This Study aims to clarify the problem of shrinking specified area by Ordinance 3411 as case study of Saitama Prefecture. As a result, we clarify the following and propose the suitable method to shrink the area. 1) While there are local authorities which widely shrink specified area by Ordinance 3411, there are also local authorities which resist shrinking the area. 2) In Kazo City which did not shrink this area, as the city refused to strengthen the land use regulation once loosened, it defined the management policy more flexible than other local authorities. 3) Since a management policy was not reformed about the area where a disaster risk is high, the effect of shrinking specified area by Ordinance 3411 was restrictive.

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This paper clarifies the factors of the abolition of the designated zone based on 3411ordinance focusing on Sakai City of Osaka prefecture and Kawagoe City of Saitama where development potential are active. The results are as follows: 1) Agricultural land and forest has decreased rapidly and agricultural environment has deteriorated, because sprawl in suburbs has been accelerated. 2) The mixed land use of agricultural area and new housing area cause various neighborhood frictions. 3) The development ratio of urbanization control area in both cities is greater than that of urbanization area after putting 3411ordinance into effect. 4) Especially, 3411ordinance may have caused the decline of the urbanization area in Kawagoe city. The results imply to improve the development permission system in urbanization control area for depopulation throughout the country.

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Many local cities in the depopulation age are trying to shape compact city for keeping sustainable life in urban and rural settlement. This paper examines effects and issues of land use deregulation in urbanization control area from 3 case studies. The results are as follows ; 1) Housing development within 3411 area that is designated broadly and dispersively works to curb outflow of the household, but does not work to vitalize the settlement. 2) Housing development within 3411 area that is designated outer edge of urbanization promotion area in a limited way works to facilitate moving household with small children to the area, but does not work to vitalize the settlements. and 3) For local depopulation cites to vitalize rural settlement, 3411 area should be designated above a certain size in a limited way from the viewpoint of accessibility to trunk road and elementary school.

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This study focuses on three areas from the spatial concept of the Land Use Master Plan. This study spatially clarifies the whole content of three areas by using the spatial data of the Land Use Master Plan. Moreover, we present the cause and problem where three areas are generated. We clarify the following points by this study. The blank area not belonging to any five areas is generated when the area has not filled a designated requirement for the individual regulation act. The other two areas are generated by the adjustment between the individual regulation acts. Based on above, we think that a new frame will be necessary for the Land Use Master Plan.

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This study aims to clarify the problem concerning the designation of the City Planning Area and operation of the Area Division system at the fringe of Suburban Development and Redevelopment Area. We clarify that there is a difference in the population trend at the fringe of Suburban Development and Redevelopment Area, and that there are differences in the recognition and action on the problem to the Area Division system between the population increasing municipalities and decreasing ones. Moreover, we clarify followings. 1) The designation of the Urbanization Promotion Area is difficult in the area where the city planning system based on the policy area is not observed. 2) The factor is resistance of the residents to the Urbanization Control Area.

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This article aims to discuss the factor structure which has shaped the local spatial policy and its operation in 1990-2000s such as local socioeconomics, government finance, politics and the promotion of decentralization. The panel data analysis using local operation of land use regulation and zonings based on City Planning Law as dependent variables suggests that 1) land use regulation have been operated as rational reaction to local policy issues, 2) regulations have depended on the stability of government finance in terms of ensuring tax revenue, 3) some governments have regarded the decentralization as the flexibility in operation, others as the trigger for intergovernmental economic competition, and 4) the orientation of local partisanships and the effect of decentralization to land use regulation have not been constant and determined by local socioeconomics and government finance.

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This study aims to clarify the role of Height-Control-Zone as a means of height restriction in City-Planning Act by analyzing the legal status and designation process of Height-Control-Zone from 1920 to 2010. The results are as follows; (1) Height-Control-Zone was specified as a means of the minimum height restriction for the purpose of forming aesthetic and advanced land use. Then the maximum height restriction for the purpose of conservation of aesthetic and the living environment was added. (2)In the pre-war period specified minimum altitude was intended to be used in front of the station, it began to spread as the maximum height restrictions for the conservation of living environment and landscape since the high-growth period. (3)Though setback-line restrictions were mainly used in 1970s, since 2000 absolute height restrictions were utilized by many municipalities.

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Design composition of frontage of newly-built detached houses was examined to appraise the achievement of design control in Landscape District of historic urban center in Kyoto. Only 15% of them realized the intended frontage following regulations and the conflict between historic context and present life-style result in open frontage. Based on the examination, following will be pointed out: 1)the intention of regulation should be understand in the local context, 2)feature vision of landscape should be shared with understanding of the difference between Machiya and detached house, 3)volume and layout are primary concern of design matter.

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We examined the relative impacts of land use policy on the continuity of agricultural management in the peri-urban area of Osaka city region to determine an appropriate institutional framework for enhancing ecological services of peri-urban agriculture. The study employed GIS analysis for detecting the distribution of farmlands and combined field survey on the management conditions and surrounding land uses of farmlands. We found that the conditions of agricultural management were affected both by land use policy and surrounding land uses. It also became clear that small agricultural plots were likely to be seen in highly urbanized areas. This suggests that it will be necessary to consider self-growing activities by urban citizens as in terms of sustainable management of peri-urban farmlands.

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The objective of this study is to identify the relationship between agricultural activities and daily diets of urban residents. Analyzing data collected from a questionnaire survey in which 1612 residents of Kashiwa city, Chiba prefecture, participated, we derived the following results: (1) the ratio of urban residents who engage in some agricultural activities is about 30%, while that of urban residents who are interested in these activities is about 40%; (2) conducting agricultural activities enhances the quality of urban residents' daily diets by not only providing fresh produce for consumption but also strengthening the residents' social ties; and (3) the positive relationship between agricultural activities and quality of daily diets is confirmed in the case of the elderly, who are particularly careful about their diets. Finally, this study discusses how agricultural activities can aid in solving the ""food desert"" problem in suburban areas in Japan.

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In Germany spatial planning, interaction of spatial plan of states, region and local municipality seems to be well considered and the green networks in different planning levels are also well integrated. In this paper the interaction between Bundesnaturschutzgesetz, Raumordnungsgesetz, Baugesetzbuch and Gesetz ueber die Umweltvertraeglichkeitspruefung is examined and then the concrete connection of greens in different planning levels is considered, by referring to Riem District in City Munich.

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate externality of green covers in the commercial area of city center. For this purpose, hedonic approach by Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) are employed. And, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is used as an index of green cover ratio. This study applies at 3 Wards in Tokyo. The results were as follows. 1) No externality of average NDVI within 500m existed. 2) Positive externality of average NDVI within 2,000m existed and was the most fitting model with OLS analysis. 3) Positive externality of average NDVI within 2,000m in 88.6% of points satisfied with statistically significant at the 5% level existed with GWR analysis.

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To analysis the possibility of community management of greenery landscape formed trees in private properties, a questionnaire survey was done in low rise residential district in the eastern part of Nagoya city, Aichi prefecture. This paper analyzes residents' Willing-to-Pay for maintenance of the green in other properties using CVM, and clarifies the structure of their consciousness with covariance structure analysis. As results, residents' intention to pay for maintenance of them is influenced by the daily experience to take a walk or jog through the greenery district and the feeling benefits of rich greenery landscape. Therefore, if residents could feel more benefits of the greenery landscape even though not daily usage, it would lead to promote to pay for maintenance of them.

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Recently, it is becoming more important to develop a vision for urban greening as the benefits of greenery in an urban area are being recognized. This study, after examining existing condition of greenery, the possibilities of increasing green coverage ratio in an urban commercial district along Hirokoji Street between Sakae and Fushimi in Nagoya City are considered through the studies of several scenarios. The study showed that the green coverage ratio in this area today was 5.9% of which 4.5% accounted for street trees. In addition, it showed that the ratio could be increased to 18.1% through road rearrangement, 26.9% through reconstructing buildings before 1981 using the Comprehensive Design System, and 31.9% through more extensive building reconstruction.

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This research aims to identify indicators which explain the effect of green spaces on air temperature. Firstly, we set up three indicators: green coverage, tree volumes and ground coverage. Secondly, three indicators were digitized by different ranges from measuring point of air temperature at 14 stations in Tokyo's 23 wards. These indicators were then compared with the observed values of air temperature by hour of each month. The following points are clarified. For practical evaluation of heat-reduction effect of green spaces, 1) it is far reliable to divide the features of green spaces into at least two indicators: tree volume and ground coverage, rather than applying ratio of green space; and 2) it should be focused that relation between air temperature and indicators entails seasonal and hourly variations.

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In this study, the cooling effect of urban greenery was analyzed in order to discuss the validity of green cover ratio as an indicator of the environment when the mitigation against urban heat island problem is concerned. Information regarding building form and materials was collected using aerial photographs and field investigations in substantial urban areas. 3D-CAD models were then developed, and the all surface temperature distributions were calculated for the present conditions, and for a condition without any greenery. The difference between two conditions was analyzed referring to the green cover ratio. The result indicated that in the high density urbanized area like Minato, Tokyo, urban greenery didn't necessarily work to improve the thermal condition. Through the study, the needs for other process to evaluate the countermeasure to improve the environment in such areas were revealed.

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This study aims to clarify the physical and perceptional difference of elderly people in shopping behaviors for groceries compared to the non-elderly, which has been a social issue as a food desert problem. To investigate the influence of shopping environment such as distance to stores, comparative analysis between areas in which retails are declining and between neighborhood districts is presented. Our results show following results. (i) The frequency of shopping by walk depends on the age and density of stores. (ii) The trip of elderly people turned to be, in general, more sensitive to distance compared to non-elderly people, however, in case of trips by walk, non-elderly people choose closer stores even though they can travel further than the elders. (iii) The awareness of inconveniency increases sharply from 15minutes of travel time for elderly people.

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This study presents a new survey and modeling approach for the health-promotion urban planning and management. First, a comprehensive health behavior survey, consisting of health-related QOL indicators with physical, mental and social aspects, and their influencing factors (i.e., daily life habits, health activities, and travel behavior, etc.), is first proposed. Next, a two-stage modeling approach based on a decision tree approach and a structural equation model is developed. A web-based survey was conducted to residents living in Japanese cities in 2010 and 1,172 valid samples were collected. A cause-effect analysis of health-related QOL is empirically examined. It is confirmed that realizing compact cities with residence, city hall, education facilities, hospitals and/or parks, and public transportation systems in the centers (urban structures are different between megacities and other cities) is effective to the health promotion.

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As long as with the rapid increase in elderly people, a lot of laws and policies on welfare for elderly are enacted by Japanese government in order to improve nursing-care services, such as issuing insurance law, building health care facilities, etc. In this paper, basing on the elderly people's demand on visiting community-based care facilities, especially day-care centers (hereafter, DC centers), an agent-based model is developed in order to specify number of DC centers that should be built and to simulate the locations of these DC centers from 2000 to 2010. Moreover, behaviors of agents for making decisions on choosing suitable locations for DC centers, choosing DC centers to visit, etc are simulated. Besides that, this paper also represented the predictions on number of DC centers and their locations and the number of elderly people who want to visit DC centers in 2030.

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As Wilson's model insisted, the spatial distribution of commercial areas can make a drastic change when particular conditions meet-Phase Transition may be the term to signify such phenomenon. In this paper, we generalize this model and construct a model based on spatial-interaction consisting land values, which are important parameters that explain aspects of the city. Therefore, we first analyze the relationship between land values and dynamics of commercial areas. Then, we propose an agent-based model consisting effects of land values, which are set as parameters of the simulation, to examine consequences of different variables. Moreover, we compare our model with those do not include land values by analyzing distributions of commercial areas in special wards of Tokyo.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze shopping behavior in household types, that are distinguished by the place of residence and the family structure. We simulate the shopping behaviour of households using micro simulation. The simulation model has the shopping consciousness parameters, which are estimated using socio-economic data. Genetic algorithm(GA) is used for estimating the parameters. As factors to explain shopping conciousness, the distance and shop space are used. As a result, the model we propose in this study can reduce the reproductive error by a conventional model in which household types are not considered. Moreover, the model suggests that the distance sensitivity is caused by the differences of the family structure, and the shop space sensitivity is caused by the differences of the residence.

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This study analyzes the process of retail clustering in residential areas. Though retail stores and restaurants are indispensable in residential areas, their excessive clustering often causes environmental problems. To prevent unexpected clustering, this paper traces the whole process of retail clustering by using detail spatial data and GIS. The study revealed that both spatial expansion and density increase proceed simultaneously in retail clustering. The former starts from small shopping areas into residential areas. The density of retail shops rapidly increases at an early stage, and reaches at an upper limit because it is accompanied by an increase in rent price. The study also found that more detailed regional plan and zoning system is necessary to prevent the undesirable retail clustering.

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The Sanriku Coast was devastated by a tsunami from the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011, totally destroying the fishery facilities. For fishery reconstruction, we must consider not only the fishing fleets and ports, but also the entire supply chain: processing plants, refrigeration facilities and fish markets. In this study, we perform a model-based analysis of the optimal location of processing and distribution facilities along the Sanriku Coast, from a wide perspective. Based on the p-median and p-center problems, which constitute representative examples of the facilities location problem, we analyze the optimal location and its allocation of each facility and evaluate its process using sequential location model.

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The paper proposes a new exploratory method of analyzing the relations among distributions of spatial objects. One of the advantages of the method is its wide applicability. It has been shown that at least five different types of spatial objects can be handled with. Using a computational algorithm, the method detects local clusters of objects representing object distributions by which the distributions are classified. The topological relations among the distributions is visualized by a graph representation. The graph permits us to grasp the whole picture of topological relations as well as provides an intuitive means of classifying the distributions. The representativeness of clusters is evaluated by numerical measures at both individual and the entire basis. A discretization scheme is introduced to improve the efficiency of the algorithm.

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This study aims to make clear the various values brought by the resurrected local railway through the consciousness of the residents as a part of ex post facto evaluation. The main results are as follows: 1) Regardless of the use, many residents around the stations are recognizing the railway's various values including non-use values. 2) The total railway value recognition by residents is influenced by not only the use values but also the non-use values such as existence value. That is to say, the railway has the effect of possibility to use. Therefore, 3) the present amount of public fund (tax) expended to the railway as a financial assistance is almost accepted by residents as an appropriate one.

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Today, the operation of the local railway is threatened due to aging society with fewer children and motorization. This study focuses on "Tarumi railway" which is located in west Gifu prefecture, and aims to discuss the attitude formation toward financial support for conserving local railway by using questionnaire survey to wayside residents. As a result of analysis, it revealed that the attitude formation is composed of the evaluation about cost-cutting efforts, city planning and railway measure, mobility and travel mode, and altruistic/ cooperative behavior. Therefore, it is important to discuss the theme after sharing the data of railway measure the objective data of cost and benefit.

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This study aims to analyze truckers views on actual conditions of partnerships with shippers on basis of questionnaire survey to truckers conducted by the authors. In this study, we revealed that truckers have different views on conditions for the establishment of partnerships with shippers, which can be measured by four levels of the closeness of the relationship with shippers. Then, the result of covariance structure analysis suggested that shippers' appraisals of truckers have influence on the closeness of the relationship between shippers and truckers, and the closer relationship also contribute to make it easier for both of them to carry out collaborative projects.

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This paper analyzes the cost-benefit structure and the feasibility of a shopping center cooperative bus service, and compares it to substituting it by a courtesy bus scheme chartered by the center itself. A detailed cost-benefit analysis for a shopping center in Misato city was conducted to prove that the cooperation between the shopping center and the bus company is successfully beneficial for the shopping center. Using the survey data in Misato city, this paper shows that the cooperation produced high level of service that increased the bus ridership of residents around the bus route. Finally by discussing the decision making mechanism of a cooperative bus scheme, this study concludes that cooperation is not necessarily easy to achieve, and that coordination with other actors is important.

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This paper aims to identify issues on BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) introduction at large and middle sized cities in developing countries, where higher demand must be carried in spite of poor funding. Advanced cases such as Curitiba, Bogota and Jakarta are compared based on the framework of performance indicators and design requirements of BRT systems. The authors clarified that 1) BRT infrastructure is indispensable, 2) operation must be well taken into consideration in order that performance indicators provide acceptable values, 3) information and communication technique must be cost-effective especially as an initial investment, and 4)human resource issues should be highlighted more as it can contribute to most of indicators.

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This paper deals with the relationship between attributes and values of individuals, which can be considered as observed variables of one's life-style, and future residential preference, which consists of the intention to change residential location and the desired residential location by 20 years later, of residents in Tokyo metropolitan region. It clarifies significant life-style factors relevant to future residential preference, through conducting cross tabulation analyses and building models to explain it. Results suggest that: (1) the relevant life-style factors include monthly car use frequency, the degree of emphasis on railway services in choosing one's new residence, the type of present/future residence, and so on; (2) the relevant life-style factors and the relationship with future residential preferences differ with one's present residential location.

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Merapi Volcano eruption disaster in 2010, damages caused very large area by the eruption; therefore a number of POSKOs were established and managed in each area by independently, hence it was difficult to manage the POSKOs. In the other hand, Jalin Merapi had managed the POSKOs by utilizing Internet services. This paper aims to aggregate information on damages and supports, and then based on Jalin Merapi's activity on supporting POSKO management, then to clarify how the support of POSKO management had been made. As a result, Jalin Merapi had been continue activities since 2006. In 2010, Jalin Merapi formed a partnership with 20 staffs and 2,000 volunteers and established 11 POSKO JM between JM to each local POSKOs to combine support and information.

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The aim of this study is to know the actual conditions of the community support in the public temporary housing estates in Sumita and to clarify the residents' awareness of the activities. We analyzed the diaries of Kasetsu-supporting Network's members' activities and conducted questionnarie surveysto the residents. The results are as follows. The community support activities are carried out in the members' cooperation and the quality of the support has changed for nine month. The residents and evaluate the interaction of each other and support members and participate the activities as a recreation. And older residents participate these activities more than younger ones.

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The East Japan Earthquake, occurred in 2011, brought about the massive tsunami damage, and many people in tsunami hit areas had lost their houses. As a result, those people were forced to live in temporary housing. However, due to the largeness of the disaster, provided temporary housing were poor, let alone its living environment. Meanwhile, the way of entering temporary housing was by a lot, and residents had to make a new community. To improve those environmental and social disadvantages, we developed checking-up activity of living environment and carried out in fact in Ohtsuchi-cho, Iwate Prefecture. In this paper, we explored the significance of checking-up activity that it can improve enviromental disadvantages corresponding to each unique situation, and furthermore, that it can strengrhen community bond.

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Voluntary associations are recognized to play an important role to form place attachment and quality of life. However most studies about civil society have been focused on independent voluntary associations and less respect has been paid to the role of traditional neighborhood associations, a community network for mutual assistance, and volunteers serving for local safety and welfare cooperating. This paper examines the state of neighborhood associations as a member of civil society and place attachment generator. Also it presents the notion of important role of neighborhood associations to form high quality of lives.

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This paper aims to figure out revelation of improvement by local residents and to investigate revisions of district plans in aging planned residential neighborhoods in suburbs of Tokyo. The paper focus on revisions of district plans because of new residents needs and new use of space by local residents such as salon for neighborhoods. By analyze data and interview surveys to heads of resident organization in the case study districts, the paper's findings are as follows 1) it is important to understand relationships with improvement by local residents in the change of district plans. 2)result of case study, it is important to revisions of wide areas and includes of operational management.

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For developing a sustainable low carbon society, the high penetration of photovoltaic power generation system (PVS) into a suburban detached house is expected. This paper evaluates the substantial energy conservation effect of PVS installed in suburban detached house, taking into account the difference in both the residential and transport energy consumption by inhabitation area. As a result, because of less frequent vehicle use, the installation of PVS for the household with small number of family members would contribute to the reduction in the primary energy consumption of suburban inhabitation compared with the urban inhabitation without PVS. The substantial energy conservation effect of PVS would be increased with the diffusion of high efficiency vehicle which reduces the difference in transportation energy consumption between urban and suburban inhabitation.

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Recently, the centers of Japanese local cities have implemented for improvement and vitalization in city centers, and pedestrians' rambling activities are one of important keywords in a row. Continued from the previous study, "The Visualization and Quantification of the Performance for Pedestrian Rambling in City Center -Case Study of Oita City and Nagasaki City," this research has developed the index of the performance that accelerates pedestrians' rambling activities, and evaluated the actual city structures of 5 cities in Kyushu. The obtained data was comparatively evaluated, and finally the characteristics and problems which each city has were revealed and visualized on the City Center Karte Map.

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The bicycle taxi has recently attracted considerable attention as an eco-friendly transportation system. The purpose of this study is to clarify the possibilities of bicycle taxi as a dairy transportation from the residential area to the city center, where revitalization is the most significant problems. First, the characteristic and the management system are pointed out through the comparison study between Japan and Europe. Then, the needs for the dairy transportation are identified after the questionnaire survey for residents living in the sloped residential area in Kitakyushu City. After that, the intentions for the offers of advertisement are identified after the questionnaire survey for the companies. Finally, to earn the continuation advertisement income, to make a coordination management system between different sectors, to make an eco-friendly image strategy is significant to make a sustainable management of bicycle taxi service.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the intention of the growth pole strategy as basic principles of the first comprehensive national development plan in 1962 what is called "Zenso" by analysis of discourse of some bureaucrats who developed the strategy. The strategy is not industrial development. Although the bureaucrats were at the mercy of political situation, they created the strategy by adopting Western ideas in economics and profound discussion with Japanese young researchers. After the cabinet approval of the "Zenso", the bureaucrats found the goal of the strategy as creating cities in underdeveloped area. They worked toward concretization and legislation for creating cities, but the political situation did not allow them.

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The purpose of this paper is to realize of the feature and subject of management of transnational regional network through the experience in Alpine Pearls which is an association for the promotion of sustainable tourism and ecological transportation systems. This study reveals that the key points for good management are; (1) Setting up the clear concept and goal, and share it with stakeholders. (2) Working in a wide range of areas. (3) Effective strategy of marketing. (4) Partnership with diversified bodies. However, further discussion needed 1) actual condition of reducing the environmental load and 2) cooperative structure in local level.

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In this research, the sightseeing characteristic was found out using tourism statistics for the district minor city, and the central city area was analyzed. It compared and analyzed about eight cities which submitted the city center activation master plan in the object city, and analyzed in detail for Beppu. When analyzed using the index of the daytime population and retail sales volume, it became clear that dropping in trip tourist city-suburbs type is decreasing most. About evaluation of the city-center-revitalization master plan, all the 8 cities have hung up the increase in pedestrian traffic and seven cities does the increase in residential population, and it became clear that commercial activation gets a majority of all the business rates about the business purpose. The construction business of the private sector subject became clear that the business suffered a setback without attaching subsidies in Beppu.

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The sustainable unrban improvement project in historical district needs some ripple effects of machidukuri projects. And it should not be only physical improvement but also local cultural industrial activity with local actors. In case of historical town of Esashi, various kinds of machidukuri projects started by local actores after the conservation and regeneration project of traditional buildings and townscape, named "Rekisi wo ikasu machidukuri" project. We clarified this strategic programs of some machidukuri projects breed from "Rekisi wo ikasu machidukuri" project. And we made sure that the quality of physical space which regenerated by the project had effected to the regional management.

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This paper deals with low carbon development policies in England, and attempts to clarify how planning can introduce decentralised energy network and connections of new developments for carbon emission reductions. We firstly review national, regional and local policies, followed by a case study in London. From the analysis, energy hierarchy: Lean Clean and Green, is clearly decided at the regional level, and it is highly affected local planning policies and development controls. However, detailed policies, such as connection to the CHP plant, especially distance from CHP plant are only limited local authorities decided. As a consequence, planning policy making tools and energy specialist assistance are highly worked for low carbon planning policy making. Also funding mechanism, grant for CHP plant and networking pipes and S.106 money contribution are important to introduce decentralised energy networks.

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This study clarifies actual condition and problem of land use control in urbanization control area of Hamamatsu city, focussing on Special District for Housing Development (SDHD) near urbanization areas as an original system. Hamamatsu municipality has recomposed land use management of urbanization control area after municipality's consolidation of 2005 and the special district was one of those policies. Municipality designated SDHD in infrastructure improved areas like agricultural land readjustment. After implementation, housing developments have been concentrated in SDHDs but those in other urbanization control area have decreased. An average square measure of housing sites has reduced and housing developments have been mixed among farm area and so, both environment of residential and farm have been deteriorated.

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This paper studies operational actual conditions and problems of the Development Permission Ordinances based on Article 34-12 of City Planning Law analyzing data from the questionnaire survey and interviews to local governments utilizing such ordinances. As a result of this study, both studied examples utilize the system positively and control developments according to the local actual situations although the designated area should be limited and permitted development types also confined considering necessary public facilities construction. In addition, the prefecture should positively establish development regulations by introducing the ordinance in order to reduce differences between adjacent municipalities in the prefecture.

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The purpose of this study is to reveal the problem and actual condition for regulation of Article 39 of the Building Standards Law. Through this study, we revealed that local governments are often use Article 39 of the Building Standards Law because the Article 39 has an advantage of River Improvement Project for country. We found out some knowledge of controlling Land Use by ordinance as follows, from the survey of Miyazaki, the ordinance has almost no affect on land use and flood control at moment. In conclusion, system has almost no been used, the present. However, for example, we think that it is possible to enhance the resistance to a flood if the ordinance controls regulations and auxiliary properly by reference to the elevation.

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There are some studies focusing on community empowerment, which is regarded as the abilities in managing and/or controlling community lives, but most of these researches only explain its functions rather vaguely. In this paper, we first define community empowerment as the ability of dealing with public goods problems, reviewing "The Goal/Expectation Hypothesis" to grasp the effects of trust and civic networks on collective dilemma in the community. Secondary, we conduct a survey to analyze the relation between trust, civic networks and cooperative behavior. As the result, we can find out that civic networks (esp. neighborhood networks) gives some impacts on trust, and trust promotes citizen's cooperative behavior. This study gives some important suggestions for community management to enrich community empowerment.

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In public activities, cases that are difficult to manage solely within local areas have been increasing recently. Therefore, inter-regional civic assistance is expected. We examined the Great East Japan Earthquake as a case study. Individual characteristics of people who took part in assistance activities were revealed through an internet survey. Furthermore, the current status was analyzed statistically for the first time by particularly addressing their characteristics such as their daily activities and social capital awareness. Results of factor analysis of participation confirmed that inter-regional assistance is greatly influenced by the participants' circumstances, such as their distance from the region to be assisted and relationships with daily local assistance. Especially, results suggest that promoting daily local activities engenders promotion of assistance activities for other regions.

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The objective of the study is to clarify a structure of how interests were adjusted to determine the policies and what kind of factors worked to progress the approaches favorably as well by taking up approaches as objective to maintain and vitalize endangered public transportation services based on inter-municipal cooperation. As the conclusion, we have suggested by using "Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies" model of J. W. Kingdon that public transportation policies are determined and put into practice only when three flows are joined together; i.e. a) a flow of sharing of problem consciousness between multiple municipalities, b) a flow of planning of measures and policies and c) a political flow of broad inter-municipal cooperation and public transportation.

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The purpose of this study is to realize the extent of responsibilities and authorities delegated to local community groups which are committed to managing public space. The results are as follows: 1. 20percent of groups have stewarded public spaces such as park, river, road and public facilities, some which were constructed or improved by themselves. 2. The 5 developed groups have been vested wide authorities in stewarding activities by local government, apart from getting minimum permission and so on. 3. They haven't only had the arrangement on risk management with Local government but no accident because of usual delicate attention to possible risks. 4. To giving publicness to activities, they have thought a great deal of the neighborhood and local needs.

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