The purpose of this study was to investigate how postoperative distal gastrectomy patients evaluate and control their safe food intake volume on their own after discharge, based on their self evaluation and control of their own nutritional status in the hospital.
The subjects were 29 patients who recorded their own food intake volume （increases in weight after the meal）, epigastric feeling, and dumping syndromes. This postoperative observation period was three months. During this period, the subjects recorded the amount of their daily activities using a LifecorderEX. Body weight （BW） and arm muscle circumference were used for self-evaluation of their nutritional state.
We found that subjects adjusted their food intake volume on their own from the transition in their intake volume and the number of meals. Subject's ingestion volume increased gradually. This improved from 43% to 93.8% by the time （13th week） they left the hospital. In addition, their daily activities were increased. After discharge, BW was maintained at 93.6% of the normal, and their arm circumference was 94.6% , virtually the same as at discharge.
Therefore, although the subject's activities increased after discharge, they maintained their nutritional state. We considered this to be the result of their self evaluation and control their food intake volume.

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Purpose: The purpose of the present research was to investigate developmental changes in emotional expression in children.
Subjects: Subjects were 96 children (46 boys and 50 girls) who attended two kindergartens or one elementary school in the Tohoku region. Thirty-one children were 5 years old, 32 children were 6 years old, and 33 children were 7 years old.
Methods: Each child was asked to perform two tasks. In task 1, children were asked to select the correct emotional expression in order to assess their understanding of facial expressions. In task 2, children were asked to make the appropriate facial expressions for emotions that were produced during fictional tales about interpersonal relationships in the kindergartens or elementary school.
Results: Most of the children selected the correct emotional expression during the understanding of facial expression task. In task 2, facial expressions became smaller with the increasing age of the children; however, little difference was observed among the verbal expression abilities of 5-, 6-, and 7-year-old children.
Discussion: These results suggest that cultural factors have an affect on children's emotional display rules. Therefore, we should consider developmental changes in emotional expression during nursing assessments.

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This study examines the promotive conditions and the information processing procedures of the stereotype in the nursing. We experimented with it by arranging the condition of 2（Label of psychiatric department scene）× 2（Cognition load） for 115 people who attended the lectures of the nursing teacher-training course and of the clinical leader course. We requested the response of three perception processes of "Impression of Personality," "Action Forecast of the Stimulating Character," and "Self Active intention to the Stimulating Character." As a result, the condition with a high cognition load formed more impression based on the stereotype than the condition with a law cognition. Moreover, the condition with a high cognition load was controlled the stereotyped perception of the action forecast stimulating character and of self active intention to the stimulating character. Through these results, it was suggested that the possibility of the automatic process of stereotyped judgments and the managed process was caused by the stage when the personal information processing was different to the stereotyped perception in the nursing scene.

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The purpose of the present study was to develop a theory of the speech modification process from the viewpoint of the interaction between patients with tongue cancer with impaired organic articulation/vocalization function and their social environment. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 32 patients with tongue cancer who had had surgery and the data obtained were qualitatively/inductively analyzed. As a result, the speech modification process was presented as a three-stage model based on the differences in social reintegration background: (1)communication achievement stage, (2) speech efficiency/accuracy promotion stage, and (3) speech fluency agreement stage. These stages corresponded to social environments such as the basic environment, peripheral environment, and job environment, and patients made the transition between stages as the human relationships and range of activities in each environment expanded.
These results also suggest that, in the rehabilitation of patients with tongue cancer with dysarthria and dysphonia of organic origin, nursing should follow a speech step model, making allowances for differences in social environment and range of activities.

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The aim of this study was to determine the factors affecting the postoperative mental health of esophagectomised patients. 80 patients (66.3 years old, 59 male and 21 female), survived without recurrence for 12 months or more after curative esophagectomy for cancer, were subjected. Investigation period was from January to May, 2004. The information was obtained by personal interview with GHQ and questionnaire about condition of oral uptake and symptoms. Statistic analysis was performed with logistic analysis using SAS Ver8.2 for Windows. As the results, the mean GHQ score was 5.1. The GHQ score was significantly different between the patients who were complaining condition of the body, loss of physical strength, loss of physical activity, sleeping disturbance, using sleeping pills, appetite loss, or taking long time for each meal than the others, and dysphagia, vomit, feeling choked up with diet, cold symptom, fatigable. These factors were found to relate the mental health.

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The purposes of this study were 1） to determine relative importance of some psychological variables which are assumed to influence the keeping a diet for diabetes, that is, "motivation" "self-efficacy" , "atttitude for a diet" and "behavioral devices for dieting" and 2） to clarify the psychological structure or mechanism leading to dieting. A questionnaie for diet of diabetes were conducted to patients with diabetes attending a hospital. Path analysis indicates that "perceived selfefficacy" was the strongest factor influencing "keeping a diet" , dependent variables, with "behavioral device for diet" being the second. "Attitude for a diet" did not have an direct effect on "keeping a diet" ,but it had very strong effects on "perceived self-efficacy" that is one of motivational factors.Therefore, it seems important to increase self-efficacy in order to promote of a dietary therapy, and to increase self-efficacy it is effective to mold an attitude. In addition, a diet seems to be facilitated also by behavioral devices composed of inhibition and deprivation of stimulus leadindg to eat.

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The purpose of this research is to clarify how Alcoholics Anonymous members who have long been practicing temperance have become aware of their ability to control their temperance. Research participants were 3 male and 3 female alcoholics who had been abstinent for 5 years or more. Participant observations and interviews were conducted and data was analyzed by inductive coding. Three categories and ten sub-categories were found: rule-oriented temperance, constant/repeated vows of abstinence, and a new consciousness emerging from abstinence. The results revealed that these categories influenced each other, while the alcoholics themselves were influenced by people from their environment, e.g. relatives, friends and health care professionals. The first category also indicated that alcoholics with long-term temperance abstained in the early stages successfully by coping with their unstable feelings which were not necessarily related to a feeling of crisis while drinking. The findings suggest that nursing professionals should understand the effects of temperance on alcoholics and consider support they may need.

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The purposes of this study were 1） to determine relative importance of some psychological variables which are assumed to influence the keeping a diet for diabetes, that is, "motivation" "self-efficacy" , "atttitude for a diet" and "behavioral devices for dieting" and 2） to clarify the psychological structure or mechanism leading to dieting. A questionnaie for diet of diabetes were conducted to patients with diabetes attending a hospital. Path analysis indicates that "perceived selfefficacy" was the strongest factor influencing "keeping a diet", dependent variables, with "behavioral device for diet" being the second." Attitude for a diet" did not have an direct effect on "keeping a diet", but it had very strong effects on "perceived self-efficacy" that is one of motivational factors.Therefore, it seems important to increase self-efficacy in order to promote of a dietary therapy, and to increase self-efficacy it is effective to mold an attitude. In addition, a diet seems to be facilitated also by behavioral devices compose of inhibition and deprivation of stimulus leadindg to eat.

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In the present study, the Coping and Needs Scale for Family Assessment in Critical and Emergency care settings (CNSFACE) was used to clarify the characteristics of needs and coping transition for families with members requiring critical care. And I described how strong the factors affect between the needs and coping strategies by using the structural equation modeling. The CNS-FACE was administered between admission and discharge to 211 family members of 194 patients who were admitted to an emergency room or ICU. In terms of chronological shifts in needs and coping strategies, needs for information, proximity and assurance became greater and problem-oriented coping played a more important role with time, while need for emotional support and emotional coping became less relevant with time. In addition, I drew up the structural equation modeling: latent variables were needs on mutual relations with a patient, needs to maintain own stability, problemoriented coping, and emotional coping.

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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