The purpose of this study is to quantify storage of atmospheric CO2 by trees in Public Parks, to predict future sequestration potential through planting and growth, and to suggest Parks and Open Space planning to arrest Global warming. The results as follows; 1) Trees density in 44 study urban parks averaged 251 trees/ha and ranged 100 trees/ha. 2) Tree carbon store par ha by trees averaged 16,988 kg/ha and ranged from 1420 kg/ha to 69,627 kg/ha.

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This study is about effective form and scale of open space to relieve the urban climate by analyzing Landsat TM data. The results of our study shows; 1) Water area and paddy area is the most effective factor of open space which can reduce the temperature of urban area. 2) In green-belt, it needs at least the width 100m of green belt to reduce the temperature of urban area. 3) The cooling effect of river covers about 200m width region from the edge of river. 4) To reduce the temperature of urban areas, it needs at least 1ha scale of open space. 5) After having analyzed the 120m, 240m, 360m, 480m, 600m, 720m, and 840m mesh date, we found less than 240m mesh date the most effective to reduce not only the temperature of itself but also the temperature of neighboring areas.

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In this paper, we investigated into form of land using in the space of under the elevated railroad from the age and structure of adjoin space points of view in Tokyo metropolitan area. As a result, the following points made clear: 1) From of land use in the space of under the elevated railroad changed building spaces to open spaces in recent years because of increasing the park, the car park and the cycle park. Besides, the use of public facilities is on the increase because of the project of sequence crossing with on over pass or under pass. 2) The open spaces are tend to have less ways to access. And open spaces are tend to be surrounded by uncommunicative spaces.

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The purpose of this study is to explain the value of the environment created by the development of artificial beach by using conjoint analysis of evaluating multiple attributes. As a result, the following has been understood. 1) The citizens hope to straighten the living thing environment from the recreation environment. 2) If the content of the policy is good even if the amount of money borne is a lot of, the citizens allow. So, as for the creation of an artificial beach in the future, cost is spent and it is however preferable to straighten the enhancement of the living thing.

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The purpose of this article is to consider and clarify the junior-high school student's participation into the making process of city general plan. We have the listening workshop with students of Inba Village, Chiba Pref., and distribute the questionnaire to them a week after. Their opinions and answers are analyzed in several measures. As results, below are clarified. 1. Participation to the process makes students think broader on the issues of their own town. 2. It also promotes communication with their parents. 3. This communication lead to the image alteration on their town and interest of town's future.

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The paper aims to clarify the lingering ways of literary reminiscence in present Tokyo. Main findings are as follows: 1) Lingering ways of those literary reminiscences were classified into three points of view, 9 items, and 108 sub-items. 2) From the combination of statues of those points of view, three main patterns of lingering ways can be extracted. 3) There exist little reminiscences in central business area, while many reminiscences remain in the downtown and suburban area, which leads some planning suggestions. 4) Literary reminiscences tend to situate in writer's daily life zone or the stage of the literature, and sometimes situate concentrated in suburban area.

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In this research we consider the riverside landscape of the culturally refined and mature late Edo period and elicit the rules of design employed in traditional riverside city. From famous period portraits ("Edo-meicho-zue" and "kirie-zu" etc), we obtained 92 examples comprising 55 locations of riverside shapes. We categorized them according to such features as location, type of river, land use, and their surrounding architecture. We furthermore analyzed the spatial relationship between these shapes. In conclusion, we found some design principles of the riverside shapes, and also propose some practical design methods.

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This study aims to clarify the spatial characteristics of the territory of Japanese Castle-Towns which are placed in the open fields. The comfortable environment of the Castle-towns is made possible by having good relationship with the topographical surroundings such as mountains and rivers. From the analysis of the spatial characteristics of the territory, we obtained the following conclusions; (a) The Castle-Towns which are placed in the open fields tend to place near the mountains. (b) The Castle-towns which don't have the mountains in all directions of the territory tend to have the rivers, and the rivers exist in the direction where is no mountain. (c) The Castle-town which have no mountain in the territory tend to place near the rivers, and they tend to have more rivers than the Castle-towns which have the mountains in any direction of the territory.

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The purpose of his article is to clarify the problem on the landscape-management at historical landscape in Asuka village, Nara pref. Conclusions are below: (1) The main methods of landscape-management is to maintain economic activities which is agriculture and forestry. (2) The aim of projects about public owned land is to promote the development of sightseeing. (3) The main problems are to be left the landscape to run wild, and to be insufficient of the torchbearers. (4) Residents' perception shows that they recognize the regional-landscape honor and want the understandings and supports of all the people. To create the better landscape-management, it is significant to experiment the new methods and to prepare the total landscape planning and involve both residents' and many people's participation.

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The purpose of this study is to make clear the existing conditions of children's nature experience in kindergarten. The questionnaire was distributed to the directors of kindergarten in Tokyo Metropolitan Area for this study. The contents of questionnaire are the landscape elements in site of kindergarten, the existing conditions of children's nature experience and the director's opinion, etc. It is concluded that it was necessary to design various landscape elements in site of kindergarten, to use parks and open spaces in the neighborhood, and to make partnership between teachers and parents for promotion of children's nature experience.

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This study considers anxiety to crime as one possible factor in choice activity of parks. The objective is to understand the importance of several factors based on users' perception and show that anxiety to crime is important in choosing parks. The subject of the study is the community park and AHP is used in the analysis. Results verified that anxiety to crime influences the user's choice of parks. Also, the Logit model made in this study showed that number of users increases with the decrease of anxiety to crime.

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In the less favored area, the fragility of public traffic caused decline of regional vitality. As the traffic means in such an area, the private car is a main traffic. This study examines about the increase measures of railway user and the activation measures of area along a railway practicing. As the measure, 26 items are adopted, and it examines by three kinds of evaluation technique which are the ten rating evaluation method, the concordance analysis and the DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) method.

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Now, there is a dispute about the Movement of Capital Function in Japan. I tried to evaluate the benefit of the Movement of Capital Function and compare it with the cost of that. The method of the cost-benefit analysis I used is Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), which is often used to evaluate the environmental valuation. I made a survey sheet considering reduction of biases, conducted a questionnaire survey of officials. The method to analyze the data is the survival analysis. As a result of this, it has been made clear that, if the organs which will be moved are reduced by the administrative reform, the respondents find the benefit of the Movement according to its cost. However, there are problems about the method of survey, for example the sampling.

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The development of nation-wide rapid transport systems, providing the increased human contact possibilities among cities, many change the topology of economic geography of city systems. In the long-run, their existence regulates growth rates of city economies, and turns to further reinforce the structural change of the systems. In this paper, benefit calculation methods are presented to assess the long-run impacts of the rapid transport systems upon economic geography. This paper illustrates some simulation experiments to show how the impacts of network improvement appear in the long-run.

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In order to exchange knowledge and information for business activities, firms employ face-to-face contacts and telecommunication, considering cost effectiveness of each medium. This paper proposes gravity models of inter-prefectural business trips and telephone calls flow (frequency and cumulative time), considering cross price elasticity between the two media. In order to eliminate the bias due to "map pattern problem", destination competitive effect is extracted from telephone flow pattern. In result, the relation between face-to-face contacts and telecommunications does not show simple complementality or substitutability, because the cross price elasticities are asymmetric.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the characteristics of local town area, and to propose the course of improvement. For this purpose, we approach from the change of population structure and the concentration of industry. There are five types which are obtained from this analysis of the change of population structure. On the classification, there are various differences in the change of population structure and concentration of industry. So central cities have different function on each types. As a course of improvement, we propose that it should improve corresponding to the classification.

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This study aims to examine the possibility that local airport terminals become the place of the bustle in city, and that airport terminals are constructed by using private actuation. As a result, the following findings were obtained. 1) Suitability of amalgamation of airport terminal and facilities that create bustle depends on distance relation between airport and city in surrounding. 2) If the terminal facilities are introduced as tenant in compound commercial facilities of private possession such as shopping center, terminal construction and management in the use of private actuation have a possibility approving the profit as a business.

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In recent years, the increase of CO2 pollutions is causing the Green House Effect in the global scale. But in Japan, the energy consumption is predicted to increase in quite a high pace. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect when the co-generation system is used in a district scale. To analyze the effect, we picked up some districts in Tokyo 23 wards. Then, we calculate the energy consumption of various energy supply systems of each district with 'C-PLAN'. The result is that the co-generation system will decrease the energy consumption also in residential districts, and there is much relation between the effect level and the land use pattern of a district. Especially, in Udagawa-cho and Mukoujima-1-chome, where the land use is mixed, the normal co-generation system will get a good result.

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Due to the Asian financial and economic crisis started in the mid of 1997, its economy turned out to be stagnating and the construction boom seemed to cease. However, there are still many urban problems such as traffic congestion, serious air and water pollution and poor living environment. We investigated how the urban structure have evolved for the last decade in terms of commercial and business agglomerate changes in planned subcenter areas of the last comprehensive plans for the Metropolis. It moves toward the multicentric formation but desperately needs a growth management polity.

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This paper describes about sub centers in the officially designated cities in Japan. The purpose of his paper is to consider the construction of a urban sub-center from the following two view points; one is the policies proposed by the officially designated cities and the other the actual states of them. To make it clear, we examined the contents of policies of each officially designated city and the actual conditions by using of the indices of them. Consequently, we acquired some knowledges about urban sub-centers. Firstly, the aspects of sub centers are various. Some of them have same scales or roles as centers. On the other hand, some are on the planning stages expected their developments in the future. Secondly, the policies about the constructions of sub centers have many similarities each other. However, they have less characteristics or uniqueness than those of centers. Based on this knowledge, we listed up some problems for the study of the future.

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This report tries to research on comparision of assembling faculty of the amusement facilities. Recently an urban complex system is needed to study the cost and benefit analysys. Many dome type facilities are increasing in Japan to animate and activate the rural cities. And it si becoming important to evaluate the attraction degree or impact of these facilities. So this report tries to compare the amusement facilities and it's activity. To research on amusement facilities we put importance on following 3 aspects. 1) Research on comparison of attraction faculty of amusement facilities. 2) Method of measuring the assemblong element. 3) Research on environmental and economical influence of amusement facilities.

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The Land Readjustment Project has played a major role in newly urbanizing area in Japan. This paper studies the design standards for this Project and their changes comparing standards that have been revised several times. Main components of design standards are land use, lots, blocks, streets and parks. This paper also studies the project's application in Kanazawa City by comparing planning maps for the Land Readjustment Project with maps indicating actual land use.

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Since amendment of the Agricultural Land Act in 1991, agricultural lands in specified urban areas are divided into two kinds, agricultural land for conservation or a residential land use. In this paper, I investigated a state of allotment gardens in some of these urban areas focused on whether these are specified or not by the Agricultural Land Act and some Acts to start an allotment garden. And then, I clarified these differences of potentials for residential land and farmer's economic condition among them.

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This paper suggests possibility of acceptable distance for public facility sharing among adjacent municipalities. The results of questionnaires issued to municipalities running cooperative facilities all over the country and municipalities in the Yamanashi prefecture were estimated through principal component analysis and gravity model. One result shows that cooperative facilities run by plural municipalities are very accessible to visitors within about 20 kilometers. The other results shows that some municipalities have their own cultural, medical, educational and recreational facilities but in general a half of these facilities are well functioned and the other half are poorly functioned. It is concluded that promoting mutual cooperation between municipalities with better cultural and recreational facilities and those with better medical and education ones is expected.

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This paper aims to clarify the characteristics of street-names by their origins and naming processes, and to clarify the interaction between street-name and images and features of streets. Findings are mainly as follows. 1) The origins of street-names in present Tokyo are grouped into 5 main types and 34 sub types. The street-names are grouped into 78 types by their combination of their origins. 2) The origins of popular street-names used habitually are mostly concrete substances, which exist on the street. On the other hand, those of names newly named by municipality are more abstract than popular names. 3) street-names can cause a suitable transfiguration of images and features of streets for their meanings.

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In order for the housing development in developing countries become sustainable, understanding the needs of residents for the housing projects and finding the way of planning system based on them are inevitable subjects. Although significance of market oriented approach and participatory approach have been recognized in these countries, little is examined about how these approaches should be unified in physical planning phases. This paper firstly shows the results of the interview survey conducted in Metro Manila by contingent valuation method. Secondly, the preference for the housing projects is clearly shown according to the characteristics of the households. In conclusion, the author proposed the measures to meet their needs and to utilize the market function.

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"Originating Organizations" support residents' organizations to upgrade their community by themselves. It is important that each person can live in the most comfortable living environment. Studying cases of the philippines, the author realized that "Originating Organization" can be common role in Asian Community Centered Upgradings. Originating organizations support 1. The community to be aware of their environment constatly, 2. originating organizations just support communities on organizaing the community or accessing to informations so that people feel that "we made our own community", and for that 3. the government should prepare system to activate community and originating organizations.

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This paper introduces the "Comprehensive Transportation Plan in the Municipality of Managua in the Republic of Nicaragua" conducted in 1998 by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) with an emphasis on the interaction between land use and transportation planning. In the JICA Study, land use plan was explicitly formulated after a quantitative comparison of several alternative scenarios of urban development in terms of road traffic volume and investment cost for transportation infrastructure and urban redevelopment.

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This paper aims to develop travel behavior data collecting system using GPS (Global Positioning System) and PHS (Personal Handyphone System) and to examine the systems' applicability for travel survey for people. The detailed travel behavior data would be very useful to evaluate the effects of TDM strategies and ITS technologies. We developed travel behavior data collecting system using GPS and PHS, and collected spatio-temporal data of car trip using GPS system and person trip using PHS system. For GPS data, we gave examples of day-to-day variability analysis of travel distance, time, velocity of commuting trips. We analyzed the probability of collecting trip data from PHS data. Some problems for further application to travel survey for people using these new systems are summarized.

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The purpose of this study is to develop micro traffic simulation system for citizen involvement. In recent year, many traffic simulation systems are developed, but these systems are for only transportation specialist. Furthermore, citizen involvement is attracting great attention in transportation planning. It is not suitable for citizens who have not transportation knowledge that general simulation system are used as tool for citizen involvement. Authors originally develop tiss-NET system, which can make various types of outputs. Citizen can request the sensual index and get quantitative data by tiss-NET system.

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This paper aims to develop a nested logit model which explains the choice of total frequency of shopping, frequency of shopping at each of destinations, and travel mode, using the data collected in Tama New town, and to study the effect of enhancing neighborhood centers (NCs) on reducing car use. Main findings are: (1) total frequency is independent of lower levels of choice, (2) both "larger NCs at present locations" and "smaller but closer NCs" contribute ot reducing vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT), although increasing the number of parking lots at NCs has smaller effect on VKT.

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The purpose of this paper is to propose new concepts, "Structures of Interactions" and "Arrangement of noospheres". Based on these concepts, the interaction model and the interaction-distances are checked up. At first, based on phirosophical, psychological, religious knowledges and arrangement of MANDALIA, concepts are interpreted. Then the model is re-formulated. Also four structures of interaction-distances are proposed. The structures are very stable. Consequently, the author insists that the existences of stable structures are the necessary conditions to support efficiency of the interaction model and that the model are efficient to estimate interactions.

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The outer-ring expressway in Tokyo has been researched by Ministry of Construction and Tokyo Metropolitan Government between 1961 and 1965. The Ministry of Construction asked the judgement about this outer-ring expressway plan to the president of City Planning Council of Tokyo. The many inhabitant opposed strongly to this expressway plan. These problems were discussed in the Constitution committee of the Diet. In June 1966, the Council approved this outer-ring expressway. The president of the Council replied the result of this plan to the Ministry of Construction. The Ministry of Construction carried this plan on the official gazette, then this outer-ring expressway was authorized.

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To develop a general perspective of children's play environments in Indonesia as a step toward their improvement, an in-depth interview survey supplemented by field observations, the first of the kind in the country, was conducted at seven elementary schools in Jakarta and Yogyakarta. Subsequently with interview data of 548 school children, time-, friend-, method-, and space-dimensions of play environments were analyzed. Extremely small amount of play space (area per person), not found in other world major cities except Tokyo was among features posing a serious problem to rapid urbanization with substantially no attention to children's play environments.

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The purpose of this study is to make a proposal that a new view of landscape estimation for consecutiveness of cultural value. That's why the author examined diachronic transition with regard to design of the Treed "Path" in Japanese cities from the Meiji era to a period of restoration from war damage, and deciphered semantic change of expressive function when the author considered an act of design as an act of addition meaning to space. As the results, the following contents were able to indicate: 1) Both transition of design and semantic change of expressive function had the structural characteristics. 2) One of the structural characteristics was information consecutiveness, and it existed regardless of whether designer wanted it or not.

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After the bubble economy was collapsed, the great number of small lands was remained in the center of Tokyo and the extensive & unused lands in Tokyo central three wards in 1991 and 1996, and possibility of their use. As the result, we found that the number of the extensive & unused lands were decreased, and the factor of these lands was according to one company which owns the great part of them.

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Firms can enjoy temporal agglomeration economies by synchronizing work hours to other firms. This fact makes staggered work hours policy difficult to be implemented. In this paper, distribution of intra-city business trips on time axis is analysed by a logit model. Through an empirical analysis using Heihanshin Person Tripp Data in 1990, working intensity of other firms is significant in business trip time selection, especially in finance and insurance firms and public utility service sector. Based on the presented model, computational simulations shows that a late work shifting policy can expand the flexibility of business activities in late afternoon and lower the peak of business trips.

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In this study, we propose the method for applying the group decision making stress method to mutual consent process, especially the residents' concensus for the purpose of effective group decision making. Also, we considered the practical way of application to the actual process for obtaining consensus of residents. That is, we devised role-play experiments supposing a decision of a plan among some alternatives for an urban improvement project and confirmed that the results from the proposed methods accorded with that of experiments.

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Upon reviewing previous urban model for predicting the population increasing impact of the change of landuse, authors shows that most of the notable models did not pay due attention to the lack of data in developing countries. Then, this research proposes a method for analyzing Landuse-Population Structure using a Neural Cellular Automata. The model system consists of the Neural Network model and Cellular Automata. Using the proposed model system, we conducted the change of population in Metro-Manila for alternative landuse. The results are a partial success.

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It is said that an network of roads connecting the local and other metropolitan areas would bring about a kind of economies in the local area. In this study, we define such economies as "network economies", and empirically analyze the relationship between the productivities in manufacturing industries of the Japanese municipalities and their time distances to metropolitan areas. Through regression estimation, we confirmed that such network economies contribute to the productivities of local manufacturing industries, and we also indicated some policy suggestions for the future growth of regional economy.

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There is a recent surge of interest in compact cities related to environmental preservation. This study analyzed how the compactness of urban structure, population and industry distribution, could affect energy consumption by vehicle trips. Using the 1975 and 1992 person trip data of Utsunomiya city, hypothetical cities with graduated levels of compactness were analyzed. Energy consumption for each case were calculated and compared to the present situation. Road congestion and fuel efficiency by each speed zone and vehicle type were also taken account. Finding showed that the most 'compacted' case of urban structure could save 23.9% in energy consumption by vehicle trips compared to the present situation.

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This study proposes spatial-statistical model to forecast urban residential types and commuting trips in small spatial units. First, both family types and commuting condition types of households are categorized into each 6 patterns and the number of their types are estimated by housing scale and ownership. Then, commuting types are forecasted by crossing these two residential characteristics. Secondly, spatial and temporal transferability of each model is tested. Spatial-autocorrelation model that reduces residual correlation is used to estimate each model. As a result, we successfully demonstrated that the model has high transferability and reproduction for forecasting.

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This study aims to evaluate the shopping environment based on the satisfaction time in shopping. First, the satisfaction time to move for shopping estimated using data gathered by questionnaire survey. On the other hand, data of actual time to move for shopping are obtained by the same survey. The evaluation model is derived with a statistical method and estimated using those data. Finally, the shopping environment in the study area is evaluated and the results are explained from the aspects of shopping items, attributes of consumers.

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Many kinds of spatial information are available, nowadays. This paper deals with overlay of different kinds of spatial information. First, an error model of spatial information is proposed. Then a method to identify buildings among different kinds of spatial information is introduced and a case study is done using data of buildings from the area of Hanshin-Awaji earthquake. The results show that method in this paper is also available for estimating accuracy of spatial information.

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The purpose of this investigation is to make it clear the reconsideration of Area Division in Local City. Area Division gives weight to the framework of population. We analyzed the principle of reconsideration of Area Division, and the dynamics of population. The following results were obtained; (1) Populations tend to decrease recently in Local City. It was a hindrance to reconsideration of Area Division. (2) We analyzed the relation between development permit system and Area Division. (3) We need a new control system of land use, and a new plan. (4) And we have to examine this problem for reformation of city planning system.

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In the Miyakonojo planning area, the division system between urbanization area and urbanization control area was abolished. Actually, the Miyakonojo planning area had some characteristic qualities. At the same time, there are common features, too. The urbanization control area was feared that existing communities would stagnate through reducing population. On the other side, urbanization area would be overpopulated. After the deregulation, the hoped changes are not always shown, and distant communities turned to deteriorate rather. Miyakonojo suffered the unexpected effects of the area division through 1968 City Planning Law. It is hoped, that the present regulation system will be reformed to maintain existing communities.

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This paper deals with land use planning in urbanization control area mainly in Kobe City. The trial of Kobe City is based on the ordinance established in 1996 and noteworthy all over the country. The method is drawing up a land use planning of rural settlement with making use of down zoning and land use regulation. From the analysis, only 4 district plan of a settlement (12 village) has been drawn until now, but I found that it has an effect on land use control.

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This paper aims on clarifying the problems of district plans which were designed with the incorporation into urban promotion area by studying Joetsu City. We find that those district plans lack the infrastructure and the urbanization has not proceeded in the designed areas and also that there are high risks to form the sprawled urbanized areas. The main factor is that Joetsu City used the private developments frequently as the improvement of infrastructure because Joetsu City changed the policy to the direction for enlargement of the urban promotion area since Joetsu City was candidated for the abolition of the urban promotion area in 1987 Circular.

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This paper aims to point out the basic needs for the urban development to accommodate two-income families with children and create better living environment for them. It studies the case of commuting area including Tokyo wards in order to examine where the two-income families with children are living, why they are there, and what their needs in the future are. Firstly, it analyses correlation coefficients to find the area with these families. Secondly it analyses the questionnaire for the two-income families in Fuchu-city to find the needs. As results of these analyses, subsidizing for housing cost, close location of office and residence area are important.

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In the field of architecture and city planning, citizen participation in the planning process is very important. It is necessary to clarify the methodology of studies on participation to make effective participation system. In this paper I analyze studies which deal with citizen participation on the academic papers from 1960 to the present. Using these data as a basis, I attempt to grasp their methodologies and show a perspective for the forthcoming studies. From this consideration, methodologies of studies are classified following three approach: 1) statistical approach which analyzes resident's consciousness; 2) interpretative approach which examines causality by case studies; 3) participant approach that researcher himself designs an event and puts into practice.

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