This study evaluated the Maternal-Fetal Attachment model that was constructed to explain the influence of mother-daughter and husband-wife relationships during the pregnancy on maternal-fetal attachment. Cross-sectional study was conducted for normal and low-risk primigravidas (n=188) and multigravidas (n=142) during pregnancy. In this investigation, the Japanese version of the Prenatal Self-Evaluation Questionnaire to measure mother-daughter and husband-wife relationships during the pregnancy and the short-form edition of the Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale were used.
The results supported the hypothesis that Maternal-Fetal Attachment scores were related positively to the Mother-Daughter (r=0.32, p<0.001) and Husband-Wife Relationships scores (r=0.26, p<0.001). Subject with higher scores on the Mother-Daughter and Husband-Wife relationships, it was shown that the Maternal-Fetal Attachment was significantly higher than those of samples with lower (p<0.001). Maternal-Fetal Attachment scores were related positively to the Identification of a Motherhood Role (r=0.61, p<0.001) and the Acceptance of Pregnancy scores (r=0.53, p<0.001). In addition, as a result of path analysis on the model, the Mother-Daughter and Husband-Wife relationships not directly but indirectly influence the Maternal-Fetal Attachment through Identification of a Motherhood Role and Acceptance of Pregnancy.

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The posterior surface of the thighs of mice was respectively placed under 50mmHg or 200mmHg pressure for 2 hours, and histological differences in tissue injury induced by these two pressures were compared. Pressure with 50mmHg did not cause significant changes in the skin, but there was subcutaneous edema with neutrophil accumulation in dilated vessels and diapedesis was observed 3 hours after the release of pressure. Though there were no significant changes in the deep muscle, the superficial muscle became necrotic with neutrophil infiltration. Twenty-four hours after the release of pressure, subcutaneous edema had almost disappeared and infiltration of inflammatory cells had decreased. Pressure with 200mmHg did not cause significant changes in the skin either, but not only showed that injuries were more severe than those in the 50mmHg pressure group, but also showed necrosis of the deep muscle, hemorrhage and fibrin deposits in blood vessels occurring 3 hours after the release of pressure. Twenty-four hours after, the severity of injuries such as subcutaneous edema increased and the subcutaneous fat became necrotic. These findings demonstrated that when pressure was increased, not only were injuries more severe, expanded and prolonged, but also qualitative changes like necrosis of the subcutaneous fat and fibrin deposition appeared. And progression of injuries after pressure release seemed to depend on reperfusion injuries.
These evidences suggest that early assessment of injury and appropriate interventions may prevent and attenuate pressure ulcers.

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The relationship of the motive to avoid success to the achievement motive was studied in two groups consisted respectively of 60 and 86 students in nursing course of two colleges.
Data from 27 items of the motive to avoid success and 23 items of the achievement motive were collected to observe the two factor analyses and those correlation coefficiencies.
The results showed that these two motives were discrepant but not so considerably diverse, suggesting that the final motives of the both questionnaire would not be developed from the identical motives with what they are being felt in the inner side of the students.

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The relationship between the abuse tendencies of mothers and verbal reactions during frustration scenarios was examined in 51 mothers with 3-year-old children. This study utilized a questionnaire regarding childcare understanding, constructed to evaluate the following four criteria : abuse tendencies, level of informal support, mother-role affirmation, mother-role denial, and a Picture-Frustration (P-F) study designed to measure verbal reactions during frustration scenarios. A negative correlation was observed between criteria of informal support and abuse tendencies. A positive correlation was demonstrated between criteria of mother-role denial and abuse tendencies. No significant differences were observed in verbal reactions between the high and low abuse tendency groups in the P-F study. However, subjects within the group displaying high mother-role denial tended to attribute causes of frustration to other individuals and external (environmental) factors, and expressed simple aggression. Subjects within the group displaying low mother-role denial tended to initially engage in self-reflection, then to seek a solution to the problem in order to achieve frustration resolution. In addition, mothers displaying a high level of informal support demonstrated straightforward speech and behaviors minimizing stress in unfavorable scenarios. These individuals tended to be more expressive and self-assertive.
In this study, the tendencies of unconscious dissatisfaction and self-deception were found in mothers with 3-year-old children using a combined method of questionnaire and the projection technique but not by the questionnaire alone.

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This study focused on clarifying how the self-awareness of shortening of body height and progression of kyphosis affects the psychological aspects, such as depression・life satisfaction・self-esteem, of patients with osteoporosis. Self-reported questionnaire was performed for 376 patients, who were treated for osteoporosis on outpatient basis at three osteoporosis clinics. Among them, 234 patients (62.2%), who answered about shortening of body height and kyphosis, were subjected for evaluation. Evaluation with Zung's Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), Koyano's Life Satisfaction Index K (LSIK), and Yamato's Self-esteem Scale (SES) leaded conclusions as follows.
1. Depression, developed in the patients when shortening of body height appeared and exceeded 6 cm, reduced their life satisfaction.
2. Progression of shortening of body height related with the reduction of self-esteem.
3. Progression of kyphosis has brought depression, and their life satisfaction and self-esteem were detenorated.

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The purpose of this study is to identify role transitions among family members as they try to deal with health issues. The study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with married couples. Five patients who had cerebrovascular disease or who were receiving hemodialysis treatment and their spouses were interviewed on the patients' admission to and after their discharge from the hospital. Family roles were divided into the following categories : housekeeper, financial supporter, child care and patient care provider, emotional supporter, leader, and ancestor worshiper. Time series observations were made on role transitions in the families. The results are as shown below :
1) In one family with preschool children and another with teenagers, grandparents shared the housework and child care when one of the parents was hospitalized. In two families with grown children and one with middle-aged parents, children shared the housework and patient care.
In each case, after the patient was discharged from the hospital, all roles were assumed mainly by either one of the parents or one of the members of the family.
2) Regardless of the stage of family development or which parent was hospitalized, the caregiver in the family usually lost his/her role as a financial supporter as health issues occurred.
3) The emotional supporter in the family was influenced by his/her additional role of patient caregiver.
4) In the families with grown children or middle-aged parents, the occurrence of health care issues tended to bring about shifts in roles and in leadership, from the parents' generation to the children's.

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The purpose of this study was to analyze the interaction between crisis and routine while family caregivers had continued to care for the mentally and physically disabled elderly at home and to identify the role of visiting nurses in the process. A Grounded Theory approach was chosen for this research design and analysis. The subjects of this study were 10 family caregivers using visiting nurse services. The study was performed using participants' observation and semi-structured interviews. We asked the caregivers to talk about their past caregiving life. They had a lot of crisis experiences. They experienced crisis over and over and then crisis sifted to routine in their caregiving process. Visiting nurses caught shifting needs of caregivers according to changes in circumstances and dealt with them appropriately. Caregivers perceived the roles of visiting nurses "model of caregiving", "coordinator of caregiving" and "emotional supporter", looking back upon their past caregiving days.

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This study was performed on 53 postmenopausal women to evaluate how factors, such as the number of years after menopause and nutrition uptake status, are related with total bone mineral density (BMD), lumbar spine BMD, and broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) of calcaneus. The subjects were divided into 3 age groups : 20 subjects in the sixties, 24 subjects in the seventies, and 9 subjects in the eighties and older. As a result, in the group of the sixties, the number of years after menopause showed significant negative correlation with BMD, while significant correlation was not found in the groups of the seventies and the eighties and older. In BMD and nutrition uptake status, no significant correlation was found in the groups of the sixties and the seventies. On the other hand, in the group of the eighties and older, significant positive correlation was seen between total BMD and protein uptake (r=0.740 ; p<0.05) or vitamin B₁ uptake (r=0.720 ; p<0.05), and also between lumbar spine BMD and calcium uptake (r=0.685 ; p<0.05), and further, between calcaneal BUA and iron uptake (r=0.893 ; n=6). These results suggest that the number of years after menopause exerts influence on BMD and/or BUA in the group of the eighties, while nutrition uptake status gives influence in the groups of the eighties and older.

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