To elucidate the factors of successful aging we conducted a survey in middle and advanced age, and analyzed the correlation between occurrence of developmental crisis／situational crisis and subjective well-being rated by Neugarten's Life Satisfaction Index.
The results obtained by multivariate analysis were as follows.
1) The crisis significantly related to subjective well-being were outstanding personal achievement, change in living condition, homecoming, death of spouse, and injury／illness. These were all situational crisis.
The crisis improved subjective well-being were homecoming, outstanding personal achievement, retirement, and promotion in status, while the crisis deteriorated subjective well-being were death of spouse, children's misdeed, discharge, change of occupation, and divorce.
2) In males the crisis significantly related to subjective well-being were homecoming, outstanding personal achievement, death of spouse, change in living condition, and injury／illness. These were all situational crisis.
The crisis improved subjective well-being were homecoming, outstanding personal achievement, promotion in status, and retirement, while the crisis deteriorated subjective well-being were death of spouse, children's misdeed, discharge, change of occupation, and divorce.
While in females, outstanding personal achievement, resignation, change of occupation, restructure of home, and death of spouse were significantly related to subjective well-being.
The crisis improved subjective well-being were outstanding personal achievement, limited divorce and change of occupation, while the crisis deteriorated subjective well-being were divorce, resignation, death of spouse, misdeed of one's children, sexual disorder, troubles with blood relatives, insolvency, and change in the number of arguments with spouse.
The present results revealed that some situational crisis had not only negative effects on subjective well-being but also a few of them had positive effects on subjective well-being.

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Macropathological practice takes a part of foundation course of Nursing, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan. Educational effect of the practice was described after evaluating their reports.
Two main purposes were set for the practice. The first is that the students understand main legions of the cases by observing organs of cases preserved after autopsy. The second is that the students grasp the background of the cases through reading nursing reports.
Five cases with a malignant tumor, four cases with circulatory disturbance and one case with viral hepatitis were used in this practice. The materials of each case were prepared from pathological protocol as well as background sheets of the patients in advance.
The reports from students were summarized as follows:
1.　Over 95％ of the students understood the main lesions of the case.
2.　About 30％ of the students could systematically observe the organs.
3.　About 60％ of the students could relate the main lesions of the cases and the patients' condition in there lifetime.
4.　About 30％ of the students could relate the main lesions of the cases with habits and life styles.
5.　About 30％ of the students could learn the significance of nursing course from this macropathological practice.
The result indicates that this practice provide a good opportunity not only to observe organs but also to help students understand the human response to diseases.

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The purpose of this study is to construct scales to measure leadership of headnurses to their nursing staff.
We put together questionnaire items based on information obtained from their staff about their behavior.
The main results were as follows:
1.　Factor analysis was made as to 124 items obtained from the staff in regard to their behavior. As a result, six factors were found, i. e., "aggressive education/guidance", "respect for staff", "understanding and consideration shown toward patients", aggressive management", "fulfillment of responsibility", and "consideration for interpersonal relations."
2.　A questionnaire comprising 19 items was prepared to measure nursing staff's satisfaction. The questionnaire was distributed to the nursing staff, requesting their responses. As a result of factor analysis, as in the case of their leadership behavior, three factors, i. e., "satisfaction with workplace", "satisfaction with fringe benefit and education" and "satisfaction with work" were found.
3.　To determine the validity of the scales to measure head nurses' leadership behavior, the relationship between their leadership behavior and nursing staff's satisfaction was analyzed, with the result that a strong relationship was found in all the factors about "satisfaction with workplace" and in five of the six factors about "satisfaction with fringe benefit and education," with the only exception of "consideration for interpersonal relations." With regard to "satisfaction with work," no significant relationship with any of the leadership factors was found. As for this third factor, it was probably attributable to the fact that by and large, the scores were high, and they were not easily influenced by the head nurses' behavior.
4.　Also, the relationship of leadership behavior to satisfaction was studied by means of regression analysis. As a result, it was made clear that it was possible to predict nursing staff's satisfaction adequately by head nurses' leadership behavior.
From the above analyses, the validity of the scales we put together in this study for use in measuring head nurses' leadership behavior toward their nursing staff was verified.

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Numbers of previous studies have shown that patients with schizophrenia have mostly poor insight. The poor insight causes a major obstacle in treatment compliance.
However, only a little attention has been paid to the relationship between insight into disease and rehabilitation of the patients. To develop an effective approach to rehabilitation, this study examined the relationship of insight into disease with personality trait, and work ability in mental hospital. The subjects were 65 patients with DSM-III-R diagnoses of schizophrenia, and hospitalized in a mental hospital.
Three phases of Insight into disease and work ability were evaluated by five steps. Personality trait was evaluated by MMPI. The scores of personality trait of patients with insight into disease were higher than those of patients with poor insight in neurotic and psychotic personality trait. Compared with patients with poor insight, patients with insight into disease seemed to be aware of their abnormal personality traits.
Patients with insight into disease also had higher level of work ability than patients with poor insight. These results suggest that the patients with insight into disease need supportive psychotherapy to keep them in work therapy and patients with poor insight require insight-oriented psychotherapy to encourage them to participate in work therapy.

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