The central area of Kobe City consists of some unique districts, which are supposed to contribute to create its attractiveness. However, most pedestrians visit only a few numbers of places around railway stations, and it has been pointed out that their activity space is very narrow. This study aims to analyze factors influencing pedestrian behavior in shopping areas in the city center of Kobe City, based on questionnaire survey to visitors conducted by the authors. First, four indices, time spent, distance traveled, the number of stores visited and expenditure consumed by respondents, are calculated to understand characteristics of pedestrian behavior. Next, respondents' activity patterns are identified based on their purpose for visiting stores and types of stores visited employing cluster analysis. Then, factors influencing each index, including respondents' attributes and activity patterns, are revealed using mathematical quantification theory class1.

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Understanding tourist behavior in sightseeing areas is quite important to consider policy measures. Traditionally, the questionnaire survey has been conducted to analyze the tourist behavior. However, due to high cost and the heterogeneity of the sample, such survey has been gradually limited. This study analyzes the tourist behavior using Wi-Fi scanner which captures the probe request from electronic devices such as smartphones, which is an alternative way to the questionnaire survey due to the much lower cost. We take Hase area where Hase-dera Temple is located as a case study and it is found that the dwell time of the tourists who accessed with different transportation modes to Hase area is clearly different, that is, the dwell time of the tourist who take trains is longer than that of the tourists who drive. Moreover, the difference property of dwell time between the tourists at the morning and afternoon can be found.

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Three laws on city planning revised in 2006 have encouraged city center opening of large-scale shopping centers, which had before been opened in suburbs. Targeting a shopping center that has newly opened in center of Okayama City, this study examined estimation of the pedestrian volume change in city center area. Results of the analysis suggest that a similarity of kind or target customers strongly affects pedestrian volume for existing shops. In other words, even if a large shopping center opens, they can differentiate to avoid being adversely affected. However, results show that, as visitors to a large-scale shopping center have become younger, passengers near an existing shopping street have become older.

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At many stations in Japan,, people walk on the right side of the escalators at railway stations and people stand on the steps on the left side of them. This study aims to reveal such pedestrians' flow. Observation survey was conducted at eight stations where many passengers transit. Through the analyses, following properties were suggested: more passengers walk on the escalator if more passengers pass on it; more passengers stand on it in the case if the height of the escalator is larger; less passengers walk if the escalator is operated in a high speed or if it has an adjacent stair besides the escalator. By calculating flow rate of the escalators, current passenger flow and that of the case when all passengers stand on steps were compared. It is revealed that passenger flow all passengers stand on step is more efficient than current flow at many escalators.

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Local railways in Japan have faced severe crisis. 38 local rail lines were discontinued in all over Japan since 2000 due to deficit. In addition, those existing railway companies have suffered the same fate. However, it is said that the benefit of railway is not only travel mode but also local revitalization, etc.; thus, it is important to consider the meaning of maintaining railways. This study focused on abolished rail lines. Using National census as an indicator, first, changes in population, age, etc. in ten years since 2000 was compared between abolished and existing station; then, percentage of population decline was compared in five years before and after railway abolition. Results showed that around abolished rail stations, young-age population and permanent residents were likely to decline. Furthermore, in the several local railways, the percentage of population decline after railway abolition was found to be higher than before the abolition.

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There are many foreign examples of "Transit Mall" which characterizes Light Rail Transit system. However, in Japan, accumulation of understanding and know-how for transit malls is not sufficient. Therefore, introducing a transit mall is believed to be very inconvenient as the car is completely shut out of the city center. In this research, traffic regulations of street networks including transit malls were investigated in overseas cities. As a result, it was revealed that access by car is permitted even in the vicinity of a large pedestrian zone. In the city center of European cities, general vehicles are allowed to cross over transit malls and are permitted to pass through a part of the transit mall.

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LRT projects in European cities are not transportation maintenance only, but also the creation of the attractive landscape and high quality pedestrian spaces. In this paper, the authors focus on design characteristics of LRT stops as a factor of landscape components based on the information collected by site surveys. The analysis indicates that the design features are divided into 5 types. A time sequential study clarifies that there are four stages, 1st stage: the design to merge into the surroundings; 2nd stage: design as a dynamic symbol; 3rd stage: design to create the urban landscape; 4th stage: design as a medium to express an urban design concept.

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Purpose of this study is examination of evaluation framework of project for making open space by temporary use of private land in densely built-up areas. This study is focused on "temporary urban facilities function" and "Improving densely built-up areas". The results are derived from interview surveys, field surveys and analysis by GIS in KOBE project's 41 cases. Open space by temporary use can be evaluated in various ways. 4 evaluation points are: Completion function of urban facilities provisionally, Improving performance index, Effective change after projects, Possibility of Expansion to other projects. In order to evaluate open space by temporary use it is necessary to evaluate comprehensively.

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To realize a compact city, it is essential to clarify distinctive characteristics in areas where generation change takes place. This study aims to clarify what locational and spatial features are distinctive in areas where generation change takes place in Tokyo metropolitan area, using Generation Balance Index (GBI) as an indicator of demographic change. As a result, we found that the rate of detached houses, which has a high correlational relationship with the rate of having a house, the rate of an owner of a self-owned business, population density and distance from the nearest station are distinctive characteristics. It is also found that the distinctive locational and spatial characteristics differ significantly prefecture by prefecture.

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In general, "Extraordinary Events", aiming to revitalize the local shopping mall and giving opportunities for students to have the relation to the local shopping malls, are useful to raise the attachments of students, and give them satisfaction with the local shopping malls. However, in the case of Iizuka City, where many "Extraordinary Events" have held through a year, it seems that "Extraordinary Events" are not useful for students to get the satisfaction with the local shopping malls. In this paper, the questionnaire survey to the students of the universities located in Iizuka was conducted and analyzed, which reveals that "Extraordinary Events" in Iizuka may be useful for students to raise the attachments, but not to get the satisfaction with the local shopping malls.

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There is an increasing need for a residential style called "parent-child proximity residence". Also, going-out activity is desirably facilitated in maintaining the physical and mental health. However, the influence of the close-residential relationship gives to going-out activity of the elderly, it does not become fully apparent. Therefore, it is important to clarify the impact of the relationship to going-out activity. Through this research following has been identified: 1) There is a difference in going-out activity depending on distance relationship between parent and child's residence. 2) Among close-residential relationship, depending on the degree of dependence on child households, there is a difference in going-out activity. 3) Anxiety about old age depends on degree of dependence and autonomy to child household.

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In Hanoi, KTT, collective housing built in the socialist era,is suffering from the necessity of redevelopment in the social problem of Hanoi that the overcrowded population and the living environment of urban areas deteriorate. Therefore, in this research, we aimed at grasping the overall picture by actual measurement survey and clarifying the actual situation of the use of open space and the awareness of the residents, for Nguyen Cong Tru KTT, where redevelopment began in advance. As a result of the survey, it was revealed that the open space of the housing complex was used for various purposes in the KTT after the economic liberation, and bias in the distribution of its use also changed the image of the place. It is also clear that residents occupy open spaces but use them while coordinating with other residents, creating a lively landscape in the open space of the housing complex.

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In 2019, it will have been 100 years since the first enforcement of the urban planning law. Moreover, urban planning archives of Japan recording all papers and articles up to the present were compiled in 2016 by the City Planning Institute of Japan. One might infer it as the best timing to organize objective and statistical analysis of initiatives on urban planning over the years. This study collected keywords that haveattracted attention in each era from this archive, from feature articles and organized the transition of theappearance situation. For the first time ever reported, results of the analysis clarified several distinctive trends. One is that the perspective of research has changed greatly from development to reduction in recent years. Also, disaster-related studies increase greatly immediately after a disaster.

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This study aimed to classify the urbanization promotion areas and their population shifts where the population growths were moderated after the bubble period (1990 - 2010), and by analyzing the urban areacharacteristics, to extract model cities to obtain knowledge that can be referenced to create compact urbanization areas suitable for three metropolitan areas, (Tokyo metropolitan area, the Chukyo area and the Kinki area). It has been revealed that the cities with population growths without expansion of the urbanization promotion areas and cities with population growths faster than the expansion of the urbanization promotion areas have highly efficient public transportation systems, and 1) land readjustment projects in parallel with the developments of new railway systems and stations are implemented, 2) over-all development, such as that of "new town", 3) efforts of landscape conservation.

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Since 1980, art and culture have been used in many parts of the world as a way to boost revitalization of cities. The idea of creative city is one of these movements. This paper clarifies the background and the process of the cultural city policy of Kanazawa, which is one of the leading creative cities in Japan. Kanazawa was registered as a UNESCO Creative City of Crafts and Folk Art, and accordingly this paper especially focuses on the transition of craft in Japan. The major findings are as follows: Kanazawa's creative city policy is positioned as an extension of Kanazawa's cultural city policy; the transition of craft has an overlap with the transition of Kanazawa's cultural city policy.

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In this research, the purpose is to clarify the reason why the early recovery has been achieved for Yokohama who experienced long occupation. Specifically, we analyze the process of construction of refractory buildings from the point of view of the administration and the private sector. From this research it became clear as follows.1) In the period of occupation prolonged, the end of occupation also prolonged.2) The planned goal was revised many times in a short time.3) In 1955 the policy of abolishing subsidies was indicated, and private construction in this year was very small.4) Housing supply by Kanagawa Prefecture Housing Authority covered this shortfall.5) The perspective of succeeding and developing urban planning before the war worked effectively in the early stages.

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This paper based on literature survey aims to make clear the management condition and acquisition strategy for Haneda Anamori beach facility which Keihin Electric Rail continued to developed, managed operated, and owned from the late Meiji era until the early Showa era. As a result of the analysis, the Keihin Electric Railway has repeatedly tried and errored to operate, maintained the beach bath continuously for more than 30 years, entertained many guests, and played a major role in establishing a sea bathing culture as a part of the common people's holiday. In addition, it turned out that the facilities were gradually refined by the acquisition strategy that considered women and children of the new society so that they could enjoy it.

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This study focuses on the tourism planning theory and practice by Uzo Nishiyama between the 1930s and the 1960s. Uzo Nishiyama, who is famous for the housing theory, had an interest in the field of recreation since before WW2. After WW2, conditions of houses in Japan were poor and he had an idea that people could not rest at home and the recreation spaces were more important. He also had an interest in tourism as one type of recreations. In the war-damage reconstruction period, his interest in tourism was focused on facilities from an architect's viewpoint. In around 1959, his interest in tourism changed to "national land planning of tourism". His lab planned several plans including the "Image planning", which was famous as his planning theory. In this research three image plannings are analyzed from the perspective of tourism planning and it clarified that these plannings were partly developed based on his theory.

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The study was conducted to understand how parks,which are currently one of the most important urban facilities but originallyplanted by England, have been established in Yangon in three key periods,namely the colonial regime, the military regime, and the civilian regime. After7 parks were planted in the colonial regime, it was indentified that the parkswere provided just after new administrations started around 1958-1960,1989-1992 (both are in the military regime), and 2013-2016 (in the civilianregime). Especially in 4 years of 1989-1992, total 43 parks (69% of it's current number) were provided. In this context, the parks seemed to beutilized for a sort of positive propaganda by new administrations.

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In this study, Kamisu city, Ibaraki prefecture where many facilities are constructed was taken up as a case study. Factors consisted of risk cognition, benefit cognition, trust, landscape evaluation, image evaluation, and interest. The study examined the causal relationship that these factors have on the acceptance of facilities and examined the influence of the presence or absence of the visual elements. As a result, risk cognition, such as cognition of damage probability, had a negative effect on residents' acceptance of facilities. In addition, benefit cognition, trust in administration, image evaluation had a positive effect. Next, in the absence of the visual element of the facility, the tendency to increase risk cognition was grasped. Based on the above findings, when constructing a facility, it is necessary to promote the project smoothly while adjusting the mutual balance, taking into consideration the causal relation of factors to the acceptance of facilities.

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This study shows building heat loads considering the effect of solar shading and local cold air induced by high rise building in winter. First, thedistribution of cold air induced by high rise building is presented by using the result of the remote sensing and measurement in the target site. As a result, the air temperature in the space which was shaded by high rise building for long time was 0.5-1 C lower than that of the surrounding area by the storage effect of cold air which is produced in the daytime. Next, the building heating loads considering solar shading and local cold air are simulated by building thermal simulation, based on the findings from the measurement result. As a result, the decrease in solar heat gain by the high rise building increases the building heat load by 5%-15%, and the local cold air around the target building increases the building heat load by 5%-10%.

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The environmental urban strategy is important for responding to the global environmental issues. Under the circumstances that various countries are trying to take these efforts, it is needed to find the method for solving both global environmental issues and local social issues at the same time. This paper aims to clarify the characteristics of French method bythe analysis of the certification system in France called 'Ecoquartier' basedon the comparison with Japanese systems. The French system tries for bothpublic and private sectors to evaluate the concrete district project byespecially emphasizing the process of projects and considering regionalregenerations.

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In this study, focusing on private activities, we select recent amusement places in special wards of Tokyo, and find out present tendency through the function analysis and time-series comparison. We use Person-Trip survey data in Tokyo metropolitan area and the number of employees in places offering various amusements. The results of study are as follows: (1) "Comprehensive" amusement places making a balance to product sales, restaurants and entertainment industryare normally found in the suburbs. Whereas "Specialized industry" amusement places are normally found in urban central area. (2) Most of the local residencies go to amusement places located in suburbs by foot or bike, but now it is tend to decline. (3) One third of amusement places located in urban central area makes product sales, restaurants and entertainment industryhomogeneous.

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In our nation, the population decline started in 2005 and the difficulty in suburban city management is unavoidable. In such circumstance, the transition to efficient city management is underway and the concept of compact city has come under the spotlight. In 2014, the act on Special Measures Concerning Urban Regeneration was amended and founded the rational site location plan aiming for compact city accordingly. This research aims to determine the urban character influencing financial administration from the angle on persistent economy, and analyses the site location plan instituting cities. Consequently, outlines that cities with financial difficulties are addressing formulation, and identifies that DID population density and length of road per capita influences financial administration.

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Many Japanese cities have adopted "Compact City Policy (CCP)" to realize an efficient urban structure in the future population decrease. Relating to the planning norms for CCP, efficient urban structure, various criteria can be considered, such as citizens' utility, running cost of public service, transportation cost, migration cost, facility building cost, and house building cost. Some of them can be improved through realizing a compact urban structure, but all of them cannot be optimized at once. Various stakeholders having their own efficiency criterionnorm may agree with taking a CCP, but at the end, some of them might be unsatisfied. In this paper, we formulate an optimal location model to find the location of urban functions, which maximizes social surplus. By magnifying a weight for each aspect, we solve the optimal urban structure and clarify the trade-off relationship among the different criteria of efficienciesplanning norms.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify contents, effects and problems of ordinances regulating the location of Love-Hotels and accommodations related to it by focusing on ordinance enacted and operated by local governments. As a conclusion, locational regulation of Love-Hotels can be classified under four ways, Zoning area, perimeters of specialized facilities, both area of them and whole governing area. In regard to actual situation of newly constructed Love-Hotels regulated by ordinances, limited local government can be seen the new constructions of Love-Hotels. Newly constructed Love-Hotels regulated by ordinances were built out of restricted areas. However, on the other hand, regardless of restricted ways, Love-Hotels not provided by ordinances were built in the area restricted Love-Hotels by ordinances.

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In recent years, there are many areas where fooddelivery services are being implemented as support measures for disadvantagedshoppers. Although food delivery operators can freely set up their services, itis unknown which service levels should be provided to expect consumers. Therefore, in this study, focusing to the service levels of food deliveryservice such as merchandise assortments and frequency of deliveries, we developthe model with the service level based on huff model which has been widely usedin practice. Finally, we will explore the effectiveness of the modelempirically for rural areas in Tottori prefecture.

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The objective of this study is to classify hilly and mountainous areas by the sustainability as the residential areas. Taking Gujo City as a case study, 107 villages in the city were categorized by four indicators: demographic, aging society, infrastructure, and finance. Results showed that these villages were classified into seven areas: central city, residential complex, around central cities, good residential infrastructure, heavy snowfall, high risk of land slide disaster, depopulation. Future research needs to focus on regional industries for encouraging employment and community activities effectively for area management by public engagement.

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Islands in Japan must confront some local difficulties attributable to the decrease and aging of their population. However, islands of the Seto Inland Sea have rich natural resources, mild climate, and vast farmland areas. For that reason, they have high potential for renewable energy use. This study compares the energy demand and supply potential of renewable energy targeting Osakishimojima. On the demand side, the total heat and electricity are calculated by estimating the residential load using simulation models. On the supply side, considering local characteristics, the potential use of non-fossil energy resources of four types is calculated using GIS. Results show that local renewable energy resources offer large potential: energy independence can be achieved in the target area.

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It is expected that cemetery demand will increase due to an increase in the number of deaths as a result of an aging society. On the other hand, the vacant section of the municipal cemetery has decreased. A decline in the birthrate in recent years, an increase in elderly households and loneliness, and in unmarried rate of lifetime will increase cemeteries without successors. In this paper, at first, the problem in grasping cemetery demand trends was clarified for Maebashi City. Analysis of citizen questionnaire survey data showed that there is demand for municipal cemetery and forest type cemetery. Next, the problems of the existing cemetery demand forecasting method were arranged, the application method of the demand forecast corresponding to these problems was examined, and the demand amount of the municipal cemetery was calculated.

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The number of population has been decreasing in Japan. It is not so clear how to change land use in population decreasing situation in Japan. It is needed to be clear the tendency of land use change in population decreasing area for national land planning. In this paper, database of population change and land use change is made from population mesh data and land use subdivision mesh data. Focusing on population density and rate of population change, it is pointed out that the tendency of land-use change or remain is different for every type of land use.

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The purpose of this study is to conduct the demographic forecast and the target population density in elementary school district units, targeting Kobe City as an example of the suburban cities of the metropolitan area where the population is predicted to decrease rapidly in the future. It sets "shrinkage area" in the suburbs and "compact area" in the city center. By using the cost-benefit analysis, it is conducted to estimate the impact on social costs-benefits and the fiscal balance for the resident relocation by the economic methods etc. As a result, the fiscal balance is slightly negative, while the net benefit is positive. It is revealed in a quantitative way that the measures for shrinking the cities is economically efficient.

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In the population decline era, the urban planning which utilized existing infrastructure is important. So, sewerage that a maintenance efficiency was low in infrastructure was investigated. A selection scheme for resizing of urbanized area was examined by combining the urban master plan with the sewerage plan. In reference to population projection of 2050 and the area where sewerage line was built, we selected the resizing of urbanized area. Furthermore, using population projection of 2050, we calculated population and a ratio for the total population for resizing of urbanized area, and were able to set the resizing of urbanized area of the appropriate scale. It was the area that could utilize existing sewerage and that could utilize existing traffic infrastructure.

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The reduction of CO2 emissions has been one of the important issues for global warming. As a solution in an urban area, District Heating and Cooling(DHC) has been required and the government has provided grants with private companies for the decrease of their initial costs, which are main cause of the heat rate. However, it is difficult to expect when and where heat pipes should be extended, therefore it is difficult to revise their tariff rates. The purpose of this study is to clarify how Separation of Infrastructure and Operation should be introduced to DHC for the reduction of their rate. First, the paper reviews a couple of patterns of Separation of Infrastructure and Operation, followed by an analysis of the possibility of Separation of Infrastructure and Operation in Decentralized Energy Infrastructure Projects. As an outcome, every Separation of Infrastructure and Operation got certain effects to lower the heat bill.

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After the Great East Japan Earthquake, installation of a decentralized generating plant is required instead of the large-scale centralized generation of electricity. To avoid negative impact to the business, the decentralized energy network and storage batteries should be considered and planned with deep understanding by the energy users. Although there is a possibility of installing storage batteries in the city, it is unclear how we introduce the system. This paper deals with the method of installing the storage battery system in Kawasaki City and attempts clarify how we can prevent urban disaster and supply power. As a result, we can find out the method of introducing the storage battery system corresponding to the characteristics of the area. Also, cost effectiveness of stakeholders became clear.

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There are more than 1,000 post evaluation data of Urban Regeneration Improvement Plans that have been established since 2004, which means that the goals and the indicators of these plans became more diverse based on the regional characteristics. This study aims to clarify the tendencies and classify 1,295 districts of these plans from three viewpoints: Goals, Indicators and Regional characteristics. By using the Principal Component Analysis, four new axes were drawn explaining the districts: 1. Tourism and Vitality activity; 2. Urban scale and Safety; 3. Commercial area around the station and Accessibility; 4. Induced population(quantity). As a result of typology, it is possible to classify the nine groups of districts. The characteristics of each group are clarified and the affinities among goals and indicators of the plans and regional characteristics are determined through the comparative analysis of each group.

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In England, the Central Government had the sub-regional economic policy called 'Local enterprise partnerships system' for 39 areas by Localism Act in 2010. About the same time, the Central Government promoted the reformation of the national system through decentralization, establishing 'Combined Authorities'. In this study, we clarified this new system in detail, the characteristic of latest trend of 39 LEPs which had been authorized, and the current problem of Combined Authorities. The conclusions were as follows; 1) the existence of local governments participating in LEPs' operation, 2)the necessity of knowledge of the economic plans having each local governments, 3) the effectiveness of collaboration by Multi Area Agreement, City Deal or LEPs for Devolution Deal.

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This study extracts issues on area management organizations to clarify the relation between type of issues and their organizational attributes through a questionnaire survey. The organizational attributes which this study considered include organizational forms, revenue sources, population sizes of areas, public space usages, the existence of the rules, etc. The analysis of the questionnaire with Hayashi's Quantification Method Type II revealed that some issues and organizational attributes were linked to each other. For example, the stable revenue sources for the long-term employment results from sustainable activities such as frequent utilization of public spaces in the areas. And the area management with a public-private partnership works efficiently on the negotiation of the coordination for the activities with governmental authorities.

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This paper provides the empirical evidence of the demand-supply relationship in the resale housing market in the outskirts of the Tokyo metropolitan area. Focusing on the two established market-clearing factors-"price" and "time required to sell a property", we investigate how the potentially disadvantageous properties-in terms of building and locational characteristics-are sold in the market. In the suburbs less than 30km away from the central Tokyo, we show that such properties tend to be sold quickly or fetch high prices, suggesting that the demand for used houses strongly exists for young households. We also find that, in the outer suburbs (that is, 40km or farther away from the central Tokyo), potentially disadvantageous properties take longer to sell or fetch low prices, and some owners try to dispose quickly with low price, suggesting that they consider it costly to keep their unnecessary properties.

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There is a growing need to establish a system to enfranchise the land ownership at leasehold condominium in Japan. The aim of this paper is to clarify the system of enfranchisement of the land ownership of leasehold block of flats and the lease period extension in the UK. The UK has a tradition of leasehold block of flats and the investigation was took place in London in August 2016. In order to introduce such a system into Japan the following mutters have been clarified. First of all, it is necessary to clarify the role of the leasehold condominium association, if the association has the right to concern with the leasehold contract and how to establish the legal agreement. Secondly, the establishment of valuation method of leasehold and freehold market value is also needed. Thirdly, the establishment of expert person participation system as the third party to make the deal smoothly.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the possibilities and conditions to promote supply of affordable rental housing for elderly single and couple households in suburban areas. We calculated the life cycle cost (LCC) and revenues of the rental housing in municipalities that the percentage of the elderly single and couple households is high. As a result, the suburban areas in the metropolitan areas of big cities tend to be more profitable than the suburban areas in the metropolitan areas of small cities. In addition, the following three points are grasped as conditions for increasing the profitability. The first condition is to build single storey rental housing with more than three rooms. The second condition is to consider supply of housing that are not too wide for elderly single and couple households especially in low land price areas. The third condition is to support procedures for utilizing subsidy measures.

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Grunau is one of the largest newtown that was developed in 1970s in the suburb of Leipzig. Its population began to dwindle after the reunification. In combatting the situation, the city of Leipzig has made two urban plans for dismantling Plattenbau buildings in 2002 and 2007 with the aid of program "Stadtumbau Ost," The dismantling of the buildings began in Grunau in 2002, and it had dismantled 94 buildings by 2015. The paper has investigated the relation with the actual dismantling implementation and above plans. In addition, it attempts to clarify the reason why actual implementation do not accord with the planning. The paper found out that the implementation of dismantling building follows the area-wide plan, however, not the neighborhood level plan. The private owned housing companies tend to neglect the criteria for dismantling building set by the city, especially "height," and "renovation condition."

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This paper presents the case study of Neighborhood Association (NA) system in Portland, Oregon which is known as one of the best practices of public involvement. First, the history and structure of NA system and land use review system in Portland is examined focusing on public involvement. Second, based on the questionnaire survey administered to the 23 NAs, the involvement of NAs in the land use review project is analyzed and evaluated. This study revealed that: (1) many NAs play key roles as the officially recognized organizations in the land use review procedure; (2) using diverse tools for communication, conducting open meetings and receiving support from experts and the role of the chair and board members are identified as common factors that allow NAs to play key role in land use review process. NAs that has less history and capacity rely heavily on the expert support from the Coalition Offices.

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In recent years city-to-city cooperation on urban planning focusing on immaterial aspects has been developing. Since the urban planning requires the consideration for local socio-cultural and natural environment, methods and issues of such cooperation are assumingly different from conventional development projects. Aiming at identifying practical issues of such cooperation, this paper studies city-to-city cooperation on urban planning by Yokohama City. As the result it clarifies that in one project the local expert officer who could be involved with the site constantly for a long time and the establishment of a community organization played a key role and in another project creating a coordination system was essential to overcome socio-cultural differences and different attitudes to the town planning between two cities.

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This study aims at confirm the hypothesis of the :machizukuri for the self-independence of resident and community and pick up the activities of Homeless Taiwan in Longshan Temple area, Taipei city. We consider that by promoting the machizukuri for the self-independence of resident, the community itself will also get self-independent. As a case study, we discover that project of machizukuri provided by Homeless Taiwan included Sanshui Bldg. self-independence support center, Hidden Taipei city tour and KIGE workshop are quite effective for the self-independence of resident. Besides, these project play an important role of producing income as a community business. As a result, these machizukuri projects actually achieve the self-independence of the Longshan Temple community. The experience of Homeless Taiwan is considered as an important model of machizukuri for self-independence for resident and community.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the effect of participation in smart community program on environment-conscious behaviors of residents. As a result of a comparison of the participants and the non-participants in smart community program, it showed as follows. The effect of participation in smart community program on their environment-conscious behaviors is limited in comparison with that of age and household income. However, some participants who have specific personal attribute carry out environment-conscious behaviors more frequently than non-participants. For example, comparing the participants with the non-participants whose yearly household incomes are lower than 5 million yen, the participants carry out environment-conscious behaviors more frequently than the non-participants.

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Under the COP21 Paris agreement, Low-Carbon Development is required. Therefore, each country is required to introduce strong environmental measures into the cities. However, introducing new environmental measures into the existing buildings is difficult because of the various restrictions. For this reason, it is highly useful to introduce the energy system at the urban redevelopment stage, as it is not difficult to install new system. This propose of this study is to clarify the way of suitable energy system into the redevelopment project. In this paper, we firstly clarified the actual situation and issues of environmental policies by the national and Tokyo Metropolitan Governments, then analyzed effectiveness of energy system into the past redevelopment projects. As a result, from the viewpoint of environmental friendliness and economic efficiency, the energy system can usefully reduce the negative impact to the environment according to the use of land-use patterns.

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Alpine pearls organization is a network that is promoting environmentally friendly sustainable tourism. This paper analysis Alpine pearls' organizational activities for 10 years. As a result, Alpine pearls' goal and strategy have getting clarified gradually and the organization activity have developing in flexibly. The background for this, there are reasons to maintain the members in order to secure financial resources for developing activities. In order to increase the newly members, it is required clear objectives, strategies, and results of activities. The suggestion for developing sustainable organization are to share sustainable and flexible activities and share to achievements with stakeholders. It is important that the organization constructs a mechanism to communicate internally and externally.

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As we are facing a full-scale depopulating society, the government changes policy to compact city. Established in 2014, the "Urban facility location plan" was designed to promote the compact city. In a case study for the compact city, local government consider the relationship of public service facilities and housing area without consider the relationship of industrial area and housing area. I guess one of the reasons why local government doesn't focus on the relationship of industrial areas and housing areas is the actual relationship aren't clear. This paper aims to clarify the formation of housing area by industrialization in regional city focus on Development of industrial estate since The 1960s and find the knowledge to promote compact city.

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The city planning tax is the tax which a municipality collects for its city planning projects. Becauseeach municipality has a right to determine its taxation and tax rate, the circumstances of the city planning tax are diverse from one city to another. In fact, some municipalities which have already completed all the city planning projects abolished its taxation. This study researches the actual condition and future issue of the city planning tax considering its relationship with the city planning projects and the other financial resources. From the analysis, it is revealed that there are some municipalities which do not put the tax on their area although they still have the need for city planning projects. Moreover, it is also found that there are municipalities which are difficult to tax because of their conditions of city planning projects. At last, the thesis points out some of the important points to improve its tax system in an era of depopulation.

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