Anemia during pregnancy might endanger the embryo. Generally, it is recommended that pregnant women eat iron-rich liver. However, excessive vitamin A（VA）stores may result from a diet biased toward liver, which might harm the fetus. We examined whether dietary intake of food supplemented with cattle liver has reproductive effects in dams and developmental effects on embryos in the mouse model. Seven groups of mice were given either powdered food or powdered food supplemented with crude liver homogenate at 3 different dosages, the lipophilic component of liver, defatted liver homogenate or VA. It was concluded that VA plays an important role in inducing lethal and teratogenic effects in fetuses whose dams were given powdered foods supplemented with 3 different dosages of crude liver homogenate, the lipophilic component of liver or VA. Dietary therapy that does not recognize possible negative effects of particular foods may not be safe for iron-deficient pregnant women. Although iron is abundant in liver, nutritional guidance with regard to liver can be problematic. Iron can be derived from various dietary sources, such as red meat, green vegetables, etc., and these foods should be recommended for anemia during pregnancy

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The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of various factors on premenstrual and menstrual symptoms among young women. The participants with regular menstrual cycles were 81 nursing students who had medical knowledge and 94 non-medical vocational school students.
Consequently, young women were experiencing gradually worsening symptoms. Less stress, refreshing sleep, no fatigue on awakening, moderate physical activity involved low symptoms. And in the third grade nursing students who had the most medical knowledge, premenstrual and menstrual symptoms were mild. In comparison with non-medical vocational school students, nursing students had sleep deprivation, frequent smoking and drinking. However, they might implement to pay attention to good nutrition and exercise habits for unhealthy surroundings. Non-medical vocational school students couldn't predict the next onset of menses day and they implemented small health behaviors. It was suggested that non-medical vocational school students had only limited knowledge about menstruation and popular health information. These findings indicate that a further investigation is required on the effect of knowledge status and environmental factors on premenstrual and menstrual symptoms.

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This qualitatively and inductively descriptive study aims to shed light on how the oldest-old people who suffer from illness in hospital undergo through the hospitalization and the medical treatment, by depicting scenes of medical treatment such as, nursing care, and their hospital life. I conducted interviews and participant-observer researches to four patients of a bracket of 85 or over and hospitalized in a hospital.
The results show to light four aspects of the patients' experience: they understand the state of their ill health and the medical treatment through their long-familiar physical senses and their experiences; their way of self-determination is "to place themselves in somebody's hands"; their "do-it-myself" life is threatened; but they have the feeling that "They have to survive even though …. " As for helping, it found that nursing "It helps that each oldest-old patient follows an everyday experience, the individual long history gives meaning to the sickness and approved the treatment." "The form of the various self-decisions that it is made by relations with the circumference and individual value isn't missed." "Nurse's and social value aren't pressed so that there may be old age which was rich in the individuality." (193Words)

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In this study we examined the potential benefits of incentive spirometry respiratory training on the ventilatory function of healthy women. Participants did 4 sets of breathing exercises a day, with half the participants doing 10 repetitions per set and the other half doing 30. Each group was further subdivided into training periods of 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 days. The participants’ ventilatory function was measured at the beginning and end of the training period with an electronic spirometer. We found that when pre- and post-training breathing capacity and vital capacity as percent of predicted were compared, a significant increase was seen in both the 10 reps/set/10-day group and the 30 reps/set/10-day group, but that the increase was significantly larger in the 30 reps/set/10-day group. In addition, peak expiratory flow rate for the 30 reps/set/10-day group significantly increased. These results suggest that, for incentive spirometry breathing exercises, more than 10 reps per set are necessary to significantly improve ventilatory function, and that an improvement in breathing capacity does not necessarily require a high frequency of exercises.

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The purpose of this study was to describe distinction of mentoring in nursing, and inspect the influence of mentor on acquisition of professional autonomy in nursing expect managerial staff used "The scale for professional autonomy in nursing"
Registered nurses with clinical experience over 10 years expect managerial staff participated in a questionnaire survey,610 people who had the significant answer were the object of the analysis, 59.3％of them had mentor. The post of the then mentors was that "the nurse expect managerial staff" was 45.9%, "head nurse" was 29.8％, and "chief nurse or associate head nurse" was 18.0%. The state of acquisition of professional autonomy whether they had a mentor or not used "The scale for professional autonomy in nursing" was that as to the concept of professional autonomy as a whole, "the ability to recognize the inner side and to receive" and "the ability to recognize the situation "those were inferior dimension of that, the average of the group had mentor was higher significantly than that of the group didn't have mentor. As to comparison of the state of acquisition of professional autonomy by the post of the then mentors, there weren't significant difference.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the quantity of nursing for adherence in outpatients with cardiometabolic diseases. The method of this study used field observation and document analysis．The quantity of nursing counted places that the nursing collaborated with other medical team per a patient. This study classified it as that one place was one point, and two places separated two points and three points, and three places was four points,and five points was more than four places. This study had performed the research in three hospitals which gave the consent of the ethical committees.
The number of subjects was 721. The mean age was 58.1±10.7 years. The average of treatment period was 67.2 months．The quantity of nursing was 2.6±1.0. The correlation coefficient of Spearman's rho indicated significant correlation of 0.44 between the quantity of nursing and medical cost score per a patient per one day. The work of nursing in outpatient department indicated that the assistance of doctor consultation was approximately 26% and, the assistance of doctor consultation and the nursing that collaborated with other places were approximately 74% of all.

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The objective of the present research was to clarify any characteristics in the ways in which newly graduated nurses engaged patients and was carried out by means of a qualitative induction study in which 18 nurses were given semi-structured interviews 2 years after graduating.
In conclusion, five categories were discerned for characteristics in the ways in which newly graduated nurses engaged patients: Engagement With The Focus Placed On Oneself; Engagement With The Focus Moving To The Patient; Engagement With The Focus On The Patient; Engagement In Which The Care Of The Patient is The Intention; and Engagement As Care.
It was clear that the ways in which the newly graduated nurses engaged patients progressed while they were changing． However, not all of the ways in which the newly graduated nurses engaged patients progressed smoothly, and there was some indication that some of the ways had a potential for stagnation and others for retrogression.
These results are one of the resource materials that illustrate interpersonal relationship skills - of which nurse-patient engagements are an example - and it is thought that they may have an application in the education of newly graduated nurses.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify nursing intervention to derive alternative phonation in laryngectomy patients from the period just prior to undergoing surgery until becoming an outpatient after discharge from hospital. We showed how laryngectomy patients, (all of whom were members of self-help groups (SHG's) in beginner classes for developing esophageal speech skills) tackled aphonia, which meant losing their identities, and showed the reconstruction process of life-style management. We conducted an interview survey of 39 participants in the beginners' class for esophageal speech skill development, and analyzed verbatim records both qualitatively and inductively. We divided the results into 6 categories; "the meaning of aphonia", "effects of aphonia", "need for acquisition of esophageal speech skills", "recognition of the need for voice training", "efforts to acquire esophageal speech skills", and "efforts for daily life". Nurses should support the health states and daily lives of laryngectomy patients and their families, and also provide information about SHG's to patients.

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By simulating the conditions of bed-ridden patients in a biological clean room, the conditions of the airflows that are assumed to occur around patients when horizontal commutation aseptic laminar flow units are operated at an airflow velocity of 0.3 m/s or 0.5 m/s can be investigated. If there are no patients in the room, the airflows have a higher capability to transfer and remove particles at a wind velocity of 0.5 m/s than that at 0.3 m/s. However, if patients are present in the room, the airflows have a lower air exchange rate at a wind velocity of 0.5 m/s than that at 0.3 m/s (p < 0.05). This was because wakes occurred at the downstream side of patients. Therefore, we conducted experiments whose results suggest that the fluctuation in ventilation conditions would be larger because an increase in the wind velocity increases the size of wakes.

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