The present paper describes a method of learning by literature for terminal care.
The learning was carried out to the first-year students who were in two-year college. The support will to patients with the terminal illness, the recognition of support, a behavioral tendency, evaluation for summary card of literature, and the results of the questionnaire were analyzed.
The mean score of the support will after learning was higher than that before learning and t value of 6.05 with 38 df computed was significant at P<0.01. At the recognition of support and a behavioral tendency, students who showed an attitude for support and the will for physical care increased significantly when the learning was finished (attitude: x²=4.86, df=1, P<0.05; will: P=0.016*10^-5, P<0.001). About 50 percents of students were not active toward the learning by literature. On the other hand, most students who got more than the average mark of evaluation for summary card of literature were active toward the learning (P=0.039, P<0.05). All students answered this learning by literature would be useful for the practice of terminal care.
On the basis of the results obtained, a method of learning by literature for terminal care was discussed.

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In this report, a bacteriological examination was tried on the urine of various patients with durable urethral catheter before and after irrigation of the bladder, and the results were as followed.
1. In almost cases, various kind of bacteria was found in the cathetral urine before irrigation, but they were significantly decreased by vesical irrigation.
2. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and klebsiella pneumoniae were continuously presented in the cathetral urine, in spite of the administration of antibiotics.
3. Morganella and serratia disappeared from cathetral urine after the irrigation in that's fluid including an antibiotics or not. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and klebsiella pneumoniae were still recognized in the cathetral urine after the irrigation with antibiotics. The decreasing ratio of these 2 bacterium was not apparently different in the case of irrigation with antibiotics and without antibiotics.

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Since in 1950, postoperative alopecia has been reported as one of the complication of surgery under general anesthesia. Especially, there are high incidence on the open heart surgery. In order to study on the cause of postoperative alopecia in the patients received open heart surgery, the body pressure of head was observed during operation and 5 types of pillow were compared how to influence for body pressure of head. The examined results were as followed.
1. Average body pressure of head was 27.7 mmHg in the case of Hirodai-type pillow and it was lowest than that of other 4 types pillow.
2. Postoperative skin swelling on occipital region was recognized in 5 cases of 23 patients with open heart surgery. In one of them, alopecia was occurred. The duration of anesthesia and the term of extracorporeal circulation was apparently longer than that of patients without occipital swelling. The difference of temperature between body surface and deep body was also significant in these 5 cases.
3. It may be said that regular exchange of head position (every 30 minutes during hypothermia) is a suitable procedure for protection of postoperative alopecia.

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The purpose of this study is to articulate the concept of wholeness in nursing theory. Ever since the publication of Nightingale's "Note on Nursing", nurses identified their client not as a sum of body organs but as an human being with living body and living mind, as a total being, or as an unified whole. But what does totality of individual mean? What does an unified whole mean? Is wholeness a reality or a phenomenon? How can nurse researchers ascertain it? Levine brought up environment to nursing theory to describe the wholeness of individual and Rogers tried to conceptualize a person as an unified whole in forth dimension. Newman, like Rogers, used time and space concepts to describe the wholeness also. The author considers that time and space are the key concepts to explain and describe the wholeness of an individual. Time and space take shape of "Stream of Life" as an appearance of wholeness when individual interact with his/her environment through activities of daily living to meet his/her basic human needs. Here four symbolic formulations were developed to explain the relationships of time and space, activities of daily living and "Stream of Life."

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