Knowledge about social resources and factors that affect it were studied in 2,651 hospital nurses of known ages and sexes. 1) Of the social resources, day care, short stay, high-cost illness insurance, and cash benefit for sickness were known to high percentages of nurses, but the lighthouse, medical rehabilitation services for the adults handicapped, the home care support center, and the program for providing daily necessities to the elderly were known to low percentages of nurses. 2) Research into treatment for Specific child chronic diseases and lighthouse were better known to nurses working in hospitals with medical consultation rooms. 3) The home helper service, day care, short stay, and the home care support center were better known to nurses working in hospitals with visiting nurse stations. 4) The high-cost illness insurance, prostheses supply and repair service, and transportation fare discounts for the physically handicapped were better known to nurses with experience of hospitalization. 5) The knowledge about all social resources was better in nurses with experience of providing welfare services or an educational background about welfare. Especially, the home helper service, day care, short stay, and home care support center were known to more than 50% of them.

The knowledge of hospital nurses about social resources appears to be affected by environmental factors including the presence of a medical consultation room and a visiting nurse station in the hospitals they are working in as well as personal factors such as experience and educational background concerning welfare and experience of hospitalization of nurses themselves or their families.

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The purpose of this study was to develop a measurement scale of "Parenthood" and examine its conceptual structure. In this study, "Parenthood" was defined as psychological features in changing of fathers and mothers in their experiences of having a baby. This study was conducted with 114 pairs of pregnant women and their partners in the second trimester of pregnancy. Thirty-six stimulating words were used. The subjects evaluated self-image about parenthood on the five-point Likert scale.
As a result of factor analysis, three factors were identified : activity and child rearing, devotion and affective feeling, and authority and strictness. After analyzing each raw score for three factors again, the first factor was defined as relating to sex roles in each parent. The second factor was recognized as a common characteristic among fathers and mothers and named "nurturance." The third factor was described by a feature of traditional fatherhood. The first factor meant "role," the others indicated their "feature."
It was suggested that the conceptual structure of these three factors was parallel, not hierarchical, and the concept of "Parenthood" in this study consisted of these three factors.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of warm compress on human subjects while turning in bed by measuring subjective and physiological parameters.
Nineteen healthy women were enrolled in the study. A quasi-cross-over design was used, and they were assigned to all three treatments: hot water bottle, electric heating pad, and control at random. The surface temperature of the two warm compresses was held at about 40°C during the experiment. As a control treatment, the subjects received no extra warming except a blanket.
Thermal sensation, comfort sensation, and cutaneous skin blood flow were significantly increased by warm compress, which suggested there were close correlations among these three parameters. Furthermore, the effect of hot water bottle was more immediate and comfortable than that of electric heating pad. Warm compress had no significant effect on the thermal microclimate inside bed, the temperature of the air space under the blanket. Thus, it appears that warm compress brings the effectiveness by carrying heat directly to the part of the body. A further study is needed to make a choice of tool in applying warm compress to patients.

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Our research group sent out questionnaires to 14 general hospitals in Kanagawa and Tokyo prefectures. The target group were nurses who have been practicing for one to three years after their graduation from nursing schools. A total of 1,188 nurses answered the questionnaire. The content of our questionnaires pertained to their learning techniques of muscle injection and their confidence level of its operation. The results of the questionnaires stated that 70% of the group conducted injection on patients as part of their school seminars, as well as 2/3 of the nurses who actually conducted muscle injection during their clinical residency. The average amount of their actually performing muscle injections were from one to four times. To no surprise, 70% of the nurses said that they felt basically confident administering muscular injections within a six month period following their graduation. The results also showed that there was no correlation between their actual training sessions, while in school and the increase of confidence after graduating from school. The results also implied that during the first three months after graduation, there were some differences in their confidence levels among nurses who gave injections to patients and those who did not perform injections during their clinical residencies. However, there were no differences in the confidence levels after six months following graduation. In summary, the results would indicate that confidence levels were negatively affected during the first six months by months by only those who had not performed the injections during their clinical residencies.

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