に関しては, 一貫性のある者のうちでは長さによるものがほとんどを占めるが, 被験児の過半数が, 課題の視知覚的特徴によって判断する非一貫反応者である。
6) 実験IIの非対応配置の中では, 4-3の異数比較に正答が比較的多くみられたが, 同数比較は, これよりむずかしかった。同数比較の中では3-3と4-4に差があり, 4-4にはほとんど正答がみられない。
7) ここでは年齢差がみられ, 後半児では, 伺数比較 4-4から3-3へ, さらに異数比較へと成績が前半児より明瞭によくなり, そのため前半児との差がこの順序で開いていく。これらのことから3才児の多くは, 異数から同数へと比較が拡がり, 多少・等判断のうちでは等判断は遅れるのではないかと考えられる。

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The purpose of this study is to examine how the assertive-aggresive behavior is maintained, increases and changes its response and victim in the interactions of nursery school children. It is predicted that the consequences of the assertive-aggresive behavior supplied by the peer group work as positive or negative reinforcers and condition the assertive-aggressive behavior. In order to confirm this prediction, the two following hypotheses are tested.
1. When an assertive behavior is followed by a positive reinforcer, on the next occasion in which the same aggressor is involved he would select the same aggressive response and the same victim. On the other hand when his behavior is follwed by a negative reinforcer, he would change either the aggressive response or the victimor both.
2. If a child who initially displayed few aggressive behaviors is frequently victimized and counterattacks successfully, his aggressive initiations would incerease.
The subjects were 4o children of three groups in two nursery schools. Their ages in each group were 1:6-2:5 (mean 1:10), 1:6-2:4 (1:11) and 2:8-3:5 (3:1). Their aggressive interactions were observed for 11 weeks. The aggressive responses were classified into 4 categories, the responses of victims into 7 categories and the responses of teachers into 4 categories. The responses of victims and teachers were labeled a priori as positive or negative reinforcers according to Patterson et al.(1967) and the pirot study.
A total of 2477 aggressive behaviors weve observed. Hypothesis I was confirmed by two groups, but not by one group aged 1:6-2:5. So the patterns of aggressive interaction of the three groups were analyzed. The result suggested that the amount of the peer interaction or the responsiveness to the stimuli supplied by the peer group would decide the conditionability of the aggressive behavior. As for the hypothesis 2, 11 children who had initially displayed few aggressive behaviors were followed up, and the results all satisfied the prediction.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of social deprivation-satiation operation on subject's awareness of response-reinforcement contingency.
Experiment I showed that a subject's awareness is an important factor in considering the effect of social reinforcement. Twenty-four preschool boys took part in a 10-minute social satiation session, in which they received the stimulus word,“orikousan lane”, either 2 (deprivation) or 16 (satiation) times. This was followed by a discrimination test of 75 trials, in which the same stimulus word was given to all correct responses. The test was administered by the experimenter in a preceeding session or by another individual unknown to the subjects. At the end of the test, they were asked about their awareness of response-reinforcement contingency. Ss in the other experimenter group showed more correct responses than in the same experimenter group, and Ss in the aware group more than in the unaware group. It was discussed that the differences in test performance reflect the difference in the experimenter's behavior in the two sessions, and that the efficacy of reinforcement relates to a subject's awareness of responsereinf orcement contingency.
Experiment II showed that the low effect of reinforcement in the same experimenter group is based on the experimenter's behavior in the preceeding session, and the subject's unawareness' Thirtysix preschool boys took part in a social satiation session, in which they had no interaction with the experimenter or received the stimulus word,“orikousandane”, either 2 (deprivation) or 16 (satiation) times. It was followed by a discrimination test, in which the same stimulus word was given to all correct responses. A half of subjects were given the information about the correct response in the test by the experimenter. The following was predicted on the basis of the finding of the experiment I; the mean scores in informaton group will be higher than in the no-information group, and those in the no-interaction group will be higher than in the group given the reinforcing stimulus in preceeding session. The results confirmed this prediction, and subjects in the information group belonged to the aware group more than in the no-information group, and the mean scores were higher in the aware group than in the unaware group. It was emphasized that the receiving of the information about correct response leads to increment of correct one, and that a subject's awareness of response-reinforcement contingency encourages discrimination learning.
These results were interpreted as indicating that it is necessary to consider the variables mediating social reinforcement effect with performance. Also dicussed was the necessity of examining the relation of the task in a discrimination test with response-reinforcement contingency.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate moral judgement in children and youth based on the theory and the method of Kohlberg, L., and to examine the availability of his method and the validity of stage sequences in Japan whose culture is different from the U. S. A..
In this study, moral judgement was analysed from how children and youth understood various moral norms which were imposed on them by adults or society, and what their standards of right-wrong were.
Four of the Kohlberg's stories involving moral dilemmas, translated and slightly modified, were given to 19 5 th-, 20 8 th-, 20 11 th-graders and 16 college students. They were asked to answer in writing what one of the characters of each story should do and why, and later, to respond in an interview to additional clarifying questions. Their responses were analysed in detail by issue scoring method which examined what their basic orientation to moral issues was, and classified into one of 5 stages,(stage 5 and 6 were not distinguished). Two scorers' rating 40 Ss independently were in close agreement.
The results were as follows;
1) Distributions of stages among the subjects were as shown in TABLE 5. It showed age-dependent development of moral judgement and supported the Kohlberg's theory.
2) As to sex differences, such tendency was found. that in girls there were more who had stage 3 orien tation (but not statistically sighificant).
3) In Japan there were more who belonged to stage 3 than in U. S. A., overall age except among college students.

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There have been several problems in experimental studies about the mediational processes of discrimination shift learning. Two of these problems are that a non-reversal shift (NRS) learning was treated as a secondary event to be comparred with results in a reversal shift (RS) learning, and that the abilities required in the shifts were only indirectly measured by the amount of Subjects' (Ss') verbal knowledge about the relevant dimensions or values. We must devise an effective method to get more direct information about the abilities required in the shifts.
The present study was designed to solve the above-mentioned problems. Discrimination shift learning has been dealt with for a long time mainly from the point of view of behaviorism, but in this paper I would like to re-examine the verbalmediational hypothesis of Kendler, H. H. & Kendler, T. S.(1962), in terms of Piaget's views of the development of logical manipUlation by classification.
The tasks comparing the sizes of intradimensional value-classes (intra-d. task) and comparing the sizes of interdimensional value-classes (inter-d. task) were devised in order to measure the Ss' levels of logical manipulations prior to the first learning. All Ss (5 and 6 year-old) got correct answers in the intra-d. task, while they made various responses in the inter-d. task. So they were divided into two groups (higher group: H. G. and lower group: L. G.) by the scores of this inter-d. task. And the inter-d. task is analogous to Piaget's “class inclusion task”, hence H. G. are judged as children shifting into the concrete operational stage in which cognition by language gradually becomes dominant, on the other had, L. G. are judged as children remaining at the intuitive thinking stage in which cognition by perception is still dominant. Therefore, H. G. can be considered to correspond to the older children and L. G. to the younger ones or the children staying at a transitional period in the Kendlers' hypothesis.
Results were as follows:
(1) There was no difference between H. G. and L. G. in a RS learning.(2) H. G. obtained better results than L. G. in a NRS learnig.(3) H. G. attained a RS learning more easily than a NRS learning.(4) L. G. also learned a RS learning more easily than a NRS learning and the difference between the RS and NRS learning was greater in L. G. than in H. G.
The last result was quite contradictory to that deduced from the Kendlers' hypothesis, and it cannot be explained from their views. Here in this paper a new hypothesis is proposed whose construction is based on “the development of logical manipulation by classification”. In this hypothesis the term of “mediational learning” is used separately in each learning of RS and NRS.
What are suggested from this new hypothesis are as follows:
(1) Children who can make mediational responses in RS learning can't always make mediational ones in NRS, learning.(2) The verbal factor (or Piaget's logical operation) influences a NRS learning rather than a RS learning. Accordingly, it is at the time when a child shifts to the concrete operational stage where he can simultaneously consider the same stimuli from the two different dimensions, that he starts making mediational responses in NRS learning.(3) If an experimenter uses the familiar stimuli for Ss, they may be able to make mediational responses in RS learning, at a rather early period when cognitiOn by language is not yet dominant. Therefore, the existence of “non-verbal mediational events” may be expected.

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本研究は, ダウン症候群の触知覚における図形識別を, 触知覚と視知覚における通様相性について検討した。その結果, 次のようなことが示唆された。
1) 視知覚を遮断し, 触知覚のみで図形を観察させ, 視知覚で識別させる課題の作業成績は劣っていた。
2) 視知覚の手掛りが許される触知覚による識別ではよい成績を示した。

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Vol. 24 (1976) No. 1 p. 21-23
修正箇所：その他

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