The purpose of this study was to examine the relaxing effects of warm packs applied to the back (covering mid-back to lumbar region) and to compare this treatment with the immersion of the feet in warm water. Warm foot soaks have been recognized for having overall relaxing effects. This research sought whether a simpler method was as effective for relaxation. Thirty-one female nursing students (N=31) participated in the experiment and were exposed to three trials: (1) warm pack application to the back, (2) warm foot soaks and a (3) control condition. Increase of peripheral skin temperature, increase of peripheral blood flow, and participant responses indicating relaxation resulted from both warm pack application and warm foot soaks. Furthermore, based on changes in the ECG R-R intervals and changes in chest expansion during respirations, the warm packs seemed to increase of the whole body skin temperature without influence upon body. Additionally, participant responses on a questionnaire were reflected these difference of physiological response. Thus, these results suggest that warm pack application is a simpler treatment, and may have much the same relaxing effects as much as warm foot soaks.

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The purpose of this study was to observe of sebaceous thickness, muscle organization and superior gluteal nerve of intramuscular injection in the buttocks, evaluated in 33 buttocks of 18 cadavers, and 64 buttocks of 32 females aged 20-55 years. As appropriate sites for injection site in the buttocks, right and/or left upper quadrant of the buttocks and the site of Clark have been considered. The sebaceous thickness of right and/or left upper quadrant of the buttocks had a significantly thicker than the site of Clark (p<0.001), and 12 right and/or left upper quadrant of the buttocks existed the gluteus maximus muscle directly under the sebaceous thickness. However gluteus medius muscle of site of Clark was thicker than right and/or left upper quadrant of the buttocks (p<0.01). Ten buttocks (30.3%) were observed damage to the superior gluteal nerve when the injection needle prick the top of gluteus minimus muscle on right and/or left upper quadrant of the buttocks. And sciatic nerve was not observed any injury by all cases. There results were suggested that in comparison with the right and/or left upper quadrant of the buttocks, the site of Clark is a safety site of intramuscular injection in the buttocks.

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The purpose of this study, which was conducted prevention knowledge of osteoporosis and relation between bone mineral density and exercising. The candidate for research was the female student around 20 years old. The research period was carried out to from 1999 to 2002. 1) He result was many osteoporosis prevention knowledge was acquired after entrance into a school. but There was an item from which exact knowledge is not acquired. 2) The rate of a correct answer was high, meal "good" group, is compared with a "poor" group, the relation between knowledge and action was checked. 3) Relation between bone mineral density and exercising. The exercising group had the high one-year back compared with the first time. and the amount of change had the high movement group compared with the non-exercising group. 4) As for the kyudo activity for one year, the effect was seen by the increase in lumbar vertebra bone. 5) Compared with the non-exercising group of a calcium a group "sufficient" the lumbar vertebra bone mineral density of a exercising group was high. The relation between exercising and lumbar vertebra bone density was checked.

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The purposes of this study were to clarify verbal and non-verbal communication contents and patterns in nursing students' role-playing, and to examine contents and teaching methods of a nursing practicum program for improving students' communication skill. Ninety six video-recorded role-playing scenes acted by 139 nursing students were analyzed by using Behavior Coding System (DKH, PTS-07) and previous studies coding systems (Ivey, Roter, Hays and Larson, and Saito). The main results were followed : (1) Seventeen verbal and four non-verbal communication occurrences were observed ; (2) Frequently observed communication patterns in the first half of role-playing were "Closed question", "Open question" and "Minimum encouragement", whereas "Advice" and "Personal support" in the latter half; and (3) The duration of "Silence", "Withdraw gaze", and "Irrelevant laughter" increased towards the end of role-playing. These findings indicate that contents of guidance prior to role-playing and psychological aspects of nursing students should be considered when employing role-playing in the initial stage of a communication skill education program.

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The purpose of this study is to describe the relationship between the acknowledgment of psychiatric in-patients as human beings and professional care behavior of psychiatric nurses. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews of twenty-seven nurses who work at five private psychiatric hospitals and analyzed with reference to the mini-ethnographic technique. The results are summarized as follows. Nurses who regard psychiatric in-patients as persons having independent personalities took care of them in a professional manner. On the other hand, nurses who considered a patient as a person under the nurse's control or an object of pity did not show professional care behavior.
The professional care behaviors of nurses were correlated with the nurses' relationships with colleagues and superiors in the hospital, their knowledge of psychiatric nursing and the ability to carry out it practically, and keeping up the extent of values of existence in work organization and self-esteem.
It was concluded that psychiatric nurses used derogatory images of patients to defend themselves from emotional conflict and low self-esteem, and that they chose non professional type of care behavior because they could not practice professional care standards.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the differences of interpersonal behavior with clients between students in a nursing course and students in an educational course. The subjects were 150 students in the nursing course and 212 students in the educational course of one University, Aomori Prefecture, Japan. A projective technique that was composed of a Picture Frustration Test was used in this study. Seventeen interpersonal scenes were shown to the subjects, and the subjects' answers were classified into five levels, from Level 0 to Level 4. The interpersonal behavior score was calculated as the total of the scores of the seventeen scenes. For assessment of the relationship between interpersonal behavior and emotional sympathy, the emotional sympathy scale was used.
Level 2, which was classified as insufficient or role correspondence behavior, had the highest rate among both students in the nursing course and those in the educational course. There was some divergence between the feelings of the clients and those of the subjects, and the subjects understood the clients' feelings only partially. Level 3, controlled correspondence behavior, and level 4, correspondence behavior to promote helping of clients, had higher rates for the students in the nursing course. The score of interpersonal behavior of the students in the nursing course was higher than that of the students in the educational course. The emotional sympathy score of the students in the nursing course was higher than that of those in the educational course. There was no relationship between interpersonal behavior and emotional sympathy in the students in the nursing course.

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The purpose of this research is to document the characteristics of lives as to how seniors with dementia and their spouses live in a rural community, and to gain the overall picture by viewing them as a family unit.
Four couples participating in a community seniors program were interviewed. One member in each couple was in the early stages of dementia. Data from direct observation, as well as data regarding life history of the non-senile spouse was analyzed qualitatively.
Those results showed the seniors with dementia were aware of something wrong with their own perception and they tried to follow theirs habitual ways. Spouses served as both a caregiver and an aging people, and they had differing needs according to their respective roles. While recognizing that there were elements of response, interaction and support in the relationship of the couple with their extended family, and with their community, we found that the salient characteristics of their lives were the marital bond itself, and their considerations for their community.
This study suggests that viewing the overall picture as a family unit and sharing this view among the members of a care team can contribute to improving the quality of their lives.

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This study has clarified the motive for the choice for and the purpose of student entrance into a master course of a nursing graduate school and their relevant factors.
1. Most of the students were single and had worked as a nurse after graduating from a university of nursing.
2. Many of them entered graduate school because they needed to study more.
3. The reply "I had doubts about my work" and "My parents and friends advised me to" were seen significantly a lot in the students 30 years and over and those under 30, respectively.
4. The replies that "I wanted to review nursing care from a wide perspective" and "I had doubts about my work" were seen significantly a lot in the students who had worked as a nurse. The reply that "My parents and friends advised me to" was seen significantly a lot in those who had not.
5. Most of the students who hoped to become a teacher or researcher after getting a master's degree wanted to acquire research capability or go on to a doctoral course. Most of those who hoped to work in clinical nursing fields wanted to deepen their specialized field or get a professional nurse's license.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the selection of communication methods or actual state of communication by patients who underwent laryngectomia in certain hospitals. Of 450 patients were obtained questionnaires by interview or mail.
The relationships of selection of the communication methods they used were surveyed such as Esophageal Speech (ES), Electronics Larynx (EL), Writing Conversation (WC) and Gesture Conversation (GC).
The results revealed significant correlation of ES to EL, WC, GC negatively, whereas WC positively with GC.
The feasibility of ES seems to make reduced usage of other methods. GC as well as WC were however remaining even when ES successfully achieved.
Making voice would not only bring satisfactions to the patient who lost his communicational method, but also enjoy of one's existence on the mental side.

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[in Japanese]

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