How does alcohol taken once in large amounts effect the fetuses of women who are not aware that they are pregnant? With this question in mind, the following experiments were done on mice to determine the adverse effects of alcohol.
C57BL/6 mice were used. There were divided 4 experimental groups. The E1 group was injected intraperitoneally with a single does of 0.03ml/g of 25% ethanol of body weight on the 4th day, the E2 group on the 6th day, the E3 group on the 8th day, and the E4 group on the 10th day of pregnancy. There were 2 control groups; the S group on the 8th day of pregnancy injected intraperitoneally with a single does of saline, 0.03ml/g of body weight and the other C group which had no treatment.
The mice were sacrificed and observed on the 19th day of gestaion or one day before the expected date of delivery. The E1 group, there were high resorption rate and growth retardation in fetuses but low external malformation rate (5%). The E2 group, resorption rate was the lowest among the experimental groups but with a little high malformation rate (13%), and there were many types of malformations. Growth retardation was not observed.
In both the E3 and E4 groups, we observed severe fetal defects. Resorption, malformation and growth retardation rate were high. In the E3 group, Malformation rate was 18% and many showed caphalic defects. Malformation rate was 21% in the E4 group and limb defects were prominent. In both control groups, external malformation were also observed but only 2% in the S group and 3% in the C group.
We have observed that ethanol caused toxic and teratogenic effects on mouse fetuses. Some types of damage resulted when ethanol was injected before the period of organogenesis (4th to 6th day of pregnancy) which few reports have been made on this study. If we compare mouse pregnancy days to human pregnancy weeks, mouse pregnancy days 4th to 10th day would correspond to the end of the 2nd week to the 6th week in human pregnancy weeks. However, our experimental results can not directly apply to human. Some woman are not aware of their pregnancy at this early stage. It is therefore necessary to advice women who have high possibility of pregnancy to avoid excess intake of alcohol.

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With 106 of healthy youth, body pressure of back side in spine position was monitored with 4 kinds of flexural position (0°, 30°, 45°, 60° of genual angle) of lower limbs and 2 kinds of bed system. These persons were also divided into 3 groups by their body weight ; fatty, standard and thin.
Monitoring point of body pressure was occipital, bilateral scapular, sacral and bilateral calcaneal region. Used monitors were body pressure meter and Φ 8 cm of transducer pads (Teikoku Zoki Co. Ltd.). The results were as follows ;
1) Occipital and scapular pressure were about 20 mmHg, regardless in each conditioning.
2) Sacral and calcaneal pressure were different due to bed system, flexural position of lower limbs and physical type.
3) Sacral pressure was beyond 30mmHg regardless in each conditioning and when the knees were flexed, the pressure increased in 1.2-2.1 times than of extended position.
4) On the physical type, sacral pressure of thin group was usually higher than that of fatty group, regardless in each conditioning. In fatty group, this pressure was lower in case of using spring-mattress on bed than that of cotton mattress (Futon) on Tatami. In the former, sacral pressure was effectivity decreased by supporting of lower limbs with pillow.
5) Calcaneal pressure was below 30mmHg in extended position of lower limbs or flexed knee position supported with pillow. Although, this pressure increased until the level of sacrum without supporting of pillow in the latter.
6) On the physical type, calcaneal pressure of thin group was usually heighest. In fatty group, this pressure was increased in case of spring mattress and it was heigher than that of thin group.
Conclusionally, in the thin group, body pressure was directely influenced by degree of bone projection and thickness of subcutanos fatty tissue, and position of lower limbs. On the other hand, It was considered that body pressure of fatty group was gradually increase by body weight witch bring the bend of lumbosacral region and sink the hip in-to the bed system. So it may be changed by knee position.

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To investigate the charactristics of life pattern of smokers in pregnancy and the effects of maternal smoking on the fetus, 340 pregnant women were examined.
More smokers in pregnancy, belonged to the nuclear family, had the smoker husband, became irritated, experienced the artificial abortion, had poor dietary life and drank alcohol. Babies born from smokers were fewer boys, much low birth weight infants and malformations. In addition, it was demonstrated that the rate of minor smokers was high, and that the pregnant women were not received family's assistance although they knew the effects of passive smoking on the fetus.

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Seventy seven of familial persons of the patients received laparotomy were evaluated of STAI (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) at the day of operation, 1 week after operation and the day of discharge. The relationship between familial background and change of scores of STAI were analysed and corelation between STAI-score and CMI (Corner Medical Index) index was also discussed. The results were as follows;
1) In all cases, the score of state anxiety (STAI-I) was significantly decreased at the time of 1 week after operation and the day of discharge, compared with that of operated day.
2) The score of STAI-I was not significant different between the families diagnosed of normal level and the families had neurotic tendency.
3) In the families of patient with malignant disease, STAI-score on 1 week after operation and discharge was definitely higher than that of families with no malignant disease. Additionally, the degree of decreasing score from operated day to discharged day was a few in the former.
4) In aged family more than 50 years, STAI-I score was not significantly changed during these 3 terms.
5) The score of trait anxiety (STAI-II) was not definetly different on these 3 terms.

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The nursing supervisor for night shift is responsible for making sure nurses to provide appropriate nursing services to secure the patient's safety and comfort, ln this study, sixty-one staff nurses in four wards (two medical and two surgical wards with 60 beds in each) in a university hospital were studied to identify the problems to be on night shift and also self assurance to fulfill their activities.
The conclusion was as following; Generally, problems in night shift are the difficulties in having contact with the residents and the lack of enough number of equipment for emergency. These two items counted almost 60 per-cent of all.
The specificity of the unit in the hospital influenced to the items of problems. As for the self assurance for 27 items of nursing activities, some relationship was observed between experience as nursing profession and knowledge and/or techniques. Neither the leading and evaluation for nursing process nor the coping pattern with emergency has anything to do with the experience.

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